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Ez Elarab SM, El-Gendy SAA, El-Bakary NER, Alsafy MAM. Ultrastructure of the palatine tonsils of the donkey (Equus asinus): New insights by light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:3793-3803. [PMID: 36260813 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to explore the ultrastructure of the donkeys' palatine tonsils. Palatine tonsils of five male donkeys (5 years old) were investigated macroscopically and microscopically. The tonsils appeared as a dome shape with slight elevation and a circular opening on the surface of the oropharynx. The central tonsillar crypt appeared on the medial side of the palate-pharyngeal folds and the floor of the oropharynx. The external surface of the palatine tonsil had different sizes of mucosal folds, some grooves directed to drainage at the tonsillar opening, and the tonsil crypt opening was a crescentic or irregular oval shape. The outer surface was covered by stratified squamous epithelium and modified to be reticular epithelium invaded by lymphocytes in the crypt called lympho-epithelium. The tonsil crypt had aggregated lymphoid nodules, and the cryptal epithelium has surrounded by diffused lymphocytes and hassles corpuscles-like structures. The lymphocytes infiltrated into different layers of the cryptal epithelium and transformed into reticular or lympho-epithelium. The organized lymphoid nodules were primary and secondary, and the secondary ones had a light germinal center. The interfollicular area had many high endothelial venules and blood capillaries. The endothelial venules were lined by simple cuboidal epithelium and had lymphocytes. The blood capillaries had red blood cells and neutrophils. The tonsil was surrounded incompletely by a connective tissue capsule with mucous glands under that capsule. In conclusion, the epithelial lymphocyte infiltration, crypt epithelium, lymphoid nodules, and intra-follicular area of the donkey's palatine tonsils indicate the humoral and cell-mediated immunological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar M Ez Elarab
- Histology and Cytology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Samir A A El-Gendy
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed A M Alsafy
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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2
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Histological characterization of the lingual tonsils of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Cell Tissue Res 2019; 380:107-113. [PMID: 31811405 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tonsils are located in the entrance of digestive and respiratory tracts forming Waldeyer's ring that reacts against ingested or inhaled antigens. On occasion, tonsils may be a site of entry and replication for some pathogens. The lingual tonsils are a main constituent of the Waldeyer's ring. Despite the immunological importance of the lingual tonsils, there is limited information about their structure in the one-humped camel. The lingual tonsils of 10 clinically healthy male camels (3-25 years) were collected and studied macroscopically and microscopically. Lingual tonsils were localized at the root of the tongue of camels of all ages in the form of several spherical macroscopic nodules protruding into the oropharynx. Each nodule possesses a single central crypt, covered with keratinized stratified squamous epithelium without any M cells and surrounded with an incomplete capsule. Each tonsillar crypt was lined with stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium with lymphocytic infiltration forming patches of lymphoepithelium or reticular epithelium. Secondary lymphoid nodules extended under the apical epithelium. The interfollicular areas had diffused lymphocytes. Among these lymphocytes, high endothelial venules, macrophages, dendritic cells and plasma cells were observed. The organization of camel lingual tonsils in isolated units with separate crypts increases the surface area exposed to antigen. The present findings indicate a sustained immunological role of the lingual tonsils throughout the life of the one-humped camel.
