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Prevalence of Infection of Canine Distemper Virus, Feline Immunodeficiency Virus, and Feline Leukemia Virus in Wild Ecuadorian Ocelots; Efficacy of Their Diagnosis, and Recovery from Infection. J Wildl Dis 2022; 58:641-645. [PMID: 35763618 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-21-00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective study provides an analysis of the prevalence and detectability of canine distemper virus (CDV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV), and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) sheltered in a wild animal recovery center in Guayaquil, Ecuador. Blood samples of 19 rescued ocelots from 2019-20 were analyzed using FeLV p27 antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and commercial insulated isothermal reverse transcriptase PCR (iiRT-PCR) kits. Using this PCR we detected positive results for CDV (4/ 17; 23.5%) and FeLV (14/16; 87.5%), but not for FIV (0/8). Three previously positive cases of CDV and two of FeLV showed negative results on retesting 6 mo later. Moreover, a third analysis was conducted and was negative for CDV. Our results suggest that ocelots can recover from the local CDV and FeLV strains. An ELISA for the FeLV p27 antigen showed no capability to detect FeLV in ocelots that were confirmed positive by iiRT-PCR. Regional lineages, viral virulence, and host immune response capabilities should be addressed in further research to inform management and decision making for wildlife conservation.
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2
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Equal contributions of feline immunodeficiency virus and coinfections to morbidity in African lions. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2021; 16:83-94. [PMID: 34466379 PMCID: PMC8385399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a pathogenic lentivirus related to human and simian immunodeficiency viruses that has been associated with AIDS-like pathologies in domestic and wild cats, as well as in hyenas. Despite known pathologies, progressive immunosuppression and ill health effects driven by these lentiviruses in association with other secondary infections remain understudied in free-ranging species. Here, the role of coinfections by gastrointestinal parasites and tick-borne hemoparasites for FIV disease progression was explored in 195 free-ranging African lions (Panthera leo) living in Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa. Using statistical methodology, we evaluated the effects of FIV on a range of health indicators to explore how direct and indirect effects of FIV and associated coinfections align to determine lion health outcomes. Findings show direct negative effects of FIV on host immunity and nutritional status, and exacerbation of aggressive behaviors, conditions which may increase exposure/susceptibility to other secondary infections. When taken together, the contribution of coinfecting parasites to morbidity in lions is of similar magnitude as direct effects of FIV infection alone, suggesting that the particular coinfection assemblage may play a role in mediating disease progression within natural lion populations. Immunosuppression by FIV increases richness and abundance of secondary parasites. Infection by gastrointestinal parasites drives severe malnourishment in FIV hosts. Hemoparasite infection contributed to liver pathology and clinical wasting. Contributions of secondary infections to morbidity equal the direct effects of FIV.
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Identification of Novel Feline Paramyxoviruses in Guignas ( Leopardus guigna) from Chile. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121397. [PMID: 33291219 PMCID: PMC7762136 DOI: 10.3390/v12121397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of paramyxoviruses has received growing attention as several new species have been identified recently, notably two different clusters in domestic cats, designated as feline morbillivirus (FeMV) and feline paramyxovirus (FPaV). Their phylogenetic origin and whether wild felids also harbor these viruses are currently unknown. Kidney samples from 35 guignas (Leopardus guigna), a wild felid from Chile, were investigated for paramyxoviruses using consensus-RT-PCR. In addition, thirteen serum samples of guignas were screened for the presence of FeMV-specific antibodies by an immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Viral RNA was detected in 31% of the kidney samples. Phylogenetic analyses revealed two well-supported clusters, related to isolates from domestic cats, rodents and bats. No significant histopathology changes were recorded in infected guignas. Serology identified two samples which were positive for FeMV-specific antibodies. Our study highlights the diversity of paramyxovirus infections in felids with special emphasis on guignas from Chile.
