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Mizuguchi Y, Tsuzuki N, Ebana MD, Suzuki Y, Kakuda T. IgG Subtype Response against Virulence-Associated Protein A in Foals Naturally Infected with Rhodococcus equi. Vet Sci 2024; 11:422. [PMID: 39330801 PMCID: PMC11435873 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11090422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhodococcus equi is an intracellular bacterium that causes suppurative pneumonia in foals. T-helper (Th) 1 cells play an important role in the protective response against R. equi. In mice and humans, the directionality of IgG switching reflects the polarization of Th-cell responses, but this has not been fully elucidated in horses. In this 4-year study, we classified R. equi-infected foals into surviving and non-surviving group and investigated differences in IgG subclass response to virulence-associated protein A, the main virulence factor of R. equi, between the groups. IgGa, IgGb, and IgG(T) titers were significantly higher in the non-surviving group compared with the surviving group. The titers of IgGa and IgG(T), IgGb and IgG(T), and IgGa and IgGb, respectively, were positively correlated, and the IgG(T)/IgGb ratio in the non-surviving group was significantly higher than that in the surviving group. The IgG(T) titer tended to increase more than the IgGa and IgGb titers in the non-surviving group compared with the surviving group. Our findings suggest that the IgG(T) bias in IgG subclass responses reflects the immune status, which exacerbates R. equi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Mizuguchi
- Mitsuishi Animal Medical Center, Hokkaido 059-3105, Japan;
| | - Nao Tsuzuki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan;
| | - Marina Dee Ebana
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori 034-8628, Japan; (M.D.E.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yasunori Suzuki
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori 034-8628, Japan; (M.D.E.); (Y.S.)
| | - Tsutomu Kakuda
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori 034-8628, Japan; (M.D.E.); (Y.S.)
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Rodrigues P, Cunha R, Santos F, Gonçalves V, Albuquerque P, Santos Júnior A, Lima M, Leite F. Expressão e caracterização da glicoproteína D do herpesvírus equídeo 1 em Pichia pastoris. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO O herpesvírus equídeo 1 (EHV-1) apresenta distribuição mundial e causa graves prejuízos à equideocultura. É agente de surtos de doença respiratória, reprodutiva e neurológica, em equídeos jovens e adultos. A glicoproteína D (gD) do envelope viral é essencial para ligação e penetração em células permissivas e direcionamento do sistema imunológico do hospedeiro, induz respostas imunes humorais e celulares, sendo um antígeno apropriado para ser utilizado em vacinas e imunodiagnóstico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi expressar e caracterizar a gD do EHV-1 em Pichia pastoris para posterior utilização como antígeno em técnicas de imunodiagnóstico e formulação de vacinas recombinantes. Uma sequência de DNA que codifica uma forma truncada da gDEHV-1 foi clonada no vetor pPICZαA de expressão em P. pastoris. Obteve-se uma proteína de ~41 kDa, como esperado. A proteína apresentou glicosilação entre 4 kDa e 16 kDa, demonstrada por deglicosilação enzimática. A proteína recombinante foi caracterizada antigenicamente e imunogenicamente por Western blot, utilizando-se anticorpos policlonais equinos anti-EHV-1, e por ELISA indireto em modelo murino, demonstrando que a gD recombinante manteve epítopos similares aos da proteína nativa. Esses resultados sugerem que a gDEHV-1 é um antígeno promissor para uso como imunobiológico no controle do EHV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - M. Lima
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil
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Khusro A, Aarti C, Rivas-Caceres RR, Barbabosa-Pliego A. Equine Herpesvirus-I Infection in Horses: Recent Updates on its Pathogenicity, Vaccination, and Preventive Management Strategies. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 87:102923. [PMID: 32172913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.102923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is one of the most common and ubiquitous viral pathogens infecting equines, particularly horses worldwide. The EHV-1 is known to induce not only humoral but also cellular immune responses in horses. Respiratory distress, abortion in pregnant mares, neurological disorders, and neonatal foal deaths represent EHV-1 infection. Despite the limited success of inactivated, subunit, live, and DNA vaccines, over the past few decades, vaccination remains the prime preventive option to combat EHV-1 infection in horses. However, current vaccines lack the potentiality to protect the neurological form of infections in horses. There is desperate necessity to search effectual EHV-1 vaccines that may stimulate not only mucosal and systemic cellular immunity but also humoral immunity in the horses. This review highlights the state of knowledge regarding EHV-1 biology, EHV-1 pathogenesis, and disparate vaccines studied in the past to prevent EHV-1 infection. The review also underlines the best management strategies which certainly need to be adopted by veterinarians in order to avoid and prevent EHV-1 infection and outbreak in horses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Khusro
- Research Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chirom Aarti
- Research Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Alberto Barbabosa-Pliego
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico.
