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Simões J, Sales Luís JP, Madeira de Carvalho L, Tilley P. Severely Asthmatic Horses Residing in a Mediterranean Climate Shed a Significantly Lower Number of Parasite Eggs Compared to Healthy Farm Mates. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2928. [PMID: 37760328 PMCID: PMC10525552 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between helminth infection and allergic diseases has long intrigued the scientific community. This interaction was previously studied in a horse family with high incidence of severe equine asthma and in non-related severely asthmatic horses from equine hospital referrals in Switzerland. Our aim was to determine if this interaction would also be observed in a group of non-related client-owned severely asthmatic horses living in a Mediterranean climate and recruited through a first-opinion veterinarian group. Fecal samples from severe equine asthma-affected and healthy horses living in the same farms and subjected to identical environmental and deworming management were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. Strongyle-type eggs and Cyathostomum sensu latum larvae were the most abundant parasites in the studied population of horses; no significant differences between the groups were observed regarding the types of egg and infective larvae. However, we observed significant differences in the number of eggs and infective larvae per gram of feces shed, as this number was significantly lower in the SEA group than in the healthy horses. This may indicate that severely asthmatic horses have an intrinsic resistance to gastrointestinal helminths. Further studies in a larger population of horses are required to ascertain the immunological mechanisms responsible for these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Simões
- Equine Health and Welfare Academic Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.P.S.L.); (L.M.d.C.); (P.T.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4Animals), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Paulo Sales Luís
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.P.S.L.); (L.M.d.C.); (P.T.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4Animals), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Madeira de Carvalho
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.P.S.L.); (L.M.d.C.); (P.T.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4Animals), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Tilley
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.P.S.L.); (L.M.d.C.); (P.T.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4Animals), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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Cul o 2 specific IgG3/5 antibodies predicted Culicoides hypersensitivity in a group imported Icelandic horses. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:283. [PMID: 32778104 PMCID: PMC7418374 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02499-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culicoides hypersensitivity (CH) is induced in horses by salivary allergens of Culicoides midges. In Iceland, the causal Culicoides species for CH are not present. Previous epidemiological data indicated that Icelandic horses are more susceptible to CH when they are exported from Iceland and first exposed to Culicoides at adult age. Horses born in countries where Culicoides is endemic, develop the disease less frequently. Here, we established a longitudinal allergy model to identify predictive and diagnostic serological biomarkers of CH. RESULTS Sixteen adult Icelandic horses from Iceland were imported to the Northeastern United States (US) during the winter and were kept in the same environment with natural Culicoides exposure for the next two years. None of the horses showed clinical allergy during the first summer of Culicoides exposure. In the second summer, 9/16 horses (56%) developed CH. Allergen specific IgE and IgG isotype responses in serum samples were analysed using nine potential Culicoides allergens in a fluorescent bead-based multiplex assay. During the first summer of Culicoides exposure, while all horses were still clinically healthy, Cul o 2 specific IgG3/5 antibodies were higher in horses that developed the allergic disease in the second summer compared to those that did not become allergic (p = 0.043). The difference in Cul o 2 specific IgG3/5 antibodies between the two groups continued to be detectable through fall (p = 0.035) and winter of the first year. During the second summer, clinical signs first appeared and Cul o 3 specific IgG3/5 isotypes were elevated in allergic horses (p = 0.041). Cul o 2 specific IgG5 (p = 0.035), and Cul o 3 specific IgG3/5 (p = 0.043) were increased in late fall of year two when clinical signs started to improve again. CONCLUSIONS Our results identified IgG5 and IgG3/5 antibodies against Cul o 2 and Cul o 3, respectively, as markers for CH during and shortly after the allergy season in the Northeastern US. In addition, Cul o 2 specific IgG3/5 antibodies may be valuable as a predictive biomarker of CH in horses that have been exposed to Culicoides but did not yet develop clinical signs.
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Tallmadge RL, Antczak DF, Felippe MJB. Genetics of Immune Disease in the Horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020; 36:273-288. [PMID: 32654783 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Host defenses against infection by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites are critical to survival. It has been estimated that upwards of 7% of the coding genes of mammals function in immunity and inflammation. This high level of genomic investment in defense has resulted in an immune system characterized by extraordinary complexity and many levels of redundancy. Because so many genes are involved with immunity, there are many opportunities for mutations to arise that have negative effects. However, redundancy in the mammalian defense system and the adaptive nature of key immune mechanisms buffer the untoward outcomes of many such deleterious mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Tallmadge
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Douglas F Antczak