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Green J, Jakins C, Asfaw E, Bruschi N, Parker A, de Waal L, D’Cruze N. African Lions and Zoonotic Diseases: Implications for Commercial Lion Farms in South Africa. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091692. [PMID: 32962130 PMCID: PMC7552683 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In South Africa, thousands of African lions are bred on farms for commercial purposes, such as tourism, trophy hunting, and traditional medicine. Lions on farms often have direct contact with people, such as farm workers and tourists. Such close contact between wild animals and humans creates opportunities for the spread of zoonotic diseases (diseases that can be passed between animals and people). To help understand the health risks associated with lion farms, our study compiled a list of pathogens (bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi) known to affect African lions. We reviewed 148 scientific papers and identified a total of 63 pathogens recorded in both wild and captive lions, most of which were parasites (35, 56%), followed by viruses (17, 27%) and bacteria (11, 17%). This included pathogens that can be passed from lions to other animals and to humans. We also found a total of 83 diseases and clinical symptoms associated with these pathogens. Given that pathogens and their associated infectious diseases can cause harm to both animals and public health, we recommend that the lion farming industry in South Africa takes action to prevent and manage potential disease outbreaks. Abstract African lions (Panthera leo) are bred in captivity on commercial farms across South Africa and often have close contact with farm staff, tourists, and other industry workers. As transmission of zoonotic diseases occurs through close proximity between wildlife and humans, these commercial captive breeding operations pose a potential risk to thousands of captive lions and to public health. An understanding of pathogens known to affect lions is needed to effectively assess the risk of disease emergence and transmission within the industry. Here, we conduct a systematic search of the academic literature, identifying 148 peer-reviewed studies, to summarize the range of pathogens and parasites known to affect African lions. A total of 63 pathogenic organisms were recorded, belonging to 35 genera across 30 taxonomic families. Over half were parasites (35, 56%), followed by viruses (17, 27%) and bacteria (11, 17%). A number of novel pathogens representing unidentified and undescribed species were also reported. Among the pathogenic inventory are species that can be transmitted from lions to other species, including humans. In addition, 83 clinical symptoms and diseases associated with these pathogens were identified. Given the risks posed by infectious diseases, this research highlights the potential public health risks associated with the captive breeding industry. We recommend that relevant authorities take imminent action to help prevent and manage the risks posed by zoonotic pathogens on lion farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennah Green
- World Animal Protection 222 Gray’s Inn Rd., London WC1X 8HB, UK; (J.G.); (E.A.); (N.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Catherine Jakins
- Blood Lion NPC, P.O. Box 1548, Kloof 3640, South Africa; (C.J.); (L.d.W.)
| | - Eyob Asfaw
- World Animal Protection 222 Gray’s Inn Rd., London WC1X 8HB, UK; (J.G.); (E.A.); (N.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Nicholas Bruschi
- World Animal Protection 222 Gray’s Inn Rd., London WC1X 8HB, UK; (J.G.); (E.A.); (N.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Abbie Parker
- World Animal Protection 222 Gray’s Inn Rd., London WC1X 8HB, UK; (J.G.); (E.A.); (N.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Louise de Waal
- Blood Lion NPC, P.O. Box 1548, Kloof 3640, South Africa; (C.J.); (L.d.W.)
| | - Neil D’Cruze
- World Animal Protection 222 Gray’s Inn Rd., London WC1X 8HB, UK; (J.G.); (E.A.); (N.B.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Lewis J, Tomlinson A, Gilbert M, Alshinetski M, Arzhanova T, Goncharuk M, Goodrich J, Kerley L, Korotkova I, Miquelle D, Naidenko S, Sulikhan N, Uphyrkina O. Assessing the health risks of reintroduction: The example of the Amur leopard, Panthera pardus orientalis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:1177-1188. [PMID: 31833654 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Translocation of wildlife as a means of reintroducing or reinforcing threatened populations is an important conservation tool but carries health risks for the translocated animals and their progeny, as well as wildlife, domestic animals and humans in the release area. Disease risk analyses (DRA) are used to identify, prioritize and design mitigation strategies to address these threats. Here, we use a DRA undertaken for Amur leopards (Panthera pardus orientalis) to illustrate how specific methodology can optimize mitigation strategy design. A literature review identified a total of 98 infectious hazards and 28 non-infectious hazards. Separate analyses were undertaken for disease risks in leopards from hazards of source origin (captive zoo collections and the transit pathway to the Russian Far East), or of destination origin (in breeding enclosures and wider release areas); and for disease risks in other wildlife, domesticated species or humans, similarly from hazards of source or destination origin. Hazards were assessed and ranked as priority 1, priority 2, priority 3 or low priority in each of the defined scenarios. In addition, we undertook