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Kaldis A, Uddin MS, Guluarte JO, Martin C, Alexander TW, Menassa R. Development of a plant-based oral vaccine candidate against the bovine respiratory pathogen Mannheimia haemolytica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1251046. [PMID: 37790785 PMCID: PMC10542578 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1251046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) affects feedlot cattle across North America, resulting in economic losses due to animal treatment and reduced performance. In an effort to develop a vaccine candidate targeting a primary bacterial agent contributing to BRD, we produced a tripartite antigen consisting of segments of the virulence factor Leukotoxin A (LktA) and lipoprotein PlpE from Mannheimia haemolytica, fused to a cholera toxin mucosal adjuvant (CTB). This recombinant subunit vaccine candidate was expressed in the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana plants, with accumulation tested in five subcellular compartments. The recombinant protein was found to accumulate highest in the endoplasmic reticulum, but targeting to the chloroplast was employed for scaling up production due the absence of post-translational modification while still producing feasible levels. Leaves were freeze dried, then orally administered to mice to determine its immunogenicity. Sera from mice immunized with leaf tissue expressing the recombinant antigen contained IgG antibodies, specifically recognizing both LktA and PlpE. These mice also had a mucosal immune response to the CTB+LktA+PlpE protein as measured by the presence of LktA- and PlpE-specific IgA antibodies in lung and fecal material. Moreover, the antigen remained stable at room temperature with limited deterioration for up to one year when stored as lyophilized plant material. This study demonstrated that a recombinant antigen expressed in plant tissue elicited both humoral and mucosal immune responses when fed to mice, and warrants evaluation in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Kaldis
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Muhammed Salah Uddin
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jose Ortiz Guluarte
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Coby Martin
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Trevor W. Alexander
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Rima Menassa
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Uddin MS, Guluarte JO, Abbott DW, Inglis GD, Guan LL, Alexander TW. Development of a spore-based mucosal vaccine against the bovine respiratory pathogen Mannheimia haemolytica. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12981. [PMID: 37563163 PMCID: PMC10415371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29732-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a significant health issue in the North American feedlot industry, causing substantial financial losses due to morbidity and mortality. A lack of effective vaccines against BRD pathogens has resulted in antibiotics primarily being used for BRD prevention. The aim of this study was to develop a mucosal vaccine against the BRD pathogen, Mannheimia haemolytica, using Bacillus subtilis spores as an adjuvant. A chimeric protein (MhCP) containing a tandem repeat of neutralizing epitopes from M. haemolytica leukotoxin A (NLKT) and outer membrane protein PlpE was expressed to produce antigen for adsorption to B. subtilis spores. Adsorption was optimized by comparing varying amounts of antigen and spores, as well as different buffer pH and reaction temperatures. Using the optimal adsorption parameters, spore-bound antigen (Spore-MhCP) was prepared and administered to mice via two mucosal routes (intranasal and intragastric), while intramuscular administration of free MhCP and unvaccinated mice were used as positive and negative control treatments, respectively. Intramuscular administration of MhCP elicited the strongest serum IgG response. However, intranasal immunization of Spore-MhCP generated the best secretory IgA-specific response against both PlpE and NLKT in all samples evaluated (bronchoalveolar lavage, saliva, and feces). Since proliferation of M. haemolytica in the respiratory tract is a prerequisite to lung infection, this spore-based vaccine may offer protection in cattle by limiting colonization and subsequent infection, and Spore-MhCP warrants further evaluation in cattle as a mucosal vaccine against M. haemolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Salah Uddin
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Jose Ortiz Guluarte
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - D Wade Abbott
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - G Douglas Inglis
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Trevor W Alexander
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada.
