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Shah AU, Li Y, Ouyang W, Wang Z, Zuo J, Shi S, Yu Q, Lin J, Yang Q. From nasal to basal: single-cell sequencing of the bursa of Fabricius highlights the IBDV infection mechanism in chickens. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:212. [PMID: 34915931 PMCID: PMC8675306 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00728-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chickens, important food animals and model organisms, are susceptible to many RNA viruses that invade via the nasal cavity. To determine the nasal entry site of the virus and clarify why avians are susceptible to RNA viruses, infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was selected because it is a typical avian RNA virus that infects chickens mainly via the nasal route. RESULTS First, we found that IBDV infected the posterior part of the nasal cavity in chickens, which is rich in lymphoid tissue and allows the virus to be easily transferred to the blood. Via the blood circulation, IBDV infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and was transferred to the bursa of Fabricius to damage the IgM + B lymphocyte population. Subsequently, the single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) results suggested the more detailed response of different bursal cell populations (B cells, epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and fibroblasts) to IBDV. Regarding B cells, IBDV infection greatly decreased the IgM + B cell population but increased the IgA + B cell population in the bursal follicles. In contrast to B cells, bursal epithelial cells, especially basal cells, accumulated a large number of IBDV particles. Furthermore, we found that both innate RNA sensors and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) were highly expressed in the IBDV-infected groups, while dicer and ago2 expression was largely blocked by IBDV infection. This result suggests that dicer-related RNA interference (RNAi) might be an effective antiviral strategy for IBDV infection in avian. CONCLUSION Our study not only comprehensively elaborates on the transmission of airborne IBDV via the intranasal route and establishes the main target cell types for productive IBDV infection but also provides sufficient evidence to explain the cellular antiviral mechanism against IBDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Ullah Shah
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjiao Zuo
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Shi
- Shanghai OE Biotech. Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201114, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
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Amarasinghe A, Abdul-Cader MS, Nazir S, De Silva Senapathi U, van der Meer F, Cork SC, Gomis S, Abdul-Careem MF. Infectious bronchitis corona virus establishes productive infection in avian macrophages interfering with selected antimicrobial functions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181801. [PMID: 28763472 PMCID: PMC5538654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes respiratory disease leading to loss of egg and meat production in chickens. Although it is known that macrophage numbers are elevated in the respiratory tract of IBV infected chickens, the role played by macrophages in IBV infection, particularly as a target cell for viral replication, is unknown. In this study, first, we investigated the ability of IBV to establish productive replication in macrophages in lungs and trachea in vivo and in macrophage cell cultures in vitro using two pathogenic IBV strains. Using a double immunofluorescent technique, we observed that both IBV Massachusetts-type 41 (M41) and Connecticut A5968 (Conn A5968) strains replicate in avian macrophages at a low level in vivo. This in vivo observation was substantiated by demonstrating IBV antigens in macrophages following in vitro IBV infection. Further, IBV productive infection in macrophages was confirmed by demonstrating corona viral particles in macrophages and IBV ribonucleic acid (RNA) in culture supernatants. Evaluation of the functions of macrophages following infection of macrophages with IBV M41 and Conn A5968 strains revealed that the production of antimicrobial molecule, nitric oxide (NO) is inhibited. It was also noted that replication of IBV M41 and Conn A5968 strains in macrophages does not interfere with the induction of type 1 IFN activity by macrophages. In conclusion, both M41 and Con A5968 IBV strains infect macrophages in vivo and in vitro resulting productive replications. During the replication of IBV in macrophages, their ability to produce NO can be affected without affecting the ability to induce type 1 IFN activity. Further studies are warranted to uncover the significance of macrophage infection of IBV in the pathogenesis of IBV infection in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Amarasinghe
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sadiya Nazir
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Upasama De Silva Senapathi
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susan Catherine Cork
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susantha Gomis
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Killian MP, Boviez JD, Gambarotta M, Lombardo DM. Induction of apoptosis in the bursa of Fabricius by vaccination against Gumboro disease. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:526-534. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1322684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Pablo Killian
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Histología y Embriología, Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan David Boviez
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Histología y Embriología, Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Gambarotta
- Departamento de Estadística, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Marcelo Lombardo