a generic assessment of stress on individual leopards. We use three examples to illustrate the process: Chlamydophila felis, canine distemper virus (CDV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). We found that many potentially expensive screening procedures could be performed prior to export of leopards, putting the onus of responsibility onto the zoo sector, for which access to diagnostic testing facilities is likely to be optimal. We discuss how our methods highlighted significant data gaps relating to pathogen prevalence in the Russian Far East and likely future unpredictability, in particular with respect to CDV. There was emphasis at all stages on record keeping, meticulous planning, design, staff training and enclosure management, which are relatively financially inexpensive. Actions to minimize stress featured at all time points in the strategy and also focussed on planning, design and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lewis
- Wildlife Vets international, Keighley, UK
| | | | - Martin Gilbert
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Tanya Arzhanova
- Moscow Zoo, Moscow, Russia.,Zoological Society of London and United Administrations Lazovsky Zapovednik and Zov Tigra National Park, Lazo, Russia
| | - Mikhail Goncharuk
- Zoological Society of London and United Administrations Lazovsky Zapovednik and Zov Tigra National Park, Lazo, Russia
| | | | - Linda Kerley
- Zoological Society of London and United Administrations Lazovsky Zapovednik and Zov Tigra National Park, Lazo, Russia
| | | | | | - Sergey Naidenko
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Sulikhan
- Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Olga Uphyrkina
- Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
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6
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Thongkittidilok C, Singh RP, Comizzoli P, Wildt D, Songsasen N. Insulin promotes preantral follicle growth and antrum formation through temporal expression of genes regulating steroidogenesis and water transport in the cat. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 30:1369-1379. [PMID: 29720337 DOI: 10.1071/rd17454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to determine the effects of insulin, invitro, on: (1) the viability and growth of domestic cat ovarian follicles; (2) mRNA expression of genes regulating steroidogenesis (cytochrome P450 family 17 subfamily, A polypeptide 1 (Cyp17a1), cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily, A polypeptide 1 (Cyp19a1) and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (Star)) and water transport (aquaporins (AQPs) Aqp1, Aqp3, Aqp7, Aqp9); and (3) steroid production (17β-oestradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), androstenedione (A4)). Cat secondary follicles were isolated from ovarian cortices and cultured in 0 (Control), 1 or 10µgmL-1 insulin for 14 days (Day 0=culture onset). Follicle and oocyte viability (based on neutral red staining), diameter and antrum formation were assessed every 72h and at the end of incubation (Day 14). Expression of steroidogenic and water transport genes was evaluated on Days 0, 6 and 12, and E2, P4 and A4 concentrations in the culture medium were determined on Day 12. By Day 14, 1 and 10µgmL-1 insulin had significantly promoted (P<0.05) both antrum formation in a mean (±s.e.m.) 26.9±9.0% and 78.0±10.0% of follicles respectively, and follicle growth (diameter 151.4±4.5 and 169.9±10.5µm respectively) compared with Control (antrum formation in 3.3±3.3% of follicles and follicle diameter 129.1±6.6µm). High insulin (10µgmL-1) treatment increased follicle viability compared with Control (86.0±9.8% vs 38.1±10.9% respectively; P<0.05). However, insulin had no beneficial effect (P>0.05) on oocyte diameter. Cyp17a1 expression on Days 6 and 12 was higher (P<0.05) in follicles cultured in the low (1µgmL-1) compared with high (10µgmL-1) insulin treatment, with no significant difference between low or high insulin vs Control groups. Star expression was higher (P<0.01) in the low insulin compared with Control group on Day 6, but Star was undetectable in the high insulin group by Day 12. Compared with high insulin, low insulin increased (P<0.05) Aqp1 expression on Day 6, but there were no significant differences between these two groups on Day 12. In contrast, high insulin decreased (P<0.05) Aqp9 transcript levels compared with Control. Only P4 production was affected by insulin, with P4 concentrations in the medium being higher (P<0.05) in the low compared with high insulin and Control groups. In summary, the findings indicate that insulin promotes cat ovarian follicle growth and survival invitro, including enhanced antrum formation, with the likely mechanism involving temporal expression of Cyp17a1, Star and Aqp9 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chommanart Thongkittidilok
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Ram Pratap Singh
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Pierre Comizzoli
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | - David Wildt
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Nucharin Songsasen
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
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7