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Girgiri IA, Kumar P. Histology, histochemistry and ultrastructure of the nasopharyngeal tonsil of the buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Anat Histol Embryol 2019; 48:375-383. [PMID: 31173394 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The light microscopic appearance and ultrastructure of the nasopharyngeal tonsil (tonsilla pharyngea), collected from 12 adult buffaloes of local mixed breed, were explored for the distribution of different types of epithelia, lymphoid tissue and high endothelial venules. The tonsillar mucosa was lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium having goblet cells. The respiratory epithelium associated with the underlying lymphoid tissue formed the lymphoepithelium. The epithelium was further modified into follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) characterized by reduced epithelial height, presence of a few dome-shaped cuboidal cells equivalent of the M-cells and absence of goblet and ciliated cells. The lymphoid tissue was distributed in the form of isolated lymphoid cells, diffuse lymphoid tissue and lymphoid follicles, mainly distributed within the propria-submucosa along with the sero-mucous glandular tissue. The goblet cells of the respiratory epithelium and the acinar cells contained different mucopolysaccharides. Scanning electron microscopy of the surface mucosa demonstrated a dense mat of cilia, island-like arrangement of microvillus cells, M-cells and a few brush-like cells. The transmission electron microscopy revealed the different cell organelles of the respiratory epithelium and the FAE. Lymphocyte migration via the high endothelial venules in the propria-submucosa was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Alhaji Girgiri
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
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Xu Y, Sun J, Cui Y, Yu S, He J, Liu P, Zhang Q. Age‐related changes in the morphology and the distribution of IgA and IgG in the pharyngeal tonsils of yaks (Bos grunniens). J Morphol 2018; 280:214-222. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Xu
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Juan Sun
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Yan Cui
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, Department of Clinical Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Sijiu Yu
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, Department of Clinical Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Junfeng He
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Penggang Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
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Sun J, Cui Y, Yu S, Xu Y, He J, Liu P, Huang Y, Li Q. Yak (Bos grunniens) Tonsils: Morphological Description and Expression of IgA and IgG. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:999-1009. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sun
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy and Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Yan Cui
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy and Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, Department of Clinical Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Si‐Jiu Yu
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, Department of Clinical Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Yuan‐Fang Xu
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy and Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Jun‐Feng He
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy and Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Peng‐Gang Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy and Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Yu‐Feng Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy and Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Qin Li
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, Department of Clinical Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
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Prims S, Jurgens B, Vanden Hole C, Van Cruchten S, Van Ginneken C, Casteleyn C. The porcine tonsils and Peyer's patches: A stereological morphometric analysis in conventionally and artificially reared piglets. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 206:9-15. [PMID: 30502915 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Selection for prolificacy in modern pig farming has resulted in increasing litter sizes. Since rearing large litters is challenging, artificial rearing of piglets with a milk replacer is an alternative strategy. It is hypothesized that the development of the piglets' mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) is affected by these artificial conditions. Therefore, the stereologically estimated volumes of the tonsil of the soft palate, and the lingual, nasopharyngeal and paraepiglottic tonsils, as well as the jejunal and ileal Peyer's patches were statistically compared at day 21 postpartum between six conventionally reared piglets and six piglets that were artificially reared from day 7 onwards. In addition, six 7-day-old sow-fed piglets were examined to evaluate the effect of age. All tonsils and Peyer's patches significantly increased in volume with age. The rearing strategy had no significant effect on the volumes of the tonsil of the soft palate and the lingual tonsil. The former tonsil was by far the largest with a mean volume of 967.2 ± 122.4 mm3 and 822.3 ± 125.4 mm3 in the conventionally and artificially reared piglets, respectively. The lingual tonsil only measured 9.4 ± 6.4 mm3 and 6.3 ± 2.6 mm3 in conventionally and artificially reared groups, respectively. In contrast, the rearing strategy did affect the volumes of the nasopharyngeal and paraepiglottic tonsils, which had a mean volume of 137.1 ± 32.4 mm3 and 84.4 ± 26.9 mm3, and 30.7 ± 7.8 mm3 and 20.0 ± 3.9 mm3 in conventionally and artificially reared piglets, respectively. The rearing strategy did not affect the development of the Peyer's patches. At day 21, the jejunal Peyer's patches of the conventionally and artificially reared piglets presented a volume of 1.6 ± 0.4 cm3 and 1.3 ± 0.2 cm3, respectively. The volumes of the ileal Peyer's patch amounted to 15.1 ± 3.0 cm³ in conventionally reared piglets and 12.0 ± 2.6 cm³ in artificially reared piglets at day 21. The results showed that artificial rearing hampers the morphological development of the tonsils that are exposed to inhaled antigens, but the voluminous lymphoid tissues that sample oral antigens are not influenced. Since it is unlikely that the observed differences in both tonsils are due to the milk replacer, artificial rearing could be a valuable alternative for raising large litters. In addition, the presence of developing MALT in piglets allows for investigating the value of nasal and oral vaccination in this species for human or veterinary purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Prims