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 235 Hungerford Hill Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Maria Julia Bevilaqua Felippe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Wilkołek P, Szczepanik M, Sitkowski W, Rodzik B, Pluta M, Taszkun I, Gołyński M. Evaluation of multiple allergen simultaneous (sIgE) testing compared to intradermal testing in the etiological diagnosis of atopic dermatitis in horses. J Vet Sci 2020; 20:e60. [PMID: 31775187 PMCID: PMC6883192 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although intradermal testing (IDT) is commonly used in the etiological diagnosis of allergies, in vitro testing for specific IgE (sIgE) is an attractive alternative. Currently, new laboratory techniques in veterinary allergological practice, including multiple allergen simultaneous tests (MASTs), gradually supersede in vivo tests. Both, serological (sIgE) and IDTs in fourteen atopic Malopolski horses were performed. Correlation and agreement between test results were evaluated. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that sIgE to Acarus siro had the best diagnostic performance (Area under the ROC curve [AUC] = 0.969), followed by Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (AUC = 0.844), Dermatophagoides farinae (AUC = 0.813) and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (AUC = 0.803). A significant positive correlation between IDT and MAST was found for A. siro (rS = 0.870; p = 0.00005), and D. farinae (rS = 0.657; p = 0.011). There was significant moderate agreement for 2 of 5 allergens, A. siro (κ = 0.569) and D. farinae (κ = 0.485) in semiquantitative assessment and significant fair to substantial agreement for 3 of 5 allergens, D. pteronyssinus (κ = 0.689), A. siro (κ = 0.569), D. farinae (κ = 0.432) in dichotomic assessment. Sensitivity ranged from 44% to 89%, depending on the allergen, while specificity was significantly higher for all allergens in MAST (60%–100%); the mean accuracy was 73% (manufacturer cut-off) and 77.4% (optimal cut-off) based on the Youden index. Compared with IDT, serological MAST showed good detection performance for 60% allergen sIgE in dichotomic assessment with substantial diagnostic capability, but careful clinical interpretation is needed for some allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Wilkołek
- Sub-Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Veterinary Dermatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Marcin Szczepanik
- Sub-Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Veterinary Dermatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Wiesław Sitkowski
- Sub-Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Veterinary Dermatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Beata Rodzik
- Institute of Mathematics, Marie Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Pluta
- Equine Breeding and Management Unit, Department of Biology and Animal Breeding, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Iwona Taszkun
- Sub-Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Veterinary Dermatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Gołyński
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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Wilkołek P, Szczepanik M, Rodzik B, Sitkowski W, Pluta M, Taszkun I, Gołyński M. A Comparison of Multiple Allergen Simultaneous Tests Using Allergen-Specific IgE Concentration and Intradermal Skin Tests in Atopic Horses With Pollen Allergy. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 90:102992. [PMID: 32534770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.102992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Intradermal tests (IDTs) and measurement of specific immunoglobulin E class (sIgE) levels in sera are the most common and reliable methods used in allergological clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to explore the sensitization of pollen allergy in atopic horses with pollinosis and to assess the diagnostic value of the multiple allergen simultaneous tests (MASTs) compared with that of the IDT. Twenty-one Malopolski horses with typical skin hypersensitivity symptoms during pollen seasons were enrolled. Intradermal tests were performed, and allergen-specific IgE concentrations in sera were measured using a monoclonal anti-IgE antibody to pollens of grass, weeds, trees, and cultivated plants. The highest sensitization rate was for Secale cereale (IDT, 76%; MAST, 66.7%), grass (IDT, 71%; MAST, 57%), and Brassica napus (IDT, 52.4%; MAST, 57%). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) showed that Betula spp., Alnus spp., and Corylus spp. had the highest AUC at 0.854, followed by Secale cereale (AUC = 0.796), Plantago lanceolata (AUC = 0.726), Brassica napus (AUC = 0.704), and a grass allergen mixture (AUC = 0.695). The mean AUC for all allergens was 0.712 (0.604-0.867). The overall sensitivity of the sIgE plant horse panel was 78% (range, 68%-90%), the specificity was 86.3% (range, 64%-100%), and the accuracy was 79% (range, 64%-87%). Statistical kappa (κ) agreement between the MAST and IDT was reached for tree (κ = 0.767), rye (κ = 0.687), colza (κ = 0.671), and grass (κ = 0.664) pollen. The MAST showed a favorable agreement with the IDT and can be used for the detection of sIgE in atopic horses with pollinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Wilkołek
- Sub-Department of Diagnostics and Veterinary Dermatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Marcin Szczepanik
- Sub-Department of Diagnostics and Veterinary Dermatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Beata Rodzik
- Institute of Mathematics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wiesław Sitkowski
- Sub-Department of Diagnostics and Veterinary Dermatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Pluta
- Equine Breeding and Management Unit, Department of Biology and Animal Breeding,University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Iwona Taszkun
- Sub-Department of Diagnostics and Veterinary Dermatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Gołyński
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Torun, Poland
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Wilkołek P, Szczepanik M, Sitkowski W, Adamek Ł, Pluta M, Taszkun I, Gołyński M. A Comparison of Intradermal Skin Testing and Serum Insect Allergen-specific IgE Determination in Horses With Insect Bite Hypersensitivity From 2008 to 2016. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 75:65-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Huhmann R, Mueller RS. A cream containing omega‐3‐fatty acids, humectants and emollients as an aid in the treatment of equineCulicoideshypersensitivity. Vet Dermatol 2019; 30:155-e46. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Huhmann
- Tierarztpraxis am Schlagbaum Am Schlagbaum 2a 59192 Bergkamen Germany
| | - Ralf S. Mueller
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine LMU Munich Veterinaerstraße 13 80539 Muenchen Germany
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8
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Contribution of lung function tests to the staging of severe equine asthma syndrome in the field. Res Vet Sci 2018; 123:112-117. [PMID: 30616173 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Staging methods are useful tools for monitoring disease and response to treatment, and because Severe Equine Asthma Syndrome (SEAS) has a high prevalence in the equine population, a clinical staging method can provide important information to optimize equine care. Our team has previously developed and published a clinical staging method for SEAS and in the present study we further evaluated information provided by lung function tests, in order to determine their contribution to disease staging. Using discriminant analysis we set out to produce a new staging method with applicability in the field. Differences between group means (P < .05) were observed for clinical score, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophil percentage, pleural pressure (ΔPpl), PaO2 and histamine concentration and the linear functions obtained explained 99.3% of the data variability, with 94.7% of cases grouped correctly and a cross-validation of 86.8%. Thus this staging model showed very good results and the discriminant linear functions may be used to identify and stage SEAS. This method can be used in the field and also in diagnostic and research centres.