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Fountain-Jones NM, Machado G, Carver S, Packer C, Recamonde-Mendoza M, Craft ME. How to make more from exposure data? An integrated machine learning pipeline to predict pathogen exposure. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1447-1461. [PMID: 31330063 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Predicting infectious disease dynamics is a central challenge in disease ecology. Models that can assess which individuals are most at risk of being exposed to a pathogen not only provide valuable insights into disease transmission and dynamics but can also guide management interventions. Constructing such models for wild animal populations, however, is particularly challenging; often only serological data are available on a subset of individuals and nonlinear relationships between variables are common. Here we provide a guide to the latest advances in statistical machine learning to construct pathogen-risk models that automatically incorporate complex nonlinear relationships with minimal statistical assumptions from ecological data with missing data. Our approach compares multiple machine learning algorithms in a unified environment to find the model with the best predictive performance and uses game theory to better interpret results. We apply this framework on two major pathogens that infect African lions: canine distemper virus (CDV) and feline parvovirus. Our modelling approach provided enhanced predictive performance compared to more traditional approaches, as well as new insights into disease risks in a wild population. We were able to efficiently capture and visualize strong nonlinear patterns, as well as model complex interactions between variables in shaping exposure risk from CDV and feline parvovirus. For example, we found that lions were more likely to be exposed to CDV at a young age but only in low rainfall years. When combined with our data calibration approach, our framework helped us to answer questions about risk of pathogen exposure that are difficult to address with previous methods. Our framework not only has the potential to aid in predicting disease risk in animal populations, but also can be used to build robust predictive models suitable for other ecological applications such as modelling species distribution or diversity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustavo Machado
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Scott Carver
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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9
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Fountain-Jones NM, Packer C, Jacquot M, Blanchet FG, Terio K, Craft ME. Endemic infection can shape exposure to novel pathogens: Pathogen co-occurrence networks in the Serengeti lions. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:904-913. [PMID: 30861289 PMCID: PMC7163671 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens are embedded in a complex network of microparasites that can collectively or individually alter disease dynamics and outcomes. Endemic pathogens that infect an individual in the first years of life, for example, can either facilitate or compete with subsequent pathogens thereby exacerbating or ameliorating morbidity and mortality. Pathogen associations are ubiquitous but poorly understood, particularly in wild populations. We report here on 10 years of serological and molecular data in African lions, leveraging comprehensive demographic and behavioural data to test if endemic pathogens shape subsequent infection by epidemic pathogens. We combine network and community ecology approaches to assess broad network structure and characterise associations between pathogens across spatial and temporal scales. We found significant non‐random structure in the lion‐pathogen co‐occurrence network and identified both positive and negative associations between endemic and epidemic pathogens. Our results provide novel insights on the complex associations underlying pathogen co‐occurrence networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Fountain-Jones
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55408, USA
| | - Maude Jacquot
- INRA, UMR346 EPIA, Epidémiologie des maladies Animales et zoonotiques, 63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - F Guillaume Blanchet
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1K 2R1
| | - Karen Terio
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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10
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Kerr TJ, Matthee S, Govender D, Tromp G, Engelbrecht S, Matthee CA. Viruses as indicators of contemporary host dispersal and phylogeography: an example of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV P le ) in free-ranging African lion (Panthera leo). J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1529-1543. [PMID: 29964350 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Measuring contemporary dispersal in highly mobile terrestrial species is challenging, especially when species are characterized by low levels of population differentiation. Directly transmitted viruses can be used as a surrogate for traditional methods of tracking host movement. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a species-specific lentivirus, which has an exceptionally high mutation rate and circulates naturally in wild felids. Using samples derived from 35 lion (Panthera leo) prides, we tested the prediction that FIV in lions (FIVP le ) can be used to track the dispersal of individuals between prides. As FIVP le subtypes are geographically structured throughout Africa, we predicted that this marker could be used to detect phylogeographic structure of lions at smaller spatial scales. Phylogenetic analyses of FIVP le pol-RT sequences showed that core pride members (females and subadults) shared evolutionary close viral lineages which differed from neighbouring core prides, whereas sequences from sexually mature males associated with the same pride were always the most divergent. In six instances, natal pride associations of divergent male lions could be inferred, on the assumption that FIVP le infections are acquired during early life stages. Congruence between the genetic pattern of FIV and pride structure suggests that vertical transmission plays an important role in lion FIV dynamics. At a fine spatial scale, significant viral geographic structuring was also detected between lions occurring north of the Olifants River within the Kruger National Park (KNP) and those occupying the southern and central regions. This pattern was further supported by phylogenetic analyses and the confinement of FIVP le subtype E to the northern region of KNP. The study provides new insights into the use of retroviral sequences to predict host dispersal and fine-scale contemporary geographic structure in a social felid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya J Kerr
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriScience, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Sonja Matthee
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriScience, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Danny Govender
- Scientific Services, SANParks, Skukuza, South Africa.,Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Gerard Tromp
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SAMRC-SHIP South African Tuberculosis Bioinformatics Initiative (SATBBI), Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NRF/DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Susan Engelbrecht
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Tygerberg Coastal, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Conrad A Matthee
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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11
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Feline APOBEC3s, Barriers to Cross-Species Transmission of FIV? Viruses 2018; 10:v10040186. [PMID: 29642583 PMCID: PMC5923480 DOI: 10.3390/v10040186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The replication of lentiviruses highly depends on host cellular factors, which defines their species-specific tropism. Cellular restriction factors that can inhibit lentiviral replication were recently identified. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) was found to be sensitive to several feline cellular restriction factors, such as apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3) and tetherin, but FIV evolved to counteract them. Here, we describe the molecular mechanisms by which feline APOBEC3 restriction factors inhibit FIV replication and discuss the molecular interaction of APOBEC3 proteins with the viral antagonizing protein Vif. We speculate that feline APOBEC3 proteins could explain some of the observed FIV cross-species transmissions described in wild Felids.
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12
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13
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Fountain-Jones NM, Packer C, Troyer JL, VanderWaal K, Robinson S, Jacquot M, Craft ME. Linking social and spatial networks to viral community phylogenetics reveals subtype-specific transmission dynamics in African lions. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:1469-1482. [PMID: 28884827 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity within pathogen species can have important consequences for how pathogens transmit across landscapes; however, discerning different transmission routes is challenging. Here, we apply both phylodynamic and phylogenetic community ecology techniques to examine the consequences of pathogen heterogeneity on transmission by assessing subtype-specific transmission pathways in a social carnivore. We use comprehensive social and spatial network data to examine transmission pathways for three subtypes of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIVPle ) in African lions (Panthera leo) at multiple scales in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. We used FIVPle molecular data to examine the role of social organization and lion density in shaping transmission pathways and tested to what extent vertical (i.e., father- and/or mother-offspring relationships) or horizontal (between unrelated individuals) transmission underpinned these patterns for each subtype. Using the same data, we constructed subtype-specific FIVPle co-occurrence networks and assessed what combination of social networks, spatial networks or co-infection best structured the FIVPle network. While social organization (i.e., pride) was an important component of FIVPle transmission pathways at all scales, we find that FIVPle subtypes exhibited different transmission pathways at within- and between-pride scales. A combination of social and spatial networks, coupled with consideration of subtype co-infection, was likely to be important for FIVPle transmission for the two major subtypes, but the relative contribution of each factor was strongly subtype-specific. Our study provides evidence that pathogen heterogeneity is important in understanding pathogen transmission, which could have consequences for how endemic pathogens are managed. Furthermore, we demonstrate that community phylogenetic ecology coupled with phylodynamic techniques can reveal insights into the differential evolutionary pressures acting on virus subtypes, which can manifest into landscape-level effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Stacie Robinson
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Maude Jacquot