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Ben Jurgens
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Charlotte Vanden Hole
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Casteleyn
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Purgason A, Zhang Y, Hamilton SR, Gridley DS, Sodipe A, Jejelowo O, Ramesh GT, Moreno-Villanueva M, Wu H. Apoptosis and expression of apoptosis-related genes in mouse intestinal tissue after whole-body proton exposure. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 442:155-168. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sağıroğlu A, Acer N, Okuducu H, Ertekin T, Erkan M, Durmaz E, Aydın M, Yılmaz S, Zararsız G. Palatine tonsil volume estimation using different methods after tonsillectomy. Anat Sci Int 2016; 92:500-508. [PMID: 27307085 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-016-0350-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to measure the volume of the palatine tonsil in otorhinolaryngology outpatients with complaints of adenotonsillar hypertrophy and chronic tonsillitis who had undergone tonsillectomy. To date, no study has investigated palatine tonsil volume using different methods and compared with subjective tonsil size in the literature. For this purpose, we used three different methods to measure palatine tonsil volume. The correlation of each parameter with tonsil size was assessed. After tonsillectomy, palatine tonsil volume was measured by Archimedes, Cavalieri and Ellipsoid methods. Mean right-left palatine tonsil volumes were calculated as 2.63 ± 1.34 cm3 and 2.72 ± 1.51 cm3 by the Archimedes method, 3.51 ± 1.48 cm3 and 3.37 ± 1.36 cm3 by the Cavalieri method, and 2.22 ± 1.22 cm3 and 2.29 ± 1.42 cm3 by the Ellipsoid method, respectively. Excellent agreement was found among the three methods of measuring volumetric techniques according to Bland-Altman plots. In addition, tonsil grade was correlated significantly with tonsil volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Sağıroğlu
- Department of Anatomy, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey.
| | - Niyazi Acer
- Department of Anatomy, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
| | - Hacı Okuducu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Maya Eye and Ear, Nose, Throat Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Tolga Ertekin
- Department of Anatomy, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Erkan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Esra Durmaz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Konya Numune Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mesut Aydın
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kayseri Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Seher Yılmaz
- Department of Anatomy, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
| | - Gökmen Zararsız
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
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Seemann F, Knigge T, Olivier S, Monsinjon T. Exogenous 17β-oestradiol (E2) modifies thymus growth and regionalization in European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 86:1186-1198. [PMID: 25683570 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of 17β-oestradiol (E2) on the growth of the thymus and its regionalization into cortex and medulla was investigated in juvenile European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax as they find themselves close to sources of oestrogenic pollution whilst residing in their estuarine nursery areas. While the exposure to 2, 20 and 200 ng l(-1) in 60 days post-hatch (dph) fish tended to cause a non-monotonous dose-response curve with a significant difference of the cortex size between lowest and highest exposures, the exposure to 20 ng l(-1) E2 from 90 dph onwards resulted in a distinct enlargement of the cortex. It is probable that the alteration of the cortex size also affects the T-cell differentiation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Seemann
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Casteleyn C, Cornillie P, Van Ginneken C, Simoens P, Van Cruchten S, Vandevelde K, Van den Broeck W. Lymph drainage from the ovine tonsils: an anatomical study of the tonsillar lymph vessels. Anat Histol Embryol 2014; 43:482-9. [PMID: 24597835 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Although the tonsils of sheep have gained much attention during the last decade, only few data are available on their lymph vessel architecture. Tonsillar lymph vessels are immunologically important as they form the efferent routes for locally activated immune cells to reach the draining lymph nodes. To gain insight into the tonsillar lymph drainage in the sheep, Indian ink and a casting polymer were injected into the interstitium of the five tonsils present in the heads of slaughtered sheep. This enabled us to determine the draining lymph node and to examine the microscopic organization of lymph vessels using light and scanning electron microscopy. No lymph vessels were observed within the tonsillar lymphoid follicles. The corrosion casts demonstrated that the lymphoid follicles are surrounded by numerous sacculated lymph sinuses that drain into a dense interfollicular lymph vessel network. From here, the lymph flows into single small lymph vessels that in turn drain into larger lymph vessels extending towards the medial retropharyngeal lymph node. The presented results can be valuable for immunological studies, for example during oral or intranasal vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Casteleyn
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium; Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Toppets V, Piret J, Gabriel A, Grobet L, Simoens P, van den Broeck W, Cornillie P, Antoine N. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the pharyngeal tonsil innervation pattern in sheep. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 262:79-84. [PMID: 23932773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The pharyngeal tonsil has recently been identified as a new participant in airborne contamination by the ovine scrapie agent. In the context of scrapie pathogenesis, we conducted a three-dimensional reconstruction of the innervation pattern in the lymphoid compartments of this tonsil. This model confirmed that very few nerve fibres penetrated the lymphoid follicles and suggested that the nerve fibre distribution in the interfollicular and subepithelial areas is more suitable with neuro-invasion through direct contact between these nerve fibres and prion-transporting cells prior to or after prion amplification in the germinal centre of the pharyngeal tonsil lymphoid follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinciane Toppets
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium.