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9
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Torsteinsdottir S, Scheidegger S, Baselgia S, Jonsdottir S, Svansson V, Björnsdottir S, Marti E. A prospective study on insect bite hypersensitivity in horses exported from Iceland into Switzerland. Acta Vet Scand 2018; 60:69. [PMID: 30390694 PMCID: PMC6215642 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is an IgE-mediated dermatitis caused by bites of Culicoides spp., which occurs frequently in horses imported from Iceland to continental Europe. IBH does not occur in Iceland because Culicoides species that bite horses are not present. However, Simulium vittatum (S. vittatum) are found in Iceland. In Europe, blood basophils from IBH-affected horses release significantly more sulfidoleukotrienes (sLT) than those from healthy controls after in vitro stimulation with Culicoides nubeculosus (C. nubeculosus) and S. vittatum. Aims of the study were: (I) using the sLT release assay, to test if horses living in Iceland were sensitized to S. vittatum and (II) to determine in a longitudinal study in horses imported from Iceland to Switzerland whether the sLT release assay would allow to predict which horses would develop IBH. RESULTS Horses in Iceland, even when living in high S. vittatum areas, were usually not sensitized to S. vittatum or C. nubeculosus. Incidence of IBH in the 145 horses from the longitudinal study was 51% and mean time until IBH developed was 2.5 ± 1 year. Before import and after the first summer following import, there were no significant differences in sLT release between the endpoint healthy (H) and IBH groups. After the 2nd summer, when the number of clinically affected horses increased in the endpoint IBH group, a significantly higher sLT release after stimulation with C. nubeculosus but not with S. vittatum was observed. After the 3rd and 4th summer, the endpoint IBH group had a significantly higher sLT release with C. nubeculosus and S. vittatum than the endpoint H group. Some of the horses that remained healthy became transiently positive in the sLT release assay upon stimulation of their peripheral blood leucocytes with C. nubeculosus. CONCLUSIONS Horses in Iceland are not sensitized to S. vittatum. In horses that develop IBH, sensitization to S. vittatum is secondary to sensitization to C. nubeculosus and probably a result of an immunological cross-reactivity. A sLT release assay cannot be used to predict which horses will develop IBH. A transient positive reaction in the sLT release assay observed in horses that remained healthy suggests that immunoregulatory mechanisms may control an initial sensitization of the healthy horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigurbjörg Torsteinsdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Keldnavegur 3, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Stephan Scheidegger
- Department of Clinical Research & VPH, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggass-str 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Mobile Pferdepraxis, FA Osteopathie GST, Oberdettigenstrasse 50, 3043 Uettligen, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Baselgia
- Department of Clinical Research & VPH, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggass-str 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sigridur Jonsdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Keldnavegur 3, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Clinical Research & VPH, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggass-str 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vilhjalmur Svansson
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Keldnavegur 3, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Eliane Marti
- Department of Clinical Research & VPH, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggass-str 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Bond S, Léguillette R, Richard EA, Couetil L, Lavoie JP, Martin JG, Pirie RS. Equine asthma: Integrative biologic relevance of a recently proposed nomenclature. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:2088-2098. [PMID: 30294851 PMCID: PMC6271326 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The term “equine asthma” has been proposed as a unifying descriptor of inflammatory airway disease (IAD), recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), and summer pasture‐associated obstructive airway disease. Whilst the term will increase comprehensibility for both the lay and scientific communities, its biologic relevance must be compared and contrasted to asthma in human medicine, recognizing the limited availability of peer‐reviewed equine‐derived data, which are largely restricted to clinical signs, measures of airway obstruction and inflammation and response to therapy. Such limitations constrain meaningful comparisons with human asthma phenotypes. Suggested minimum inclusion criteria supporting the term asthma, as well as similarities and differences between IAD, RAO, and multiple human asthma phenotypes are discussed. Furthermore, differences between phenotype and severity are described, and typical features for equine asthma subcategories are proposed. Based on shared features, we conclude that mild/moderate (IAD) and severe (RAO) equine asthma are biologically appropriate models for both allergic and non‐allergic human asthma, with RAO (severe equine asthma) also being an appropriate model for late‐onset asthma. With the development of new biologic treatments in humans and the application of more targeted therapeutic approaches in the horse, it would appear appropriate to further investigate the allergic (Th‐2) and non‐allergic (non‐Th‐2) phenotypes of equine asthma. Further research is required to more fully determine the potential clinical utility of phenotype classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bond
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
| | | | - Eric A Richard
- Equine Immunity & Inflammation, LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UniCaen, Biotargen, France
| | - Laurent Couetil
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec
| | - James G Martin
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
| | - R Scott Pirie
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
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12
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Shrestha M, Eriksson S, Schurink A, Andersson LS, Sundquist M, Frey R, Broström H, Bergström T, Ducro B, Lindgren G. Genome-Wide Association Study of Insect Bite Hypersensitivity in Swedish-Born Icelandic Horses. J Hered 2015; 106:366-74. [PMID: 26026046 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esv033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is the most common allergic skin disease in horses and is caused by biting midges, mainly of the genus Culicoides. The disease predominantly comprises a type I hypersensitivity reaction, causing severe itching and discomfort that reduce the welfare and commercial value of the horse. It is a multifactorial disorder influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, with heritability ranging from 0.16 to 0.27 in various horse breeds. The worldwide prevalence in different horse breeds ranges from 3% to 60%; it is more than 50% in Icelandic horses exported to the European continent and approximately 8% in Swedish-born Icelandic horses. To minimize the influence of environmental effects, we analyzed Swedish-born Icelandic horses to identify genomic regions that regulate susceptibility to IBH. We performed a genome-wide association (GWA) study on 104 affected and 105 unaffected Icelandic horses genotyped using Illumina® EquineSNP50 Genotyping BeadChip. Quality control and population stratification analyses were performed with the GenABEL package in R (λ = 0.81). The association analysis was performed using the Bayesian variable selection method, Bayes C, implemented in GenSel software. The highest percentage of genetic variance was explained by the windows on X chromosomes (0.51% and 0.36% by 73 and 74 mb), 17 (0.34% by 77 mb), and 18 (0.34% by 26 mb). Overlapping regions with previous GWA studies were observed on chromosomes 7, 9, and 17. The windows identified in our study on chromosomes 7, 10, and 17 harbored immune system genes and are priorities for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merina Shrestha
- From the Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (Shrestha, Eriksson, Bergström, and Lindgren); Animal Breeding and Genomic Centre, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands (Shrestha, Schurink, and Ducro); Capilet Genetics AB, SE-725 93 Västerås, Sweden (Andersson); Östra Greda Research Group, SE-387 91 Borgholm, Sweden (Sundquist); Norsholms Animal Hospital, SE-602 37 Norrköping, Sweden (Frey); and Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (Broström)
| | - Susanne Eriksson
- From the Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (Shrestha, Eriksson, Bergström, and Lindgren); Animal Breeding and Genomic Centre, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands (Shrestha, Schurink, and Ducro); Capilet Genetics AB, SE-725 93 Västerås, Sweden (Andersson); Östra Greda Research Group, SE-387 91 Borgholm, Sweden (Sundquist); Norsholms Animal Hospital, SE-602 37 Norrköping, Sweden (Frey); and Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (Broström)
| | - Anouk Schurink
- From the Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (Shrestha, Eriksson, Bergström, and Lindgren); Animal Breeding and Genomic Centre, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands (Shrestha, Schurink, and Ducro); Capilet Genetics AB, SE-725 93 Västerås, Sweden (Andersson); Östra Greda Research Group, SE-387 91 Borgholm, Sweden (Sundquist); Norsholms Animal Hospital, SE-602 37 Norrköping, Sweden (Frey); and Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (Broström)