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
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Kaye S, Wang W, Miller C, McLuckie A, Beatty JA, Grant CK, VandeWoude S, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. Role of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus in Lymphomagenesis--Going Alone or Colluding? ILAR J 2017; 57:24-33. [PMID: 27034392 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilv047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a naturally occurring lentivirus of domestic and nondomestic feline species. Infection in domestic cats leads to immune dysfunction via mechanisms similar to those caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and, as such, is a valuable natural animal model for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans. An association between FIV and an increased incidence of neoplasia has long been recognized, with frequencies of up to 20% in FIV-positive cats recorded in some studies. This is similar to the rate of neoplasia seen in HIV-positive individuals, and in both species neoplasia typically requires several years to arise. The most frequently reported type of neoplasia associated with FIV infection is lymphoma. Here we review the possible mechanisms involved in FIV lymphomagenesis, including the possible involvement of coinfections, notably those with gamma-herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kaye
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Wenqi Wang
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Craig Miller
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Alicia McLuckie
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Julia A Beatty
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Chris K Grant
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
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Foley BT, Leitner T, Paraskevis D, Peeters M. Primate immunodeficiency virus classification and nomenclature: Review. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 46:150-158. [PMID: 27789390 PMCID: PMC5136504 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The International Committee for the Taxonomy and Nomenclature of Viruses does not rule on virus classifications below the species level. The definition of species for viruses cannot be clearly defined for all types of viruses. The complex and interesting epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses demands a detailed and informative nomenclature system, while at the same time it presents challenges such that many of the rules need to be flexibly applied or modified over time. This review outlines the nomenclature system for primate lentiviruses and provides an update on new findings since the last review was written in 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Foley
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, T-6 Mail Stop K710, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Thomas Leitner
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, T-6 Mail Stop K710, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Dimitrios Paraskevis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Martine Peeters
- UMI233-TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), INSERM U1175, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; IBC, Computational Biology Institute, 34095 Montpellier, France
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16
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SURVEILLANCE FOR VIRAL AND PARASITIC PATHOGENS IN A VULNERABLE AFRICAN LION (PANTHERA LEO) POPULATION IN THE NORTHERN TULI GAME RESERVE, BOTSWANA. J Wildl Dis 2016; 53:54-61. [PMID: 27669009 DOI: 10.7589/2015-09-248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
African lion ( Panthera leo ) numbers are decreasing rapidly and populations are becoming smaller and more fragmented. Infectious diseases are one of numerous issues threatening free-ranging lion populations, and low-density populations are particularly at risk. We collected data on the prevalence and diversity of viral and parasitic pathogens in a small lion population in eastern Botswana. During 2012 and 2014, blood samples were collected from 59% (n=13) of the adult-subadult lions in the Northern Tuli Game Reserve in eastern Botswana. One lion had antibodies to feline panleukopenia virus, two had antibodies to canine distemper virus, and two had feline calicivirus antibodies. Ten of the 13 had antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus and 11 had feline herpesvirus antibodies. All lions were negative for antibodies to feline coronavirus. Blood samples from all lions were negative for Trypanosoma, Anaplasma, Theileria, and Ehrlichia spp. by molecular testing; however, all lions were positive for Babesia spp. by reverse line blot hybridization assay. Sequencing of amplicons from four lions revealed four groups of Babesia spp. including several genetic variants of Babesia felis , Babesia lengau, and Babesia canis and a group of novel Babesia sequences which were only 96% similar to other Babesia spp. Six lions were infested with four species of ticks (Rhipicentor nuttalli, Rhipicephalus simus, Rhipicephalus sulcatus, and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus). These data provide the first health assessment of this population and can be used to identify management and conservation strategies to decrease the impact of pathogens on this population. This is particularly important as there is an initiative to incorporate this population into a larger metapopulation of lions from adjacent South Africa and Zimbabwe.