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12
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Neuroimmune connections in ovine pharyngeal tonsil: potential site for prion neuroinvasion. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 348:167-76. [PMID: 22427064 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1376-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have established the involvement of nasal-associated lymphoid tissues, mainly the pharyngeal tonsil, in prion pathogenesis. However, the mechanisms of the associated neuroinvasion are still debated. To determine potential sites for prion neuroinvasion inside the ovine pharyngeal tonsil, the topography of heavy (200 kDa) and light (70 kDa) neurofilaments and of glial fibrillar acidic protein has been semi-quantitatively analysed inside the various compartments of the tonsil. The results show that the most innervated areas are the interfollicular area and the connective tissue located beneath the respiratory epithelium. The existence of rare synapses between follicular dendritic cells and nerve fibres inside the germinal centre indicates that this mechanism of neuroinvasion is possible but, since germinal centres of lymphoid follicles are poorly innervated, other routes of neuroinvasion are likely. The host PRNP genotype does not influence the pattern of innervation in these various tonsil compartments, unlike ageing during which an increase of nerve endings occurs in a zone of high trafficking cells beneath the respiratory epithelium. A minimal age-related increase of innervation inside the lymphoid follicles has also been observed. An increase in nerve fibre density around the lymphoid follicles, in an area rich in mobile cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells capable of capturing and conveying pathogen prion protein (PrPd), might ensure more efficient infectivity, not in the early phase but in the advanced phase of lymphoinvasion after the amplification of PrPd; alternatively, this area might even act as a direct site of entry during neuroinvasion.
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Liu Z, Yu Q, Li P, Yang Q. Histological and ultrastructural examinations of porcine tonsils. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 295:686-90. [PMID: 22190355 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The histology and ultrastructure of porcine tonsils were studied. The porcine tonsils were lymphoepithelial organs situated at the opening of both the digestive and respiratory tracts. The tonsil of the soft palate in the oropharyngeal tract and the paraepiglottic tonsil in the laryngopharynx were mainly consisted of secondary lymphoid follicles encapsulated by connective tissue. The stratified squamous epithelia covering the tonsils and their crypts were frequently heavily infiltrated by lymphoid cells. The pharyngeal and tubal tonsils (TT) were situated in the nasopharyngeal tract. The cells of the pseudostratified columnar epithelia of the pharyngeal and TT were loosely connected, with large intercellular space. They consisted of scattered lymphoid follicles, aggregations of lymphoid cells and diffuse lymphoid tissues. Many high endothelial venules, specialized for the diapedesis of lymphoid cells into the tonsillar tissue, were detected in the four porcine tonsils. Therefore, the overall structures of the tonsils (the tonsil of the soft palate, the paraepiglottic tonsil, the pharyngeal and the TT) reflect their immune functionality in the oral and intranasal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Breugelmans S, Van den Broeck W, Demeyere K, Meyer E, Simoens P. Immunoassay of lymphocyte subsets in ovine palatine tonsils. Acta Histochem 2011; 113:416-22. [PMID: 20546866 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
By means of immunohistochemistry (IHC) and triple color flow cytometry (FCM), five commercial antibodies (anti-CD2, CD4, CD8, CD21, and CD45) were evaluated to quantify and localize the B- and T-lymphocytes in the ovine palatine tonsil. The results of both techniques were compared and evaluated. For the immunohistochemical analysis, three fixation methods were evaluated for their suitability to localize the different lymphocyte populations: 3.5% formaldehyde, zinc salts-based fixative and cryopreservation. The anti-CD45 antibody showed a positive reaction after all three fixation methods. The four other antibodies tested (anti-CD2, CD4, CD8 and CD21) were compatible with zinc salts-based fixation and cryopreservation. The CD21+ B-lymphocytes were localized in the tonsillar lymphoid follicles, while the CD2+ T-lymphocytes were abundant in the interfollicular regions and rare within the lymphoid follicles. The CD8+ T-cells were concentrated adjacent to the follicles, while the CD4+ T-cells were localized in the interfollicular zones as well as in the follicles. Both by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, a quantification of the different lymphocyte subsets was made. When comparing the results, a reversed B/T cell ratio was noticed. Possible explanations for this observation are discussed.