| | - Lisa S Andersson
- From the Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (Shrestha, Eriksson, Bergström, and Lindgren); Animal Breeding and Genomic Centre, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands (Shrestha, Schurink, and Ducro); Capilet Genetics AB, SE-725 93 Västerås, Sweden (Andersson); Östra Greda Research Group, SE-387 91 Borgholm, Sweden (Sundquist); Norsholms Animal Hospital, SE-602 37 Norrköping, Sweden (Frey); and Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (Broström)
| | - Marie Sundquist
- From the Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (Shrestha, Eriksson, Bergström, and Lindgren); Animal Breeding and Genomic Centre, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands (Shrestha, Schurink, and Ducro); Capilet Genetics AB, SE-725 93 Västerås, Sweden (Andersson); Östra Greda Research Group, SE-387 91 Borgholm, Sweden (Sundquist); Norsholms Animal Hospital, SE-602 37 Norrköping, Sweden (Frey); and Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (Broström)
| | - Rebecka Frey
- From the Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (Shrestha, Eriksson, Bergström, and Lindgren); Animal Breeding and Genomic Centre, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands (Shrestha, Schurink, and Ducro); Capilet Genetics AB, SE-725 93 Västerås, Sweden (Andersson); Östra Greda Research Group, SE-387 91 Borgholm, Sweden (Sundquist); Norsholms Animal Hospital, SE-602 37 Norrköping, Sweden (Frey); and Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (Broström)
| | - Hans Broström
- From the Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (Shrestha, Eriksson, Bergström, and Lindgren); Animal Breeding and Genomic Centre, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands (Shrestha, Schurink, and Ducro); Capilet Genetics AB, SE-725 93 Västerås, Sweden (Andersson); Östra Greda Research Group, SE-387 91 Borgholm, Sweden (Sundquist); Norsholms Animal Hospital, SE-602 37 Norrköping, Sweden (Frey); and Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (Broström)
| | - Tomas Bergström
- From the Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (Shrestha, Eriksson, Bergström, and Lindgren); Animal Breeding and Genomic Centre, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands (Shrestha, Schurink, and Ducro); Capilet Genetics AB, SE-725 93 Västerås, Sweden (Andersson); Östra Greda Research Group, SE-387 91 Borgholm, Sweden (Sundquist); Norsholms Animal Hospital, SE-602 37 Norrköping, Sweden (Frey); and Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (Broström)
| | - Bart Ducro
- From the Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (Shrestha, Eriksson, Bergström, and Lindgren); Animal Breeding and Genomic Centre, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands (Shrestha, Schurink, and Ducro); Capilet Genetics AB, SE-725 93 Västerås, Sweden (Andersson); Östra Greda Research Group, SE-387 91 Borgholm, Sweden (Sundquist); Norsholms Animal Hospital, SE-602 37 Norrköping, Sweden (Frey); and Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (Broström)
| | - Gabriella Lindgren
- From the Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (Shrestha, Eriksson, Bergström, and Lindgren); Animal Breeding and Genomic Centre, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands (Shrestha, Schurink, and Ducro); Capilet Genetics AB, SE-725 93 Västerås, Sweden (Andersson); Östra Greda Research Group, SE-387 91 Borgholm, Sweden (Sundquist); Norsholms Animal Hospital, SE-602 37 Norrköping, Sweden (Frey); and Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden (Broström).
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Jonsdottir S, Hamza E, Janda J, Rhyner C, Meinke A, Marti E, Svansson V, Torsteinsdottir S. Developing a preventive immunization approach against insect bite hypersensitivity using recombinant allergens: A pilot study. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 166:8-21. [PMID: 26004943 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is an allergic dermatitis of horses caused by bites of midges (Culicoides spp.). IgE-mediated reactions are often involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. IBH does not occur in Iceland due to the absence of Culicoides, but it occurs with a high frequency in Icelandic horses exported to mainland Europe, where Culicoides are present. We hypothesize that immunization with the Culicoides allergens before export could reduce the incidence of IBH in exported Icelandic horses. The aim of the present study was therefore to compare intradermal and intralymphatic vaccination using four purified recombinant allergens, in combination with a Th1 focusing adjuvant. Twelve horses were vaccinated three times with 10μg of each of the four recombinant Culicoides nubeculosus allergens. Six horses were injected intralymphatically, three with and three without IC31(®), and six were injected intradermally, in the presence or absence of IC31(®). Antibody responses were measured by immunoblots and ELISA, potential sensitization in a sulfidoleukotriene release test and an intradermal test, cytokine and FoxP3 expression with real time PCR following in vitro stimulation of PBMC. Immunization with the r-allergens induced a significant increase in levels of r-allergen-specific IgG1, IgG1/3, IgG4/7, IgG5 and IgG(T). Application of the r-allergens in IC31(®) adjuvant resulted in a significantly higher IgG1, IgG1/3, IgG4/7 allergen-specific response. Intralymphatic injection was slightly more efficient than intradermal injection, but the difference did not reach significance. Testing of the blocking activity of the sera from the horses immunized intralymphatically with IC31(®) showed that the generated IgG antibodies were able to partly block binding of serum IgE from an IBH-affected horse to these r-allergens. Furthermore, IgG antibodies bound to protein bands on blots of C. nubeculosus salivary gland extract. No allergen-specific IgE was induced and there was no indication of induction of IgE-mediated reactions, as horses neither responded to Culicoides extract stimulation in a sulfidoleukotriene release test, nor developed a relevant immediate hypersensitivity reaction to the recombinant allergens in skin test. IL-4 expression was significantly higher in horses vaccinated intralymphatically without IC31(®), as compared to horses intradermally vaccinated with IC31(®). Both routes gave higher IL-10 expression with IC31(®). Both intralymphatic and intradermal vaccination of horses with recombinant allergens in IC31(®) adjuvant induced an immune response without adverse effects and without IgE production. The horses were not sensitized and produced IgG that could inhibit allergen-specific IgE binding. We therefore conclude that both the injection routes and the IC31(®) adjuvant are strong candidates for further development of immunoprophylaxis and therapy in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigridur Jonsdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Keldnavegur 3, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Eman Hamza
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Jozef Janda
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Rhyner
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Meinke
- Valneva Austria GmbH, Campus Vienna Biocenter 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eliane Marti
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Vilhjalmur Svansson
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Keldnavegur 3, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sigurbjorg Torsteinsdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Keldnavegur 3, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland
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14
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Hamza E, Mirkovitch J, Steinbach F, Marti E. Regulatory T cells in early life: comparative study of CD4+CD25high T cells from foals and adult horses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120661. [PMID: 25790481 PMCID: PMC4366079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system of mammals is subject to continuous development during the postnatal phase of life. Studies following the longitudinal development of the immune system in healthy children are limited both by ethical considerations and sample volumes. Horses represent a particular valuable large animal model for T regulatory (Treg) cells and allergy research. We have recently characterised Treg cells from horses, demonstrated their regulatory capability and showed both their expansion and induction in vitro. Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is a common allergy in horses resembling atopic dermatitis and studies have shown that first exposure to allergens in adult life results in an increased incidence of IBH. The aim of the present study was to characterize circulating CD4+CD25highFoxP3+cells in foals, evaluate their suppressive capability and their in vitro induction compared to adult horses. 19 foals (age range, 1–5 months), their adult mothers and six one-year-old horses (yearlings) were included in the study. The proportion of FoxP3+ cells within the circulating CD4+CD25high population was significantly higher in foals (47%) compared to their mothers (18%) and to yearlings (26%). Treg cells from foals also displayed a higher suppressive capability. Furthermore, CD4+CD25high cells in foals could be induced in vitro from CD4+CD25− cells in a significantly higher proportion compared to mares. These cells also displayed a significantly enhanced suppressive capability. In summary these findings support the notion that exposure of horses to allergens during maturation of the immune system assists the establishment of induced (i)Treg driven tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Hamza
