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Zapata AG. The fish spleen. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 144:109280. [PMID: 38086514 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we review the structure and function of fish spleen with special emphasis on its condition in Elasmobranchs, Teleosts and Lungfish. Apart from the amount of splenic lymphoid tissue, the histological organization of the organ ensures the existence of areas involved in antigen trapping, the ellipsoids, and exhibit numerous melano-macrophages which appear isolated or forming the so-called melano-macrophage centres. An extensive discussion on the functional significance of these centres conclude that they are mere accumulations of macrophages consequence of tissue homeostasis rather than primitive germinal centres, as proposed by some authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín G Zapata
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Fei X, Li JF, Fang YD, Liu LP, Liu KJ, Zeng WW, Wang WH. Distribution characteristics of FcμR positive cells in small intestinal lymph nodes of Bactrian camel. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287329. [PMID: 37471384 PMCID: PMC10358951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploring the expression characteristics of FcμR in small intestinal lymph nodes of bactrian camels can lay the foundation for further revealing the function of FcμR. The FcμR expression characteristics were systematically analysed by using prokaryotic expression, antibody preparation, immunohistochemical staining and statistical analysis. FcμR positive cells were mainly located in the lymphoid follicles and their numbers decreased in the order of duodenal lymph nodes, jejunal lymph nodes and ileal lymph nodes, and the number of positive cells was statistically significant between different intestinal segments (P<0.05). The FcμR is expressed in lymphoid follicular B cells, which not only facilitates the body's ability to regulate secretory IgM levels, but also acts as a local immune defence barrier. The small intestine has dual functions of immune tolerance and immune response, the proximal part mainly focuses on immune tolerance, and the distal part mainly focuses on immune response. This distribution ensures the unity of the duodenal absorption and immune defence, and also significantly increases the efficiency of the entire small intestine, which is why the number of FcμR positive cells decreases in the order of duodenal lymph nodes, jejunal lymph nodes and ileal lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Fei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian fei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying dong Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li ping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ke Jiang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei wei Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wen hui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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3
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Huang Y, Cui Y, Yu S, Liu P, Liu J, He JF, Sun J. Expression characteristics of immune factors in secondary lymphoid organs of newborn, juvenile and adult yaks (Bos grunniens). Cell Tissue Res 2020; 381:285-298. [PMID: 32424508 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about lymphoid organ development in yaks. In this study, we characterize and evaluate the main markers of T cell, B cell, plasma cell and antigen-presenting cell in the mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen and hemal node in newborn, juvenile and adult yaks by immunohistochemistry, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The structures of all organs were not fully developed in newborn. The CD3+ cells were mainly located in the paracortex area of the mesenteric lymph node and the T cell dependent area in the hemal node and spleen. CD79a+ cells were mainly detected in the lymphoid follicles. The expression of CD3 and CD79a increased from newborn to juvenile and then decreased in adults. The expression of CD3 was always higher in the spleen and CD79a was higher in the mesenteric lymph node. IgG+ and IgA+ cells were observed in all examined samples, except in newborn yak hemal node. IgG and IgA were up-regulated with age and the highest expression was observed in the mesenteric lymph node. The SIRPα and CD68 were widely expressed. A significant feature was that the SIRPα expression in the spleen was lowest in newborns but highest in juvenile and adult yaks. The expression of CD68 in the hemal node was highest in all groups and increased from newborn to adult yaks. This study sheds light on the relationship between the morphology and function of these organs and provides useful references for normal yak lymphoid organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China. .,Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
| | - Sijiu Yu
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Penggang Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jun-Feng He
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Juan Sun
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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4
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Otsuka H, Yagi H, Endo Y, Soeta S, Nonaka N, Nakamura M. Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate induces a newly discovered hematopoietic structure in the omentum of an anemic mouse model by stimulating G-CSF production. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 367:297-309. [PMID: 27817114 PMCID: PMC5269465 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2525-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the injection of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate (NBP) induced the site of erythropoiesis to shift from the bone marrow (BM) to the spleen. Our previous study established a severely anemic mouse model that was treated with a combination of NBP with phenylhydrazine (PHZ), which induced newly discovered hematopoietic organs in the omentum. No reports have shown that new hematopoietic organs form under any condition. We characterized the structures and factors related to the formation of these new organs. Splenectomized mice were treated with NBP to inhibit erythropoiesis in the BM and then injected with PHZ to induce hemolytic anemia. The mice showed severe anemia and wine-colored structures appeared in the omentum. Some hematopoietic cells, including megakaryocytes, and well-developed sinuses were observed in these structures. Numerous TER119-positive erythroblasts were located with cells positive for PCNA, a cell proliferation marker. C-kit-positive cells were detected and mRNAs related to hematopoiesis were expressed in these structures. Moreover, TER119-positive erythroblasts emerged and formed clusters and hematopoiesis-related factors were detected in the omentum of mice treated with NBP and PHZ. The levels of G-CSF in the serum and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) in the peripheral blood were increased upon treatment with both NBP and PHZ. These results suggest that the induced hematopoietic structures act as the sites of erythropoiesis and that NBP-induced G-CSF production causes HPC mobilization, homing and colonization in the omentum because they constitutively express some factors, including SDF-1; thus, the newly discovered hematopoietic structure in this study might be formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotada Otsuka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Hideki Yagi