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15
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Breugelmans S, Casteleyn C, Simoens P, Van den Broeck W. Distribution of the lingual lymphoid tissue in domestic ruminants. Anat Histol Embryol 2011; 40:426-32. [PMID: 21592193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2011.01088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The distribution and organisation of the intralingual lymphoid tissue was studied in sheep, goat and cattle. For each species, the tongues of two animals were harvested and divided in sample blocks extending over the total surface of the tongue. With 2.5 mm intervals, ten serial histological sections were made for conventional histological staining (haematoxylin-eosin, Van Gieson, Masson's trichrome) and immunohistochemical staining of lymphoid cells (anti-CD3, anti-CD21, anti-CD45). Lymphocytes were scattered in the subepithelial propria-submucosa and in the connective tissue cores of the lingual papillae. The connective tissue cores of fungiform papillae, including those located on the lingual apex, and vallate papillae showed relatively more lymphocytes than the propria-submucosa. Lymphoid cell aggregations were even more abundant beneath the grooves surrounding the vallate papillae in small ruminants. In cattle, a well-organised lingual tonsil was additionally found at the root of the tongue. CD3-positive lymphocytes were observed in all species examined. CD21-positive lymphocytes were numerous in the lymphoid nodules of the bovine lingual tonsil but very scarce in the ovine and caprine tongues. Therefore, the lymphoid cell aggregations in the tongues of small ruminants should not be referred to by the term 'lingual tonsil'.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Breugelmans
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Morphology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Differences between the ovine tonsils based on an immunohistochemical quantification of the lymphocyte subpopulations. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 34:217-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Toppets V, Defaweux V, Piret J, Kirschvink N, Grobet L, Antoine N. Features of follicular dendritic cells in ovine pharyngeal tonsil: An in vivo and in vitro study in the context of scrapie pathogenesis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 141:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Many terms used for referring to tonsillar structures are applied in immunological research. However, in many cases, the use of these terms is not in compliance with official veterinary anatomical nomenclature. This is partly attributable to ambiguous descriptions present in conventional anatomical textbooks. This study gives an overview of pertaining controversial terms and promotes the official anatomical terminology applicable to the tonsils, to enhance the unequivocal transfer of knowledge generated during immunological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Casteleyn
- Department of Morphology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Zidan M, Pabst R. The microanatomy of the palatine tonsils of the buffalo (Bos bubalus). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 139:83-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Gunasekara R, Cornillie P, Casteleyn C, De Spiegelaere W, Sorgeloos P, Simoens P, Bossier P, Van den Broeck W. Stereology and computer assisted three-dimensional reconstruction as tools to study probiotic effects of Aeromonas hydrophila on the digestive tract of germ-free Artemia franciscana nauplii. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 110:98-105. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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De Spiegelaere W, Cornillie P, Erkens T, Van Loo D, Casteleyn C, Van Poucke M, Burvenich C, Van Hoorebeke L, Van Ginneken C, Peelman L, Van den Broeck W. Expression and localization of angiogenic growth factors in developing porcine mesonephric glomeruli. J Histochem Cytochem 2010; 58:1045-56. [PMID: 20713984 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2010.956557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and growth of renal glomeruli is regulated by specific angiogenic growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the angiopoietins (ANGPT1 and ANGPT2). The expression of these factors has already been studied during metanephric glomerulogenesis, but it remains to be elucidated during the development of the embryonic mesonephros, which can function as an interesting model for glomerular development and senescence. In this study, the presence of the angiogenic growth factors was studied in developing porcine mesonephroi, using IHC and real-time RT-qPCR on laser capture microdissected glomeruli. In addition, mesonephric glomerular growth was measured by using stereological methods. ANGPT2 remained upregulated during maturation of glomeruli, which may be explained by the continuous growth of the glomeruli, as observed by stereological examination. The mRNA for VEGFA was expressed in early developing and in maturing glomeruli. The VEGF receptor VEGFR1 was stably expressed during the whole lifespan of mesonephric glomeruli, whereas VEGFR2 mRNA was only upregulated in early glomerulogenesis, suggesting that VEGFR2 is important for the vascular growth but that VEGFR1 is important for the maintenance of endothelial fenestrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ward De Spiegelaere