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Mannheimia haemolytica in bovine respiratory disease: immunogens, potential immunogens, and vaccines. Anim Health Res Rev 2019; 19:79-99. [PMID: 30683173 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252318000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mannheimia haemolytica is the major cause of severe pneumonia in bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Early M. haemolytica bacterins were either ineffective or even enhanced disease in vaccinated cattle, which led to studies of the bacterium's virulence factors and potential immunogens to determine ways to improve vaccines. Studies have focused on the capsule, lipopolysaccharide, various adhesins, extracellular enzymes, outer membrane proteins, and leukotoxin (LKT) resulting in a strong database for understanding immune responses to the bacterium and production of more efficacious vaccines. The importance of immunity to LKT and to surface antigens in stimulating immunity led to studies of individual native or recombinant antigens, bacterial extracts, live-attenuated or mutant organisms, culture supernatants, combined bacterin-toxoids, outer membrane vesicles, and bacterial ghosts. Efficacy of several of these potential vaccines can be shown following experimental M. haemolytica challenge; however, efficacy in field trials is harder to determine due to the complexity of factors and etiologic agents involved in naturally occurring BRD. Studies of potential vaccines have led current commercial vaccines, which are composed primarily of culture supernatant, bacterin-toxoid, or live mutant bacteria. Several of those can be augmented experimentally by addition of recombinant LKT or outer membrane proteins.
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Muangthai K, Tankaew P, Varinrak T, Uthi R, Rojanasthien S, Sawada T, Sthitmatee N. Intranasal immunization with a recombinant outer membrane protein H based Haemorrhagic septicemia vaccine in dairy calves. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 80:68-76. [PMID: 29109353 PMCID: PMC5797862 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemorrhagic septicemia (HS) is a contagious disease in cattle with high morbidity and mortality rates. HS vaccine in Thailand is an oil-adjuvant formulation, and is difficult to administer. The present study aimed to
formulate and evaluate the protection in dairy calves conferred by immunization with an in-house intranasal HS vaccine. The intranasal vaccine was formulated in a total volume of 500 µl containing either
50 or 100 µg of the recombinant outer membrane protein H (rOmpH) of Pasteurella multocida strain M-1404 (serovar B:2), and 10 µg of Cytosine-phosphate-guanosine
oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) as a mucosal adjuvant. Intranasal immunizations were conducted three times at three-week intervals. The antibodies post-immunization were detected by indirect ELISA and demonstrated
efficient in vitro activity in suppressing a P. multocida strain from the complement-mediated killing assay. An intranasal vaccine induced both the serum IgG and secretory IgA levels
that were significantly higher than the level conferred by the parenteral vaccine (P<0.05). Challenge exposure was conducted with a P. multocida strain M-1404 at day 72 of the
experiments. The immunized calves had reduced clinical signs after challenge exposure that would normally result in disease proliferation. We conclude that intranasal vaccination of calves with rOmpH with CpG-ODN 2007
stimulated serum and secretory antibodies to rOmpH and whole cells of P. multocida strain M-1404 antigen. Moreover, it would result in protection in calves against artificial P.
multocida infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korkiat Muangthai
- Bureau of Veterinary Biologics, Department of Livestock Developments, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative, Nakhon Ratchasima 30130, Thailand
| | - Pallop Tankaew
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100 Thailand
| | - Thanya Varinrak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100 Thailand
| | - Ratchanee Uthi
- Bureau of Veterinary Biologics, Department of Livestock Developments, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative, Nakhon Ratchasima 30130, Thailand
| | | | - Takuo Sawada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100 Thailand.,Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Nattawooti Sthitmatee
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100 Thailand.,Excellence Center in Veterinary Bioscience, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
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Guzmán-Brambila C, Quintero-Fabián S, González-Castillo C, de Obeso-Fernández del Valle Á, Flores-Samaniego B, de la Mora G, Rojas-Mayorquín AE, Ortuño-Sahagún D. LKTA and PlpE small fragments fusion protein protect against Mannheimia haemolytica challenge. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:1293-300. [PMID: 22840333 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is a major cause of economic losses for the cattle backgrounding and feedlot industries. Mannheimia haemolytica is considered the most important pathogen associated with this disease. Vaccines against M. haemolytica have been prepared and used for many decades, but traditional bacterins have failed to demonstrate effective protection and their use has often exacerbated disease in vaccinated animals. Thus, the BRD complex continues to exert a strong adverse effect on the health and wellbeing of stocker and feeder cattle. Therefore, generation of recombinant proteins has been helpful in formulating enhanced vaccines against M. haemolytica, which could confer better protection against BRD. In the present study, we formulated a vaccine preparation enriched with recombinant small fragments of leukotoxin A (LKTA) and outer-membrane lipoprotein (PlpE) proteins, and demonstrated its ability to generate high antibody titers in rabbits and sheep, which protected against M. haemolytica bacterial challenge in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Guzmán-Brambila