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Jelena Mirkovitch
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Falko Steinbach
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Eliane Marti
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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15
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Wilson AD. Immune responses to ectoparasites of horses, with a focus on insect bite hypersensitivity. Parasite Immunol 2015; 36:560-72. [PMID: 25180696 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Horses are affected by a wide variety of arthropod ectoparasites, ranging from lice which spend their entire life on the host, through ticks which feed over a period of days, to numerous biting insects that only transiently visit the host to feed. The presence of ectoparasites elicits a number of host responses including innate inflammatory responses, adaptive immune reactions and altered behaviour; all of which can reduce the severity of the parasite burden. All of these different responses are linked through immune mechanisms mediated by mast cells and IgE antibodies which have an important role in host resistance to ectoparasites, yet immune responses also cause severe pathological reactions. One of the best described examples of such pathological sequelae is insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) of horses; an IgE-mediated type 1 hypersensitivity to the salivary proteins of Culicoides spp. associated with T-helper-2 production of IL4 and IL13. Importantly, all horses exposed to Culicoides have an expanded population of Culicoides antigen-specific T cells with this pattern of cytokine production, but in those which remain healthy, the inflammatory reaction is tempered by the presence of FoxP3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells that express IL10 and TGF-beta, which suppresses the IL4 production by Culicoides antigen-activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Wilson
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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16
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Kehrli D, Jandova V, Fey K, Jahn P, Gerber V. Multiple hypersensitivities including recurrent airway obstruction, insect bite hypersensitivity, and urticaria in 2 warmblood horse populations. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:320-6. [PMID: 25270534 PMCID: PMC4858110 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple hypersensitivities (MHS) have been described in humans, cats, and dogs, but not horses. HYPOTHESES Horses suffering from recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH), or urticaria (URT) will have an increased risk of also being affected by another one of these hypersensitivities. This predisposition for MHS also will be associated with decreased shedding of strongylid eggs in feces and with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP BIEC2-224511), previously shown to be associated with RAO. ANIMALS The first population (P1) included 119 randomly sampled horses representative of the Swiss sporthorse population; the replication population (P2) included 210 RAO-affected Warmblood horses and 264 RAO-unaffected controls. All horses were Warmbloods, 14 years or older. METHODS Associations between disease phenotypes (RAO, IBH, URT, MHS) fecal egg counts, the SNP BIEC2-224511 as well as management and environmental factors were investigated. RESULTS In P1, RAO-affected horses had a 13.1 times higher odds ratio (OR) of also suffering from IBH (P = .004). In P2, the respective OR was 7.4 (P = .002) and IBH-affected horses also showed a 7.1 times increased OR of concomitantly suffering from URT (P < .001). IBH, URT, and MHS phenotypes were significantly associated with the absence of nematode eggs in the feces. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This is the first report of MHS in horses. Specifically, an increased risk for IBH should be expected in RAO-affected horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Kehrli
- Swiss Institute of Equine MedicineUniversity of Berne and AgroscopeBerneSwitzerland
| | - V. Jandova
- Swiss Institute of Equine MedicineUniversity of Berne and AgroscopeBerneSwitzerland
| | - K. Fey
- Equine ClinicInternal MedicineJustus‐Liebig‐University GießenGießenGermany
| | - P. Jahn
- Equine ClinicUniversity of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - V. Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine MedicineUniversity of Berne and AgroscopeBerneSwitzerland
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17
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The equine immune responses to infectious and allergic disease: a model for humans? Mol Immunol 2014; 66:89-96. [PMID: 25457878 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The modern horse, Equus caballus has historically made important contributions to the field of immunology, dating back to Emil von Behring's description of curative antibodies in equine serum over a century ago. While the horse continues to play an important role in human serotherapy, the mouse has replaced the horse as the predominant experimental animal in immunology research. Nevertheless, continuing efforts have led to an improved understanding of the equine immune response in a variety of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Based on this information, we can begin to identify specific situations where the horse may provide a unique immunological model for certain human diseases.
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van der Meide NMA, Savelkoul HFJ, Meulenbroeks C, Ducro BJ, Tijhaar E. Evaluation of a diagnostic ELISA for insect bite hypersensitivity in horses using recombinant Obsoletus complex allergens. Vet J 2013; 200:31-7. [PMID: 24703873 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Culicoides spp. of the Obsoletus complex belong to the most important species of midge, involved in causing insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) in horses in The Netherlands. The aim of the current study was to evaluate seven different Obsoletus complex-derived recombinant allergens (Cul o 1-Cul o 7) and to compare these with Obsoletus complex whole body extract (WBE) in an IgE ELISA, using sera of 194 clinically-confirmed cases of IBH and 175 unaffected horses. The highest test accuracy was obtained with WBE, followed by Cul o 2, 3 and 5. Two ELISAs with a combination of recombinant allergens, Combi-1 (Cul o 3, 5 and 7) and Combi-2 (Cul o 1, 2, 5 and 7) were additionally performed and both resulted in high test accuracies close to that obtained with WBE. Combi-1 resulted in the best sensitivity and specificity, both 89%. Both Combi-1 and Combi-2 performed less well with samples collected in winter, but over 70% of the IBH-affected horses could still be identified. In conclusion, a combination of three Obsoletus complex recombinant allergens (Cul o 3, 5 and 7) could potentially replace Obsoletus complex WBE in an IgE ELISA for diagnosis of IBH in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie M A van der Meide
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Meulenbroeks
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J Ducro
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Tijhaar
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Raskova V, Citek J. Incidence of Insect Bite Hypersensitivity in a Small Population of Warmblood Horse Breed in the Czech Republic. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Vychodilova L, Matiasovic J, Bobrova O, Futas J, Klumplerova M, Stejskalova K, Cvanova M, Janova E, Osickova J, Vyskocil M, Sedlinska M, Dusek L, Marti E, Horin P. Immunogenomic analysis of insect bite hypersensitivity in a model horse population. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 152:260-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Hansen S, Sun L, Baptiste KE, Fjeldborg J, Horohov DW. Age-related changes in intracellular expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α in equine lymphocytes measured in bronchoalveolar lavage and peripheral blood. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 39:228-233. [PMID: 23219905 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Diseases of the lower airways represent some of the most common conditions affecting horses of all ages, but the type and severity tends to follow the horses' age. The age-related dysregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines may, in part contribute to the development of the diseases. Therefore, we hypothesize that the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines increases with age. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells from clinically healthy horses of different ages were used for the investigation. The cells were stimulated and the production of IFN-γ and TNF-α measured using flow cytometry. The frequency of IFN-γ producing lymphocytes in both BAL and PBMCs from old horses was significantly increased compared to the young horses. The age-related increase of TNF-α production was also found in PBMCs but not in BAL cells. In conclusion, the productions of certain pro-inflammatory cytokine are age-associated. This age-associated increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines production may be a co-factor for the pathogenesis of equine airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanni Hansen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark.