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Histología y Embriología, Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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He X, Chen Y, Kang S, Chen G, Wei P. Differential Regulation of chTLR3 by Infectious Bursal Disease Viruses with Different Virulence In Vitro and In Vivo. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:490-499. [PMID: 28402729 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is one of the TLRs whose ligand is double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a dsRNA virus that could be recognized by TLR3. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the virulence of IBDV on the expression of chicken TLR3 (chTLR3). For this purpose, the levels of chTLR3 expression and its downstream effectors, Interferon β (IFN-β) and Interleukin 8 (IL-8), were detected and analyzed after infection of IBDV field isolates with differential virulence in vitro (chicken embryo fibroblast and/or chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells) and in vivo (commercial Three-Yellow chicken). The results showed that chTLR3 was activated by IBDV, resulting in the expression of antiviral IFN-β and chemokine IL-8. The expression of chTLR3, IFN-β, and IL-8 correlated well with the virulence of IBDV as the more virulent the IBDV strain that was used, the more pronounced was the expression of chTLR3, IFN-β, and IL-8. These results suggest that chTLR3 is involved in the pathogenesis of IBDV in commercial chickens and its downstream effectors (IFN-β and IL-8) might play an important role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumiao He
- 1 School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology/Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Guangxi University for Nationalities , Nanning, China .,2 Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University , Nanning, China .,3 Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Polysaccharide Materials and Their Modification, Guangxi University for Nationalities , Nanning, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- 1 School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology/Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Guangxi University for Nationalities , Nanning, China
| | - Synat Kang
- 1 School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology/Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Guangxi University for Nationalities , Nanning, China
| | - Guo Chen
- 2 Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University , Nanning, China
| | - Ping Wei
- 2 Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University , Nanning, China
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Yasmin AR, Yeap SK, Tan SW, Hair-Bejo M, Fakurazi S, Kaiser P, Omar AR. In vitro characterization of chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells following infection with very virulent infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Pathol 2016; 44:452-62. [PMID: 26305169 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1084997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease is caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), an immunosuppressive virus that targets immune cells such as B cells and macrophages. However, the involvement of dendritic cells (DCs) during IBDV infection is not well understood. In this study the in vitro effects of live and inactivated very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) UPM0081 on bone marrow-derived DCs (BM-DC) were characterized and compared with BM-DC treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Morphologically, BM-DC treated with LPS and vvIBDV showed stellate shape when compared to immature BM-DC. In addition, LPS-treated and both live and inactivated vvIBDV-infected BM-DC expressed high levels of double positive CD86 and major histocompatibility complex class II antigens (>20%). vvIBDV-infected BM-DC showed significantly higher numbers of apoptotic cells compared to LPS. Replication of vvIBDV was detected in the infected BM-DC as evidenced by the increased expression of VP3 and VP4 IBDV antigens based on flow cytometry, real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence tests. Levels of different immune-related genes such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), CXCLi2 (IL-8), IL-18, interferon gamma (IFN-γ, IL-12α, CCR7 and Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3) were measured after LPS and vvIBDV treatments. However, marked differences were noticed in the onset and intensity of the gene expression between these two treatment groups. LPS was far more potent than live and inactivated vvIBDV in inducing the expression of IL-1β, IL-18 and CCR7 while expression of Th1-like cytokines, IFN-γ and IL-12α were significantly increased in the live vvIBDV treatment group. Meanwhile, the expression of TLR3 was increased in live vvIBDV-infected BM-DC as compared to control. Inactivated vvIBDV-treated BM-DC failed to stimulate IFN-γ, IL-12α and TLR3 expressions. This study suggested that BM-DC may serve as another target cells during IBDV infection which require further confirmation via in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Yasmin
- a Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang 43400 , Selangor , Malaysia.,b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Darul Ehsan, Serdang 43400 , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - S K Yeap
- a Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang 43400 , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - S W Tan
- a Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang 43400 , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - M Hair-Bejo
- a Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang 43400 , Selangor , Malaysia.,b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Darul Ehsan, Serdang 43400 , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - S Fakurazi
- a Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang 43400 , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - P Kaiser