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Faculty of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanamaru, Otawara-shi, Tochigi 324-8501 Japan
| | - Yasuo Endo
- Division of Molecular Regulation, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan
| | - Satoshi Soeta
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, 1-7–1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602 Japan
| | - Naoko Nonaka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Masanori Nakamura
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
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5
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Zidan M, Pabst R. Histology and ultrastructure of the lymph nodes of the buffalo (Bos bubalus). Anat Histol Embryol 2014; 44:161-7. [PMID: 24810142 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pre-scapular, femoral and mesenteric lymph nodes from five buffalo calves and five buffalo bulls were studied using light and transmission electron microscopy. The nodes were surrounded with a thin capsule of dense connective tissue and smooth muscles. Subcapsular and trabecular lymphatic sinuses were lined with endothelial cells resting on a basement membrane. The cortex was formed by lymphoid follicles and inter-follicular lymphocytes. Primary and secondary follicles were observed. The medulla was made up of medullary cords of lymphocytes separated by lymphatic sinuses. These sinuses were lined with a discontinuous epithelium and interestingly crossed by reticular fibres. High endothelial venules were found in the paracortical area. Several lymphocytes were observed infiltrating the wall of these venules. The lymph nodes of the Egyptian water buffalo showed a typical structure compared with the majority of mammals, with no age-related structural variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zidan
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Elbehera, 22758, Egypt
| | - R Pabst
- Institute of Immunomorphology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
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Casteleyn C, Cornillie P, Van Ginneken C, Simoens P, Van Cruchten S, Vandevelde K, Van den Broeck W. Lymph drainage from the ovine tonsils: an anatomical study of the tonsillar lymph vessels. Anat Histol Embryol 2014; 43:482-9. [PMID: 24597835 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Although the tonsils of sheep have gained much attention during the last decade, only few data are available on their lymph vessel architecture. Tonsillar lymph vessels are immunologically important as they form the efferent routes for locally activated immune cells to reach the draining lymph nodes. To gain insight into the tonsillar lymph drainage in the sheep, Indian ink and a casting polymer were injected into the interstitium of the five tonsils present in the heads of slaughtered sheep. This enabled us to determine the draining lymph node and to examine the microscopic organization of lymph vessels using light and scanning electron microscopy. No lymph vessels were observed within the tonsillar lymphoid follicles. The corrosion casts demonstrated that the lymphoid follicles are surrounded by numerous sacculated lymph sinuses that drain into a dense interfollicular lymph vessel network. From here, the lymph flows into single small lymph vessels that in turn drain into larger lymph vessels extending towards the medial retropharyngeal lymph node. The presented results can be valuable for immunological studies, for example during oral or intranasal vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Casteleyn
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium; Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
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7
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Zhang W, Nasu T, Yasuda M. A mechanism for selective lymphocyte homing in bovine hemal nodes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 156:211-4. [PMID: 24183590 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The distribution and abundance of MECA-79(+) cells in bovine hemal nodes (HNs) was analyzed. In addition, T cell subsets which expressed the homing receptor l-selectin were analyzed by flow cytometry. The frequency of MECA-79(+) HNs varied depending on the location. There were 61, 33, and 17% MECA-79(+) HN in the subcutaneous region, along the abdominal aorta and in the mesenteric region, respectively. MECA-79(+) cells in mesenteric lymph nodes were mainly distributed in the paracortex. Many MECA-79(+) cells were distributed in the perifollicular area of HNs and a few positive cells were also located in the paracortical and interfollicular areas. CD4(+) and CD8(+)l-selectin(+) cells were significantly higher in MECA-79(+) HNs compared to MECA-79(-) HNs. The data suggest that a selective lymphocyte homing mechanism exists in bovine HNs, which could be related to functional differences between locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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Lympho-granulocytic tissue associated with the wall of the spiral valve in the African lungfish Protopterus annectens. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 355:397-407. [PMID: 24253466 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1746-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe the structure of the lympho-granulocytic tissue associated with the wall of the spiral valve of the African lungfish Protopterus annectens. The study was performed under freshwater conditions and after 6 months of aestivation. The lympho-granulocytic tissue consists of nodes surrounded by reticular tissue. The nodes are formed by an outer and an inner component separated by a thin collagenous layer. The outer component is a reticular-like tissue that contains two types of granulocytes, developing and mature plasma cells and melanomacrophage centres (MMCs). The inner component, the parenchyma, contains a meshwork of trabeculae and vascular sinusoids and shows dark and pale areas. The dark areas contain diffuse lymphoid tissue, with a large number of mitoses and plasma cell clusters. The pale areas contain a small number of macrophages and lymphocytes. Macrophages and sinus endothelial cells are filled with haemosiderin granules and appear to form part of the reticuloendothelial system of the lungfish. The reticular tissue houses granulocytes, plasma cells and MMCs and might serve for the housing and maturation of cells of the white series. After aestivation, the nodes undergo lymphocyte depletion, the suppression of mitosis, granulocyte invasion and the occurrence of cell death. By contrast, few histological changes occur in the reticular tissue. Whereas the nodes appear to be involved in lymphocyte proliferation and plasma cell maturation, the function of the reticular tissue remains obscure.