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22
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Major histocompatibility complex and other allergy-related candidate genes associated with insect bite hypersensitivity in Icelandic horses. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:3333-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Comparison of Skin Prick Tests with In Vitro Allergy Tests in the Characterization of Horses with Recurrent Airway Obstruction. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Schurink A, Wolc A, Ducro BJ, Frankena K, Garrick DJ, Dekkers JCM, van Arendonk JAM. Genome-wide association study of insect bite hypersensitivity in two horse populations in the Netherlands. Genet Sel Evol 2012; 44:31. [PMID: 23110538 PMCID: PMC3524047 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9686-44-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Insect bite hypersensitivity is a common allergic disease in horse populations worldwide. Insect bite hypersensitivity is affected by both environmental and genetic factors. However, little is known about genes contributing to the genetic variance associated with insect bite hypersensitivity. Therefore, the aim of our study was to identify and quantify genomic associations with insect bite hypersensitivity in Shetland pony mares and Icelandic horses in the Netherlands. Methods Data on 200 Shetland pony mares and 146 Icelandic horses were collected according to a matched case–control design. Cases and controls were matched on various factors (e.g. region, sire) to minimize effects of population stratification. Breed-specific genome-wide association studies were performed using 70 k single nucleotide polymorphisms genotypes. Bayesian variable selection method Bayes-C with a threshold model implemented in GenSel software was applied. A 1 Mb non-overlapping window approach that accumulated contributions of adjacent single nucleotide polymorphisms was used to identify associated genomic regions. Results The percentage of variance explained by all single nucleotide polymorphisms was 13% in Shetland pony mares and 28% in Icelandic horses. The 20 non-overlapping windows explaining the largest percentages of genetic variance were found on nine chromosomes in Shetland pony mares and on 14 chromosomes in Icelandic horses. Overlap in identified associated genomic regions between breeds would suggest interesting candidate regions to follow-up on. Such regions common to both breeds (within 15 Mb) were found on chromosomes 3, 7, 11, 20 and 23. Positional candidate genes within 2 Mb from the associated windows were identified on chromosome 20 in both breeds. Candidate genes are within the equine lymphocyte antigen class II region, which evokes an immune response by recognizing many foreign molecules. Conclusions The genome-wide association study identified several genomic regions associated with insect bite hypersensitivity in Shetland pony mares and Icelandic horses. On chromosome 20, associated genomic regions in both breeds were within 2 Mb from the equine lymphocyte antigen class II region. Increased knowledge on insect bite hypersensitivity associated genes will contribute to our understanding of its biology, enabling more efficient selection, therapy and prevention to decrease insect bite hypersensitivity prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Schurink
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, P,O, Box 338, Wageningen, 6700 AH, the Netherlands
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Moran G, Folch H, Henriquez C, Ortloff A, Barria M. Reaginic antibodies from horses with Recurrent Airway Obstruction produce mast cell stimulation. Vet Res Commun 2012; 36:251-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-012-9534-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sommer-Locher B, Endriss V, Fromm E. Various Circumstances Regarding Initial Allergen Exposure and Their Influence on Development of Insect Bite Hypersensitivity in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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27
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Andersson LS, Swinburne JE, Meadows JRS, Broström H, Eriksson S, Fikse WF, Frey R, Sundquist M, Tseng CT, Mikko S, Lindgren G. The same ELA class II risk factors confer equine insect bite hypersensitivity in two distinct populations. Immunogenetics 2011; 64:201-8. [PMID: 21947540 PMCID: PMC3276761 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0573-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is a chronic allergic dermatitis common in horses. Affected horses mainly react against antigens present in the saliva from the biting midges, Culicoides ssp, and occasionally black flies, Simulium ssp. Because of this insect dependency, the disease is clearly seasonal and prevalence varies between geographical locations. For two distinct horse breeds, we genotyped four microsatellite markers positioned within the MHC class II region and sequenced the highly polymorphic exons two from DRA and DRB3, respectively. Initially, 94 IBH-affected and 93 unaffected Swedish born Icelandic horses were tested for genetic association. These horses had previously been genotyped on the Illumina Equine SNP50 BeadChip, which made it possible to ensure that our study did not suffer from the effects of stratification. The second population consisted of 106 unaffected and 80 IBH-affected Exmoor ponies. We show that variants in the MHC class II region are associated with disease susceptibility (praw = 2.34 × 10−5), with the same allele (COR112:274) associated in two separate populations. In addition, we combined microsatellite and sequencing data in order to investigate the pattern of homozygosity and show that homozygosity across the entire MHC class II region is associated with a higher risk of developing IBH (p = 0.0013). To our knowledge this is the first time in any atopic dermatitis suffering species, including man, where the same risk allele has been identified in two distinct populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Andersson
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 597, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
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Hamza E, Steinbach F, Marti E. CD4+CD25+ T cells expressing FoxP3 in Icelandic horses affected with insect bite hypersensitivity. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 148:139-44. [PMID: 21700344 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is an IgE-mediated dermatitis caused by bites of midges from the genus Culicoides. We have shown previously that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from IBH-affected horses produce higher levels of IL-4 and lower levels of IL-10 and TGF-β1 than those from healthy horses, suggesting that IBH is associated with a reduced regulatory immune response. FoxP3 is a crucial marker of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Here we have determined the proportion of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) T cells by flow cytometry in PBMC directly after isolation or after stimulation with Culicoides extract or a control antigen (Tetanus Toxoid). There were no differences between healthy and IBH horses either in the proportion of FoxP3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+) cells in freshly isolated PBMC or in the following stimulation with Tetanus Toxoid. However, upon stimulation of PBMC with the allergen, expression of FoxP3 by CD4(+)CD25(+high) and CD4(+)CD25(+dim) cells was significantly higher in healthy than in IBH horses. Addition of recombinant IL-4 to PBMC from healthy horses stimulated with the allergen significantly decreased the proportion of FoxP3 expressing cells within CD4(+)CD25(+high). These results suggest that IBH is associated with a decreased number of allergen-induced Tregs. This could be a consequence of the increased IL-4 production by PBMC of IBH-affected horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Hamza