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TLR-5 agonist Salmonella abortus equi flagellin FliC enhances FliC-gD-based DNA vaccination against equine herpesvirus 1 infection. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1371-1382. [PMID: 30888564 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) induces serious respiratory infections, viral abortion, neurological signs, and neonatal mortality in horses. Despite the use of vaccines, EHV-1 infection also causes a high annual economic burden to the equine industry. The poor immunogenicity of and protection conferred by EHV-1 vaccines are the major factors responsible for the spread of EHV-1 infection. The present study examined the immunogenicity of a novel DNA vaccine co-expressing FliC, a flagellin protein, in Salmonella abortus equi and the gD protein of EHV-1. Mice and horses were immunized intramuscularly with the vaccine, and mice were challenged with EHV-1. Immunofluorescence and western blotting revealed that FliC and gD can be efficiently expressed in cells. This novel vaccine significantly increased gD-specific antibody and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels in immunized mice and horses. Compared with controls, the viral load and morbidity were markedly reduced in FliC-gD-immunized mice after they were challenged with EHV-1. Furthermore, the immunogenicity of FliC-gD in a natural host was tested. Our results indicate that vaccinated mice and horses exhibit increased humoral and improved cellular immune responses.
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5
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Fuentealba NA, Sguazza GH, Zanuzzi CN, Bravi ME, Scrochi MR, Valera AR, Corva SG, Gimeno EJ, Pecoraro MR, Galosi CM. Immunoprotective response induced by recombinant glycoprotein D in the BALB/c respiratory mouse model of Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 infection. Rev Argent Microbiol 2018; 51:119-129. [PMID: 30385072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) infection causes abortion, respiratory disease, perinatal deaths and neurological disorders in horses. The natural infection and available vaccines provide only partial and short-lived protection against reinfections. In the present study, we analyzed the ability of purified baculovirus-expressed glycoprotein D (gD) administered by different routes to induce protective immunity in BALB/c mice after challenge with the EHV-1 AR8 strain. Clinical signs varied among the different groups of mice immunized by parenteral routes, and, although gD induced a specific serum IgG response, it did not prevent the virus from reaching the lungs. Intranasally immunized mice showed no clinical signs, and virus isolation from lungs, histological lesions and antigen detection by immunohistochemistry were negative. In addition, by this route, gD did not stimulate the production of serum IgG and IgA. However, a specific IgA response in the respiratory tract was confirmed in intranasally immunized mice. Thus, we conclude that the mucosal immune response could reduce the initial viral attachment and prevent the virus from reaching the lungs. Our findings provide additional data to further study new immunization strategies in the natural host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia A Fuentealba
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Research Council (CCT-CONICET-La Plata), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Guillermo H Sguazza
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina N Zanuzzi
- Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Research Council (CCT-CONICET-La Plata), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria E Bravi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Research Council (CCT-CONICET-La Plata), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela R Scrochi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Research Council (CCT-CONICET-La Plata), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro R Valera
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago G Corva
- Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo J Gimeno
- National Research Council (CCT-CONICET-La Plata), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo R Pecoraro
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia M Galosi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Scientific Research Commission of Buenos Aires Province (CIC-PBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Intramuscular Immunization of Mice with the Live-Attenuated Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Vaccine Strain VC2 Expressing Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) Glycoprotein D Generates Anti-EHV-1 Immune Responses in Mice. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02445-16. [PMID: 28404844 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02445-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination remains the best option to combat equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) infection, and several different strategies of vaccination have been investigated and developed over the past few decades. Herein, we report that the live-attenuated herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) VC2 vaccine strain, which has been shown to be unable to enter into neurons and establish latency in mice, can be utilized as a vector for the heterologous expression of EHV-1 glycoprotein D (gD) and that the intramuscular immunization of mice results in strong antiviral humoral and cellular immune responses. The VC2-EHV-1-gD recombinant virus was constructed by inserting an EHV-1 gD expression cassette under the control of the cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter into the VC2 vector in place of the HSV-1 thymidine kinase (UL23) gene. The vaccines were introduced into mice through intramuscular injection. Vaccination with both the VC2-EHV-1-gD vaccine and the commercially available vaccine Vetera EHVXP 1/4 (Vetera; Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica) resulted in the production of neutralizing antibodies, the levels of which were significantly higher in comparison to those in VC2- and mock-vaccinated animals (P < 0.01 or P < 0.001). Analysis of EHV-1-reactive IgG subtypes demonstrated that vaccination with the VC2-EHV-1-gD vaccine stimulated robust IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies after three vaccinations (P < 0.001). Interestingly, Vetera-vaccinated mice produced significantly higher levels of IgM than mice in the other groups before and after challenge (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Vaccination with VC2-EHV-1-gD stimulated strong cellular immune responses, characterized by the upregulation of both interferon- and tumor necrosis factor-positive CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells. Overall, the data suggest that the HSV-1 VC2 vaccine strain may be used as a viral vector for the vaccination of horses as well as, potentially, for the vaccination of other economically important animals.IMPORTANCE A novel virus-vectored VC2-EHV-1-gD vaccine was constructed using the live-attenuated HSV-1 VC2 vaccine strain. This vaccine stimulated strong humoral and cellular immune responses in mice, suggesting that it could protect horses against EHV-1 infection.
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7
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Fuentealba N, Zanuzzi C, Scrochi M, Sguazza G, Bravi M, Cid de la Paz V, Corva S, Portiansky E, Gimeno E, Barbeito C, Galosi C. Protective Effects of Intranasal Immunization with Recombinant Glycoprotein D in Pregnant BALB/c Mice Challenged with Different Strains of Equine Herpesvirus 1. J Comp Pathol 2014; 151:384-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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8
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Rusek J, Klumplerova M, Molinkova D, Sedlinska M, Dusek L, Muzik J, Putnova L, Vrtkova I, Celer V, Horin P. Genetics of anti-EHV antibody responses in a horse population. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:137-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Lower serum IgA levels in horses kept under intensive sanitary management and physical training. Animal 2010; 4:2080-3. [DOI: 10.1017/s175173111000131x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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10
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Jacks S, Giguère S. Effects of inoculum size on cell-mediated and humoral immune responses of foals experimentally infected with Rhodococcus equi: a pilot study. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 133:282-6. [PMID: 19720402 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this pilot study was to compare the cytokine profile as well as cell-mediated and antibody responses of foals infected with a low inoculum of virulent Rhodococcus equi resulting in subclinical pneumonia to that of foals infected with a high inoculum resulting in severe clinical pneumonia. The mean (+/-SD) ratio of post-infection to pre-infection anti-R. equi IgG(T) concentration was significantly (P=0.002) higher in foals infected with the high inoculum (195+/-145; range 62-328) compared to foals infected with the low inoculum (3.9+/-4.5; range 0.5-11). Similarly, mean (+/-SD) ratio of post-infection to pre-infection IgM concentration was significantly (P=0.002) higher in foals infected with the high inoculum (12+/-4.0; range 7.4-14) compared to foals infected with the low inoculum (2.5+/-1.5; range 1.2-4.7). Proliferative responses to R. equi antigens as well as expression of mRNA for IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-gamma in BLN were not significantly different between the two groups. There was a tendency (P=0.073) towards a higher IFN-gamma/IL-4 ratio in the low inoculum group. This study demonstrates that the size of inoculum modulates the IgG subisotype response and possibly the cytokine profile of foals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Jacks
- Department Of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
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11