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9
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The spleen of the African lungfish Protopterus annectens: freshwater and aestivation. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 350:143-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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ZHANG W, NASU T, HOSAKA YZ, YASUDA M. Comparative Studies on the Distribution and Population of Immunocompetent Cells in Bovine Hemal Node, Lymph Node and Spleen. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:405-11. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Weidong ZHANG
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Tetsuo NASU
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Z. HOSAKA
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Masahiro YASUDA
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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Bovine mammary dendritic cells: A heterogeneous population, distinct from macrophages and similar in phenotype to afferent lymph veiled cells. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 35:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Immunohistochemical detection of the angiopoietins during porcine metanephric kidney development. Acta Histochem 2011; 113:585-90. [PMID: 20598355 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Angiopoietins are growth factors involved in vascular development. They also play an important role in the development of the kidney vasculature. The localization of these growth factors was immunohistochemically investigated in developing porcine metanephric kidneys. Angiopoietin 1 was predominantly present in the maturing glomeruli, while angiopoietin 2 was observed in the early developing glomeruli as well as in maturing glomeruli. Furthermore, angiopoietin 2 was observed in the muscle layer of renal arteries, in the convoluted tubules and in the loops of Henle. In contrast to the situation in the mouse in which angiopoietin 2 has been reported to be mainly expressed in mesangial cells near the glomerular hilus, expression of angiopoietin 2 in the porcine metanephric kidney was observed in the podocytes of early developing glomeruli, but not in the cells near the glomerular hilus. The results of this study support the hypothesis that the angiopoietins play an important role during mammalian metanephric development and during glomerulogenesis in particular, but indicate that species specific characteristics must be taken into account when evaluating their involvement in glomerulogenesis.
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Breugelmans S, Van den Broeck W, Demeyere K, Meyer E, Simoens P. Immunoassay of lymphocyte subsets in ovine palatine tonsils. Acta Histochem 2011; 113:416-22. [PMID: 20546866 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
By means of immunohistochemistry (IHC) and triple color flow cytometry (FCM), five commercial antibodies (anti-CD2, CD4, CD8, CD21, and CD45) were evaluated to quantify and localize the B- and T-lymphocytes in the ovine palatine tonsil. The results of both techniques were compared and evaluated. For the immunohistochemical analysis, three fixation methods were evaluated for their suitability to localize the different lymphocyte populations: 3.5% formaldehyde, zinc salts-based fixative and cryopreservation. The anti-CD45 antibody showed a positive reaction after all three fixation methods. The four other antibodies tested (anti-CD2, CD4, CD8 and CD21) were compatible with zinc salts-based fixation and cryopreservation. The CD21+ B-lymphocytes were localized in the tonsillar lymphoid follicles, while the CD2+ T-lymphocytes were abundant in the interfollicular regions and rare within the lymphoid follicles. The CD8+ T-cells were concentrated adjacent to the follicles, while the CD4+ T-cells were localized in the interfollicular zones as well as in the follicles. Both by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, a quantification of the different lymphocyte subsets was made. When comparing the results, a reversed B/T cell ratio was noticed. Possible explanations for this observation are discussed.
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Abstract
Many terms used for referring to tonsillar structures are applied in immunological research. However, in many cases, the use of these terms is not in compliance with official veterinary anatomical nomenclature. This is partly attributable to ambiguous descriptions present in conventional anatomical textbooks. This study gives an overview of pertaining controversial terms and promotes the official anatomical terminology applicable to the tonsils, to enhance the unequivocal transfer of knowledge generated during immunological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Casteleyn
- Department of Morphology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Akaydin Bozkurt Y, Kabak M. Morphology of haemal nodes in the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Anat Histol Embryol 2010; 39:456-61. [PMID: 20624158 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2010.01016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at the determination of the morphology of haemal nodes in the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). The morphology of haemal nodes located in the abdominal and thoracic cavities of six roe deer (two adult male, two adult female and two foetuses) was studied by gross inspection and histological methods. Oval- and round-shaped haemal nodes with colours varying from pink to dark red were observed particularly between the abdominal aorta and caudal vena cava, and at the beginning of the main branches of the abdominal aorta. These nodes, having connection only with blood vessels, were covered with a thin or thick capsule of connective tissue in the foetus and the adult respectively. Trabeculae were not observed in foetal nodes. In adults, the capsule, trabeculae and, in particular, the sinuses were strongly supported by reticular fibres and cells. The morphology of these nodes displayed similarity to that of other ruminant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Akaydin Bozkurt
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey.
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De Spiegelaere W, Cornillie P, Casteleyn C, Burvenich C, Van den Broeck W. Detection of Hypoxia Inducible Factors and Angiogenic Growth Factors during Foetal Endochondral and Intramembranous Ossification. Anat Histol Embryol 2010; 39:376-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2010.01005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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17
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Localization of erythropoietin in and around growing cartilage. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 337:287-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0310-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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