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Bertin FR, Ivester KM, Couëtil LL. Comparative efficacy of inhaled albuterol between two hand-held delivery devices in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Equine Vet J 2011; 43:393-8. [PMID: 21496081 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Studies investigating the clinical efficacy of albuterol administered with the same propellant and commercially available delivery devices in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) are not currently available. OBJECTIVES To determine the efficacy of aerosolised albuterol administered to horses with RAO by means of 2 commercially available, hand-held delivery devices. METHODS Ten horses with RAO were kept in a dusty environment and fed mouldy hay to induce airway obstruction. Lung mechanics were measured before and after the procedure. ΔP(max) was measured 5 min after administration of 180 µg of albuterol from a pressurised metered dose inhaler, using an aerosol delivery device chosen randomly. This process was repeated every 5 min until maximal bronchodilation was achieved. After a 24 h washout period, lung mechanics data were again collected using the other aerosol delivery device. RESULTS Aerosolised albuterol induced a significant and rapid bronchodilation in the horses using both aerosol delivery devices. No statistically significant difference in pulmonary function was observed in response to albuterol therapy between the 2 devices. The dose required to achieve 50% of maximal bronchodilation was not statistically different between the 2 devices (173.35 ± 78.35 µg with Device 1 and 228.49 ± 144.99 µg with Device 2, P = 0.26). The decrease in lung resistance tended to be more pronounced after albuterol administration with Device 1 (P = 0.066). CONCLUSIONS Aerosolised albuterol is an effective bronchodilator in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. There is no statistically significant difference between the 2 commercially available aerosol delivery devices in terms of efficacy. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Aerosolised albuterol is effectively delivered using currently available devices leading to maximal bronchodilation in horses with RAO at an average dose of 540 µg.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Bertin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, Indiana, USA
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Wasko AJ, Barkema HW, Nicol J, Fernandez N, Logie N, Léguillette R. Evaluation of a risk-screening questionnaire to detect equine lung inflammation: results of a large field study. Equine Vet J 2011; 43:145-52. [PMID: 21592207 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The diagnosis of equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) and inflammatory airway disease (IAD) is based on clinical signs and increased inflammatory cell percentages in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Since a BAL is an invasive procedure, a risk-screening questionnaire (RSQ) would be a valuable screening tool for lung inflammation. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the accuracy of a RSQ to detect lower airway inflammation (LAI) in a large population of horses. METHODS A standardised BAL was performed in the field on 167 horses in Alberta, Canada. Horses were separated into 3 categories: 1) BAL normal; 2) BAL mild to moderate LAI (MLAI), and 3) BAL severe LAI (SLAI). The horse owners were asked to complete a RSQ. The RSQ scores were compared to the BAL results to determine the likelihood of a horse having MLAI, SLAI or no LAI. RESULTS Based on BAL cytology, 28 (17%) horses were normal and 139 (83%) were abnormal, with 110 (66%) showing MLAI and 29 (17%) SLAI. Horses with SLAI and MLAI had a mean RSQ score of 0.95 and 0.70, respectively, compared to 0.60 for normal BAL horses. Horses with SLAI showed more clinical signs than normal and MLAI horses. The sensitivity and negative predictive values of the RSQ for detecting SLAI using a cut-off score of 0.87, were excellent at 0.90 (95%CI 0.73-0.98) and 0.96 (95%CI 0.82-1.00). Questions on the clinical signs typically found in RAO cases differed significantly between horses with BAL SLAI and those with BAL normal. CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of MLAI was high in this population. Although the RSQ did not allow differentiating normal horses from horses with MLAI, it has a high sensitivity to detect horses with SLAI and is therefore a good screening tool for SLAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Wasko
- Department of Production Animal Health and Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Selective cloning, characterization, and production of the Culicoides nubeculosus salivary gland allergen repertoire associated with equine insect bite hypersensitivity. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 139:200-9. [PMID: 21071100 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Salivary gland proteins of Culicoides spp. have been suggested to be among the main allergens inducing IgE-mediated insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH), an allergic dermatitis of the horse. The aim of our study was to identify, produce and characterize IgE-binding salivary gland proteins of Culicoides nubeculosus relevant for IBH by phage surface display technology. A cDNA library constructed with mRNA derived from C. nubeculosus salivary glands was displayed on the surface of filamentous phage M13 and enriched for clones binding serum IgE of IBH-affected horses. Ten cDNA inserts encoding putative salivary gland allergens were isolated and termed Cul n 2 to Cul n 11. However, nine cDNA sequences coded for truncated proteins as determined by database searches. The cDNA sequences were amplified by PCR, subcloned into high level expression vectors and expressed as hexahistidine-tagged fusion proteins in Escherichia coli. Preliminary ELISA results obtained with these fusions confirmed the specific binding to serum IgE of affected horses. Therefore, the putative complete open reading frames derived from BLAST analyses were isolated by RACE-PCR and subcloned into expression vectors. The full length proteins expressed in Escherichia coli showed molecular masses in the range of 15.5-68.7 kDa in SDS-PAGE in good agreement with the masses calculated from the predicted protein sequences. Western blot analyses of all recombinant allergens with a serum pool of IBH-affected horses showed their ability to specifically bind serum IgE of sensitized horses, and ELISA determinations yielded individual horse recognition patterns with a frequency of sensitization ranging from 13 to 57%, depending on the allergen tested. The in vivo relevance of eight of the recombinant allergens was demonstrated in intradermal skin testing. For the two characterized allergens Cul n 6 and Cul n 11, sensitized horses were not available for intradermal tests. Control horses without clinical signs of IBH did not develop any relevant immediate hypersensitivity reactions to the recombinant allergens. The major contribution of this study was to provide a repertoire of recombinant salivary gland allergens repertoire from C. nubeculosus potentially involved in the pathogenesis of IBH as a starting basis for the development of a component-resolved serologic diagnosis of IBH and, perhaps, for the development of single horse tailored specific immunotherapy depending on their component-resolved sensitization patterns.