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17
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FELINE IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AND FELINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS INFECTION IN FREE-RANGING GUIGNAS (LEOPARDUS GUIGNA) AND SYMPATRIC DOMESTIC CATS IN HUMAN PERTURBED LANDSCAPES ON CHILOÉ ISLAND, CHILE. J Wildl Dis 2015; 51:199-208. [DOI: 10.7589/2014-04-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Caillaud D, Craft ME, Meyers LA. Epidemiological effects of group size variation in social species. J R Soc Interface 2013; 10:20130206. [PMID: 23576784 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2013.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact patterns in group-structured populations determine the course of infectious disease outbreaks. Network-based models have revealed important connections between group-level contact patterns and the dynamics of epidemics, but these models typically ignore heterogeneities in within-group composition. Here, we analyse a flexible mathematical model of disease transmission in a hierarchically structured wildlife population, and find that increased variation in group size reduces the epidemic threshold, making social animal populations susceptible to a broader range of pathogens. Variation in group size also increases the likelihood of an epidemic for mildly transmissible diseases, but can reduce the likelihood and expected size of an epidemic for highly transmissible diseases. Further, we introduce the concept of epidemiological effective group size, which we define to be the group size of a hypothetical population containing groups of identical size that has the same epidemic threshold as an observed population. Using data from the Serengeti Lion Project, we find that pride-living Serengeti lions are epidemiologically comparable to a homogeneous population with up to 20 per cent larger prides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Caillaud
- Section of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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19
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Attending to the ‘biological, technical, financial and sociological factors’ of lion conservation: a response to Hunter et al. ORYX 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605312001548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Maas M, Keet DF, Rutten VPMG, Heesterbeek JAP, Nielen M. Assessing the impact of feline immunodeficiency virus and bovine tuberculosis co-infection in African lions. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:4206-14. [PMID: 22915673 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (BTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is a disease that was introduced relatively recently into the Kruger National Park (KNP) lion population. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV(ple)) is thought to have been endemic in lions for a much longer time. In humans, co-infection between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus increases disease burden. If BTB were to reach high levels of prevalence in lions, and if similar worsening effects would exist between FIV(ple) and BTB as for their human equivalents, this could pose a lion conservation problem. We collected data on lions in KNP from 1993 to 2008 for spatio-temporal analysis of both FIV(ple) and BTB, and to assess whether a similar relationship between the two diseases exists in lions. We found that BTB prevalence in the south was higher than in the north (72 versus 19% over the total study period) and increased over time in the northern part of the KNP (0-41%). No significant spatio-temporal differences were seen for FIV(ple) in the study period, in agreement with the presumed endemic state of the infection. Both infections affected haematology and blood chemistry values, FIV(ple) in a more pronounced way than BTB. The effect of co-infection on these values, however, was always less than additive. Though a large proportion (31%) of the lions was co-infected with FIV(ple) and M. bovis, there was no evidence for a synergistic relation as in their human counterparts. Whether this results from different immunopathogeneses remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maas
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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21
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Emerging viruses in the Felidae: shifting paradigms. Viruses 2012; 4:236-57. [PMID: 22470834 PMCID: PMC3315214 DOI: 10.3390/v4020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The domestic cat is afflicted with multiple viruses that serve as powerful models for human disease including cancers, SARS and HIV/AIDS. Cat viruses that cause these diseases have been studied for decades revealing detailed insight concerning transmission, virulence, origins and pathogenesis. Here we review recent genetic advances that have questioned traditional wisdom regarding the origins of virulent Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) diseases, the pathogenic potential of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) in wild non-domestic Felidae species, and the restriction of Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) mediated immune impairment to domestic cats rather than other Felidae species. The most recent interpretations indicate important new evolutionary conclusions implicating these deadly infectious agents in domestic and non-domestic felids.
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Zielonka J, Münk C. Cellular restriction factors of feline immunodeficiency virus. Viruses 2011; 3:1986-2005. [PMID: 22069525 PMCID: PMC3205391 DOI: 10.3390/v3101986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviruses are known for their narrow cell- and species-tropisms, which are determined by cellular proteins whose absence or presence either support viral replication (dependency factors, cofactors) or inhibit viral replication (restriction factors). Similar to Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the cat lentivirus Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is sensitive to recently discovered cellular restriction factors from non-host species that are able to stop viruses from replicating. Of particular importance are the cellular proteins APOBEC3, TRIM5α and tetherin/BST-2. In general, lentiviruses counteract or escape their species’ own variant of the restriction factor, but are targeted by the orthologous proteins of distantly related species. Most of the knowledge regarding lentiviral restriction factors has been obtained in the HIV-1 system; however, much less is known about their effects on other lentiviruses. We describe here the molecular mechanisms that explain how FIV maintains its replication in feline cells, but is largely prevented from cross-species infections by cellular restriction factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Zielonka
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany; E-Mail:
- Roche Glycart AG, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Münk
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-221-8110887; Fax: +49-221-8115431
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