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo y Regeneración Neural, Instituto de Neurobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, camino Ing. R. Padilla Sánchez, 2100, Las Agujas, Zapopan 44600, Mexico
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Ayalew S, Shrestha B, Montelongo M, Wilson AE, Confer AW. Identification and immunogenicity of Mannheimia haemolytica S1 outer membrane lipoprotein PlpF. Vaccine 2011; 29:8712-8. [PMID: 21875637 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunity against Mannheimia haemolytica requires antibodies against leukotoxin (LKT) and bacterial cell surface antigens, most likely immunogenic outer membrane proteins (OMPs). Five immunogenic outer membrane lipoproteins identified and characterized in M. haemolytica were designated Pasteurella lipoproteins (Plp) A, -B, -C, -D and -E. Using immunoproteomics, we identified a heretofore-uncharacterized M. haemolytica immunogenic outer membrane lipoprotein that we designated PlpF, which was previously designated in the published sequence as a conserved hypothetical protein. We cloned and expressed rPlpF from two M. haemolytica serotype 1 strains (SAC159 and SAC160) and demonstrated a variable number of perfect (KKTEED) or imperfect (KKaEEa) repeats between residues 41 and 76 on the N-terminus. Antigenicity plots predicted the N-terminus repeat region to be highly antigenic. The plpF gene in multiple M. haemolytica S1, S2, and S6 isolates varied in the number of repeats from three to seven. C-terminal region was highly conserved. Immunization of mice with SAC159 or SAC160 demonstrated immunogenicity in a dose-response manner. Immunization of calves demonstrated an increase in antibodies to PlpF, and rPlpF antibodies stimulated complement-mediated killing of M. haemolytica. Because calves had pre-existing anti-M. haemolytica antibodies due to prior natural exposure, functionality of the anti-PlpF antibody responses were demonstrated by marked reduction of complement-mediated killing by blocking of anti-PlpF antibodies with rPlpF In conclusion, PlpF might have vaccination potential against M. haemolytica infection in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahlu Ayalew
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Ayalew S, Step DL, Montelongo M, Confer AW. Intranasal vaccination of calves with Mannheimia haemolytica chimeric protein containing the major surface epitope of outer membrane lipoprotein PlpE, the neutralizing epitope of leukotoxin, and cholera toxin subunit B. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 132:295-302. [PMID: 19581005 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was done to determine if intranasal vaccination of weaned beef calves with a chimeric protein containing the immunodominant surface epitope of Mannheimia haemolytica PlpE (R2) and the neutralizing epitope of leukotoxin (NLKT) covalently linked to truncated cholera toxin (CT) subunit B (CTB) could stimulate secretory and systemic antibodies against M. haemolytica while enhancing resistance of cattle against M. haemolytica intrabronchial challenge. Sixteen weaned beef calves were intranasally vaccinated with CTB-R2-NLKT chimeric (SAC102) or with R2-NLKT-R2-NLKT chimeric (SAC89) protein with or without native CT on days 0 and 14 and were challenged intrabronchially on day 28. In vitro, SAC102 bound the CT receptor molecule, GM(1)-ganglioside. Mean IgA antibodies to M. haemolytica whole cells (WC) and to LKT were high on day 0. A small, yet significant increase (p<0.05) was found in mean nasal antibodies to M. haemolytica WC for the SAC89+CT and SAC102 vaccinates after the second vaccination. SAC102 stimulated significant (p<0.05) mean serum antibody responses to all three antigens by day 28. Following challenge, mean antibodies to WC and LKT significantly increased (p<0.05) for the SAC102, SAC89 and SAC89+CT groups with the mean antibody responses to rPlpE stimulated by SAC102 vaccination being significantly higher (p<0.05) than for the other vaccinated and control groups. On day 1 after challenge, mean clinical score for the control group was significantly higher (p<0.05) than for the SAC102 and SAC89+CT vaccinates, and by day 2 after challenge, clinical score for the control group was significantly higher (p<0.05) than for all three chimeric vaccinated groups. Therefore, intranasal vaccination with CTB-R2-NLKT (SAC102) and R2-NLKT-R2-NLKT (SAC89) chimeric proteins enhanced resistance against intrabronchial challenge with the bacterium as well as stimulating antibody responses to M. haemolytica antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ayalew
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078-2007, USA
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