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Detection of reaginic antibodies against Faenia rectivirgula from the serum of horses affected with Recurrent Airway Obstruction by an in vitro bioassay. Vet Res Commun 2010; 34:719-26. [PMID: 20814741 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-010-9440-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Reaginic antibodies, mainly of the IgE and some IgG subclasses, play an important role in the induction of type I immediate hypersensitivity reactions. These antibodies bind through their Fc fragment to high affinity receptors (FcεRI) present in the membrane of mast cells and basophils. Previously, several studies have investigated the role of reaginic antibodies in the pathogenesis of RAO. However, whereas immunological aspects of RAO have been extensively studied, the precise sequence of events is still not well understood and role of IgE in this disease still remains controversial. Therefore, in this study a bioassay was developed for reaginic antibody determination in serum from RAO-affected horses in order to determine the etiology of disease. The technique involves measuring in vitro calcium mobilization in RBL-2H3 cells following incubation with horse serum from RAO-affected or unaffected horses and one of the RAO antigens (Faenia rectivirgula). Results demonstrated that 15% of samples from the RAO-affected horses reacted positively in this in vitro bioassay, whereas the samples from unaffected horses did not. This bioassay indicates that reaginic antibodies could be involved in the immunological mechanism leading to RAO; and this technique may facilitate future research in other allergic diseases in horses.
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Landolt GA, Hussey SB, Kreutzer K, Quintana A, Lunn DP. Low-dose DNA vaccination into the submandibular lymph nodes in ponies. Vet Rec 2010; 167:302-3. [PMID: 20729518 DOI: 10.1136/vr.c3891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. A. Landolt
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Colorado State University; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - S. B. Hussey
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Colorado State University; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - K. Kreutzer
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Colorado State University; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - A. Quintana
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Colorado State University; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - D. P. Lunn
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Colorado State University; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
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Neuhaus S, Bruendler P, Frey CF, Gottstein B, Doherr MG, Gerber V. Increased parasite resistance and recurrent airway obstruction in horses of a high-prevalence family. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:407-13. [PMID: 20102498 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) shares many characteristics with human asthma. In humans, an inverse relationship between susceptibility to asthma and resistance to parasites is suspected. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Members of a high-incidence RAO half-sibling family (F) shed fewer strongylid eggs compared with RAO-unaffected pasture mates (PM) and that RAO-affected horses shed fewer eggs than RAO-unaffected half-siblings. ANIMALS Seventy-three F and 73 unrelated, age matched PM. METHODS Cases and controls kept under the same management and deworming regime were examined. Each individual was classified as RAO affected or RAO unaffected and fecal samples were collected before and 1-3 weeks and 3 months after deworming. Samples were analyzed by combined sedimentation-flotation and modified McMaster methods and classified into 3 categories of 0 eggs per gram of feces (EpG), 1-100 EpG, and > 100 EpG, respectively. RESULTS PM compared with RAO-affected F had a 16.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.0-136.3) times higher risk for shedding > 100 EpG compared with 0 EpG and a 5.3 (95% CI: 1.0-27.4) times higher risk for shedding > 100 EpG compared with 0 EpG. There was no significant effect when RAO-unaffected F were compared with their PM. RAO-unaffected compared with RAO-affected offspring had a 5.8 (95% CI: 0.0-1.0) times higher risk for shedding 1-100 EpG. Age, sex, breed, and sharing pastures with other species had no significant confounding effects. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE RAO is associated with resistance against strongylid parasites in a high-prevalence family.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Neuhaus
- Equine Clinic, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggass-str. 124, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
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Hamza E, Torsteinsdottir S, Eydal M, Frey CF, Mirkovitch J, Brcic M, Wagner B, Wilson AD, Jungi TW, Marti E. Increased IL-4 and decreased regulatory cytokine production following relocation of Icelandic horses from a high to low endoparasite environment. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 133:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schaffartzik A, Weichel M, Crameri R, Björnsdóttir TS, Prisi C, Rhyner C, Torsteinsdóttir S, Marti E. Cloning of IgE-binding proteins from Simulium vittatum and their potential significance as allergens for equine insect bite hypersensitivity. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 132:68-77. [PMID: 19836085 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is an allergic dermatitis of horses caused by bites of Culicoides and sometimes Simulium spp. The aim of this investigation was to identify Simulium allergens associated with IBH. A phage surface display cDNA library expressing recombinant Simulium vittatum salivary gland proteins was screened using sera of IBH-affected horses sensitized to S. vittatum salivary gland proteins as shown in immunoblot, resulting in the identification of seven cDNAs encoding IgE-binding proteins. The deduced amino acid sequences of these proteins showed sequence similarities to antigen 5 like protein (Sim v 1), to a serine protease inhibitor (Sim v 2), to two alpha-amylases (Sim v 3 and Sim v 4), and to three S. vittatum erythema proteins (SVEPs). The cDNA inserts were subcloned and expressed as [His](6)-tagged protein in Escherichia coli and purified using Ni(2+)-chelate affinity chromatography. Mice were immunised with the seven recombinant proteins and the antibodies tested against the recombinant proteins and salivary gland extract (SGE) of S. vittatum and Culicoides nubeculosus in immunoblot analyses. r-Sim v 1 specific mouse Abs recognized a band of about 32 kDa in immunoblots of both S. vittatum and C. nubeculosus SGE, detectable also by serum IgE of IBH-affected horses. Preincubation of horse serum with r-Sim v 1 completely inhibited IgE binding to the 32 kDa band demonstrating the presence of cross-reactive antigen 5 like proteins in both SGE. Determination of IgE levels against the r-Sim v proteins and crude S. vittatum extract by ELISA in sera from 25 IBH-affected and 20 control horses showed that IBH-affected horses had significantly higher IgE levels than controls against r-Sim v 1, 2, 3, 4 and S. vittatum extract, whereas the r-SVEP showed only marginal IgE binding. Further analyses showed that 60% of IBH-affected horses reacted to r-Sim v 1, suggesting that this could be a major allergen for IBH. Forty to twenty percent of the IBH-affected horses reacted with r-Sim v 2, 3 or 4. Combination of the results obtained with the 4 r-Sim v proteins showed that 92% of the IBH-affected but only 15% of the healthy horses had IgE levels against one or more of the 4 r-Sim v proteins. Seventy percent of the healthy horses had detectable IgE against S. vittatum extract, indicating a low specificity of the detection system used. Optimization of the ELISA system will be required to determine reliable cut-off values for the IBH-related allergens. Their in vivo relevance needs to be carefully assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schaffartzik
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Obere Strasse 22, CH-7270 Davos, Switzerland
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