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Sun HX, Xie Y, Ye YP. ISCOMs and ISCOMATRIX. Vaccine 2009; 27:4388-401. [PMID: 19450632 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunostimulatory complexes (ISCOMs) are particulate antigen delivery systems composed of antigen, cholesterol, phospholipid and saponin, while ISCOMATRIX is a particulate adjuvant comprising cholesterol, phospholipid and saponin but without antigen. The combination of an antigen with ISCOMATRIX is called an ISCOMATRIX vaccine. ISCOMs and ISCOMATRIX combine the advantages of a particulate carrier system with the presence of an in-built adjuvant (Quil A) and consequently have been found to be more immunogenic, while removing its haemolytic activity of the saponin, producing less toxicity. ISCOMs and ISCOMATRIX vaccines have now been shown to induce strong antigen-specific cellular or humoral immune responses to a broad range of antigens of viral, bacterial, parasite origin or tumor in a number of animal species including non-human primates and humans. These vaccines produced by well controlled and reproducible processes have also been evaluated in human clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of ISCOMs and ISCOMATRIX, including preparation technology as well as their application in humans and veterinary vaccine designs with particular emphasis on the current understanding of the properties and features of ISCOMs and ISCOMATRIX vaccines to induce immune responses. The mechanisms of adjuvanticity are also discussed in the light of recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Etiology & Immunological Prevention of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Kaixuan Road 268, Hangzhou 310029, Zhejiang, China.
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12
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Equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencephalopathy: a review of recent developments. Vet J 2008; 180:279-89. [PMID: 18805030 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpes myeloencephalopathy (EHM), although a relatively uncommon manifestation of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection, can cause devastating losses on individual farms or boarding stables. Although outbreaks of EHM have been recognized for centuries in domestic horse populations, many aspects of this disease remained poorly characterized. In recent years, an improved understanding of EHM has emerged from experimental studies and from data collected during field outbreaks at riding schools, racetracks and veterinary hospitals throughout North America and Europe. These outbreaks have highlighted the contagious nature of EHV-1 and have prompted a re-evaluation of diagnostic procedures, treatment modalities, preventative measures and biosecurity protocols for the disease. This review concentrates on these and other selected, clinically relevant aspects of EHM.
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13
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Mealey R, Stone D, Hines M, Alperin D, Littke M, Leib S, Leach S, Hines S. Experimental Rhodococcus equi and equine infectious anemia virus DNA vaccination in adult and neonatal horses: effect of IL-12, dose, and route. Vaccine 2007; 25:7582-97. [PMID: 17889970 PMCID: PMC3342688 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2007] [Revised: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Improving the ability of DNA-based vaccines to induce potent Type1/Th1 responses against intracellular pathogens in large outbred species is essential. Rhodoccocus equi and equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) are two naturally occurring equine pathogens that also serve as important large animal models of neonatal immunity and lentiviral immune control. Neonates present a unique challenge for immunization due to their diminished immunologic capabilities and apparent Th2 bias. In an effort to augment R. equi- and EIAV-specific Th1 responses induced by DNA vaccination, we hypothesized that a dual promoter plasmid encoding recombinant equine IL-12 (rEqIL-12) would function as a molecular adjuvant. In adult horses, DNA vaccines induced R. equi- and EIAV-specific antibody and lymphoproliferative responses, and EIAV-specific CTL and tetramer-positive CD8+ T lymphocytes. These responses were not enhanced by the rEqIL-12 plasmid. In neonatal foals, DNA immunization induced EIAV-specific antibody and lymphoproliferative responses, but not CTL. The R. equi vapA vaccine was poorly immunogenic in foals even when co-administered with the IL-12 plasmid. It was concluded that DNA immunization was capable of inducing Th1 responses in horses; dose and route were significant variables, but rEqIL-12 was not an effective molecular adjuvant. Additional work is needed to optimize DNA vaccine-induced Th1 responses in horses, especially in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.H. Mealey
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, United States
| | - D.M. Stone
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, United States
| | - M.T. Hines
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 646010, Pullman, WA 99164-6010, United States
| | - D.C. Alperin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, United States
| | - M.H. Littke
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, United States
| | - S.R. Leib
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, United States
| | - S.E. Leach
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, United States
| | - S.A. Hines
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, United States
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 509 335 6030; fax: +1 509 335 8529. (S.A. Hines)
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14