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Casteleyn C, Cornelissen M, Simoens P, Van den Broeck W. Ultramicroscopic examination of the ovine tonsillar epithelia. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:879-89. [PMID: 20225209 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
As solid morphological knowledge of ovine tonsillar epithelia might contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of several diseases including prion diseases, the epithelia of all tonsils of 7 one-year-old Texel sheep were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Major parts of the pharyngeal and tubal tonsils were covered by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelia that were interrupted by patches of epithelium containing cells with densely packed microfolds or microvilli, and cells with both microvilli and cilia. Smaller parts were covered by either flattened polygonal cells with densely packed microvilli or microfolds, squamous epithelial cells, or patches of reticular epithelium. The palatine and paraepiglottic tonsils were mainly lined by squamous epithelial cells with apical microplicae or short knobs. Additionally, regions of reticular epithelium containing epithelial cells with apical microvilli were seen. The lingual tonsil was uniformly covered by a keratinized squamous epithelium and devoid of microvillous cells and patches of reticular epithelium. The rostral half of the tonsil of the soft palate was lined by a pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with characteristics of the pharyngeal and tubal tonsils. The epithelium of the caudal part resembled the epithelia of the palatine and paraepiglottic tonsils. Putative M cells, mainly characterized by apical microvilli or microfolds and a close association with lymphoid cells, seem manifestly present on the nasopharyngeal tonsils. The reticular epithelium of the palatine and paraepiglottic tonsils also harbor cells with small apical microvilli. The exact nature of these presumptive M cells should, however, be elucidated in functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Casteleyn
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Casteleyn C, Rekecki A, Van Der Aa A, Simoens P, Van Den Broeck W. Surface area assessment of the murine intestinal tract as a prerequisite for oral dose translation from mouse to man. Lab Anim 2010; 44:176-83. [DOI: 10.1258/la.2009.009112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In many pharmacological and toxicological studies knowledge about the intestinal absorption, which is dependent upon the surface area of absorptive epithelia, is indispensible. Although mice are often used in such preclinical studies, very few quantitative data about their intestinal surface area are available. Especially for locally acting candidate drugs in development, this information is crucial for dose translation towards humans. Therefore, the surface area of the intestinal tract of CD-1™ IGS mice was assessed in the present study. The intestinal tracts of 12 mice were collected after euthanasia. From six animals, histological sections from the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon-rectum were made according to common stereological principles. Using these sections, the volumes and surface areas of each intestinal segment were estimated applying stereological counting procedures. In the other six animals, the density and surface area of the microvilli present in each intestinal segment were determined by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy to assess the increase of the intestinal surface area attributable to the presence of microvilli. The mean total volume and surface area of the intestinal tract were 1.34 cm3 and 1.41 m2, respectively. The relative intestinal surface area (intestinal surface area divided by the body surface area) was 119. The relative intestinal surface area of mice is very similar to that of humans. The results of this study are important for the appropriate dose translation of candidate therapeutic compounds in drug development from mouse to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Casteleyn
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Rekecki
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Van Der Aa
- ActoGeniX NV, Technologiepark 4, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - P Simoens
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - W Van Den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Casteleyn C, Doom M, Lambrechts E, Van den Broeck W, Simoens P, Cornillie P. Locations of gut-associated lymphoid tissue in the 3-month-old chicken: a review. Avian Pathol 2010; 39:143-50. [DOI: 10.1080/03079451003786105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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NALT (nasal cavity-associated lymphoid tissue) in the rabbit. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 133:212-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zidan M, Pabst R. The Microanatomy of the Palatine Tonsils of the One-Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:1192-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Casteleyn C, Cornillie P, Simoens P, Van Den Broeck W. Stereological Assessment of the Epithelial Surface Area of the Ovine Palatine and Pharyngeal Tonsils. Anat Histol Embryol 2008; 37:366-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2008.00858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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