- c The Roslin Institute and R (D)SVS, University of Edinburgh , Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG , UK
| | - A R Omar
- a Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang 43400 , Selangor , Malaysia.,b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Darul Ehsan, Serdang 43400 , Selangor , Malaysia
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Apoptotic response of chicken embryonic fibroblast cells to infectious bursal disease virus infections reflects viral pathogenicity. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2014; 50:858-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-014-9783-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Guan J, Chan M, Brooks BW, Rohonczy L. Inactivation of Infectious Bursal Disease and Newcastle Disease Viruses at Temperatures Below 0 C Using Chemical Disinfectants. Avian Dis 2014; 58:249-54. [DOI: 10.1637/10697-101713-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Khatri M, O'Brien TD, Goyal SM, Sharma JM. Isolation and characterization of chicken lung mesenchymal stromal cells and their susceptibility to avian influenza virus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:474-479. [PMID: 20026347 PMCID: PMC7124449 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we isolated and characterized mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from the lungs of 1- to 2-week-old chickens. Microscopically, the cultured cells showed fibroblast-like morphology. Phenotypically these cells expressed CD44, CD90, CD105 and the transcription factor PouV, which has been shown to be critical for stem cell self-renewal and pluripotency. The multipotency of chicken MSCs was demonstrated by their ability to undergo adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation. Like chicken bone marrow MSCs and mammalian MSCs, chicken lung MSCs had immunoregulatory activity and profoundly suppressed the proliferative capacity of T cells in response to a mitogenic stimulus. Next, we examined the susceptibility of these cells to H1N1 and H9N5 avian influenza (AI) viruses. The lung MSCs were shown to express known influenza virus alpha-2,3 and alpha-2,6 sialic acid receptors and to support replication of both the avian H1N1 and avian H9N5 influenza strains. Viral infection of MSCs resulted in cell lysis and cytokine and chemokine production. Further characterization of lung MSCs in chicken and other mammalian species may help in understanding the pathogenesis of infectious and non-infectious lung diseases and the mechanisms of lung injury repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Khatri
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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9
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Susceptibility of chicken mesenchymal stem cells to infectious bursal disease virus. J Virol Methods 2009; 160:197-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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10
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Wang Y, Qi X, Gao H, Gao Y, Lin H, Song X, Pei L, Wang X. Comparative study of the replication of infectious bursal disease virus in DF-1 cell line and chicken embryo fibroblasts evaluated by a new real-time RT-PCR. J Virol Methods 2009; 157:205-10. [PMID: 19186190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A real-time RT-PCR method was developed for the detection of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). The VP5 gene of IBDV was chosen as the target binding region for a specific TaqMan probe. The results showed that viral genomic copy number could be quantified accurately ranging from 10(8)copies/microL to 10(1)copies/microL. No positive signal was detected for other avian pathogens in the specificity test. This assay was highly sensitive and could detect as little as 30 copies of viral RNA. Both the coefficients of variation (CVs) of inter- and intra-assay reproducibility were less than 2%. Growth curves of the IBDV Gt strain in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) and DF-1 cells were evaluated by the real-time RT-PCR. The data showed that the cytopathic effects of the virus in CEF and DF-1 cells were similar. However, higher viral titers were detected in the DF-1 cell line. This study indicated that the real-time RT-PCR approach provided a powerful diagnostic tool with high sensitivity and specificity for the identification and quantitation of IBDV. The DF-1 cell line may be a more suitable continuous cell line for the propagation of IBDV compared to CEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Wang
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Heilongjiang, China
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Khatri M, Sharma JM. IFN-γ upregulation and protection by macrophage-adapted infectious bursal disease virus. Vaccine 2008; 26:4740-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Khatri M, Sharma JM. Modulation of macrophages by infectious bursal disease virus. Cytogenet Genome Res 2007; 117:388-93. [PMID: 17675882 DOI: 10.1159/000103202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease is one of the most important naturally occurring viral diseases of chickens worldwide. The causative agent, infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), belongs to the family Birnaviridae. This virus causes an acute, highly contagious and immunosuppressive disease in chickens. The virus infects and destroys actively dividing IgM-bearing B cells. Although B cells are the principal targets for IBDV, recent data show that the virus also infects macrophages. IBDV-infected macrophages produce various cytokines and chemokines which may play an important role in the protection and/or pathogenesis of IBDV. In this review, the modulatory effects of IBDV on macrophages will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Khatri
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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