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Paillot R, Daly JM, Luce R, Montesso F, Davis-Poynter N, Hannant D, Kydd JH. Frequency and phenotype of EHV-1 specific, IFN-gamma synthesising lymphocytes in ponies: the effects of age, pregnancy and infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 31:202-14. [PMID: 16824599 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2006.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infects horses, causing acute respiratory disease, neurological signs, and is also a leading cause of abortion. Protection from EHV-1 infection and disease depends on both humoral (virus neutralising antibody) and cellular (mainly cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CTL) immune responses. CTL activity after EHV-1 infection has been extensively investigated and is closely associated with an alternative measure of cell mediated immunity (CMI), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) synthesis. This study investigates EHV-1-specific IFN-gamma synthesising cells in potentially immunocompromised horses; foals, pregnant mares and aged animals, after field or experimental infection with EHV-1. In foals and pregnant mares, the kinetics after experimental infection were similar and the phenotype of IFN-gamma+ synthesising cells after EHV-1 stimulation was mainly CD8alpha+. In contrast, in samples collected from primed healthy ponies exposed to EHV-1 several months previously or in old ponies (28 years old), the majority of EHV-1-specific IFN-gamma+ lymphocytes expressed a CD5+, CD8alpha- phenotype. This study highlights the complexity of the relationship between EHV-1, a common pathogen in horses, and the virus-specific cellular immune response as measured using IFN-gamma synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Paillot
- Animal Health Trust, Centre for Preventive Medicine, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
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15
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Pellegrini-Masini A, Livesey LC. Meningitis and Encephalomyelitis in Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2006; 22:553-89, x. [PMID: 16882487 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of meningitis and encephalomyelitis in horses, including diagnostic tests, treatment developments, and preventative measures reported in the equine and human medical literature of the past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pellegrini-Masini
- Equine Section, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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16
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Rosas CT, Goodman LB, von Einem J, Osterrieder N. Equine herpesvirus type 1 modified live virus vaccines: quo vaditis? Expert Rev Vaccines 2006; 5:119-31. [PMID: 16451114 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.1.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Infections of horses with equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) have garnered new attention over the last few years. Devastating outbreaks occurring worldwide, primarily of the neurologic form of the disease, have resulted in a reassessment of the control strategies, and particularly the prophylactic measures, that are necessary to keep the infection and spread of disease in check. Most of the available EHV-1 vaccines are based on preparations of inactivated virus, which are applied monovalently for prevention of EHV-1-caused abortion in pregnant mares or as part of multivalent vaccines to prevent respiratory disease. Despite the importance of an induction of cytotoxic immune responses for protection against EHV-1-induced disease, only two modified live virus vaccine preparations, which are both based on the avirulent EHV-1 strain RacH and were developed more than 40 years ago, are commercially available. Current efforts focus on exploiting the available infectious bacterial artificial chromosome clones of various EHV-1 strains to engineer a new generation of modified live virus vaccines. Both more efficient and long-lasting anti-EHV-1 immunity and delivery of immunogens of other pathogens are attempted and within immediate reach. The improvement of modified live virus vaccines will likely be a major focus of research in the future, and will hopefully help to more completely protect horses against one of the most important and devastating viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina T Rosas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Weerasinghe CU, Learmonth GS, Gilkerson JR, Foote CE, Wellington JE, Whalley JM. Equine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein D expressed in E. coli provides partial protection against equine herpesvirus infection in mice and elicits virus-neutralizing antibodies in the horse. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 111:59-66. [PMID: 16473414 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The envelope glycoprotein D of EHV-1 (EHV-1 gD) is essential for virus infectivity and entry of virus into cells and is a potent inducer of virus-neutralizing antibody. In this study, truncated EHV-1 gD (gDt) was expressed with a C-terminal hexahistidine tag in E. coli using a pET vector. Western blot analysis using an anti-gD monoclonal antibody demonstrated the presence of gDt bands at 37.5, 36, 29.5 and 28 kDa. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of partially purified gDt was compared with gD expressed in insect cells by a recombinant baculovirus (Bac gD) using a BALB/c mouse model of EHV-1 respiratory infection. The proteins were also compared in a prime-boost protocol following an initial inoculation with gD DNA. gDt elicited similar levels of gD-specific antibody and neutralizing antibody compared with Bac gD and also provided a similar level of protection against EHV-1 challenge in mice. Inoculation of horses with gDt elicited EHV-1 gD-specific antibodies including virus-neutralizing antibody, suggesting that despite the lack of glycosylation, E. coli may be a useful vehicle for large scale production of EHV-1 gD for vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C U Weerasinghe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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18
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Foote CE, Raidal SL, Pecenpetelovska G, Wellington JE, Whalley JM. Inoculation of mares and very young foals with EHV-1 glycoproteins D and B reduces virus shedding following respiratory challenge with EHV-1. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 111:97-108. [PMID: 16504306 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that intramuscular inoculation of EHV-1 glycoprotein D (gD) and glycoprotein B (gB) produced by a recombinant baculovirus and formulated with the adjuvant Iscomatrix elicited virus-neutralizing antibody and gD- and gB-specific ELISA antibody in adult horses. In this study, 14 mares and their very young foals were inoculated with a combination of baculovirus-expressed EHV-1 gD and EHV-1 gB (EHV-1 gDBr) and challenged with a respiratory strain of EHV-1. Following experimental challenge, inoculated mares and foals shed virus in nasal secretions on significantly fewer occasions compared to uninoculated mares and foals. Uninoculated foals born from inoculated mares were no more protected against experimental challenge than uninoculated foals born from uninoculated mares. The results suggest that it is indeed possible to induce partial protection in very young foals through vaccination, and while the inoculation did not prevent infection, it did reduce the frequency of viral shedding with the potential to thereby reduce the risk and prevalence of infection in a herd situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Foote
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia
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Foote CE, Love DN, Gilkerson JR, Wellington JE, Whalley JM. EHV-1 and EHV-4 infection in vaccinated mares and their foals. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 111:41-6. [PMID: 16513181 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A silent cycle of equine herpesvirus 1 infection was described following epidemiological studies of unvaccinated mares and foals on a Hunter Valley stud farm. Following the introduction of routine vaccination with an inactivated whole virus equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) vaccine in 1997, a subsequent study identified excretion of EHV-1 and EHV-4 in nasal swab samples tested by PCR from vaccinated mares and their unweaned, unvaccinated foals. The current sero-epidemiological investigation of vaccinated mares and their young foals found serological evidence of EHV-1 and EHV-4 infection in mares and foals in the first 5 weeks of life. The results further support that EHV-1 and EHV-4 circulate in vaccinated populations of mares and their unweaned foals and confirms the continuation of the cycle of EHV-1 and EHV-4 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Foote
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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20
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Abstract
The baculovirus-insect cell expression system is an approved system for the production of viral antigens with vaccine potential for humans and animals and has been used for production of subunit vaccines against parasitic diseases as well. Many candidate subunit vaccines have been expressed in this system and immunization commonly led to protective immunity against pathogen challenge. The first vaccines produced in insect cells for animal use are now on the market. This chapter deals with the tailoring of the baculovirus-insect cell expression system for vaccine production in terms of expression levels, integrity and immunogenicity of recombinant proteins, and baculovirus genome stability. Various expression strategies are discussed including chimeric, virus-like particles, baculovirus display of foreign antigens on budded virions or in occlusion bodies, and specialized baculovirus vectors with mammalian promoters that express the antigen in the immunized individual. A historical overview shows the wide variety of viral (glyco)proteins that have successfully been expressed in this system for vaccine purposes. The potential of this expression system for antiparasite vaccines is illustrated. The combination of subunit vaccines and marker tests, both based on antigens expressed in insect cells, provides a powerful tool to combat disease and to monitor infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique M van Oers
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 11 6709 PD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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