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Patel RS, Tomlinson JE, Divers TJ, Van de Walle GR, Rosenberg BR. Single-cell resolution landscape of equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells reveals diverse cell types including T-bet + B cells. BMC Biol 2021; 19:13. [PMID: 33482825 PMCID: PMC7820527 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional laboratory model organisms represent a small fraction of the diversity of multicellular life, and findings in any given experimental model often do not translate to other species. Immunology research in non-traditional model organisms can be advantageous or even necessary, such as when studying host-pathogen interactions. However, such research presents multiple challenges, many stemming from an incomplete understanding of potentially species-specific immune cell types, frequencies, and phenotypes. Identifying and characterizing immune cells in such organisms is frequently limited by the availability of species-reactive immunophenotyping reagents for flow cytometry, and insufficient prior knowledge of cell type-defining markers. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate the utility of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) to characterize immune cells for which traditional experimental tools are limited. Specifically, we used scRNA-Seq to comprehensively define the cellular diversity of equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy horses across different breeds, ages, and sexes. We identified 30 cell type clusters partitioned into five major populations: monocytes/dendritic cells, B cells, CD3+PRF1+ lymphocytes, CD3+PRF1- lymphocytes, and basophils. Comparative analyses revealed many cell populations analogous to human PBMC, including transcriptionally heterogeneous monocytes and distinct dendritic cell subsets (cDC1, cDC2, plasmacytoid DC). Remarkably, we found that a majority of the equine peripheral B cell compartment is comprised of T-bet+ B cells, an immune cell subpopulation typically associated with chronic infection and inflammation in human and mouse. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results demonstrate the potential of scRNA-Seq for cellular analyses in non-traditional model organisms and form the basis for an immune cell atlas of horse peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roosheel S Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Joy E Tomlinson
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Thomas J Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Brad R Rosenberg
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Menarim BC, Gillis KH, Oliver A, Ngo Y, Werre SR, Barrett SH, Rodgerson DH, Dahlgren LA. Macrophage Activation in the Synovium of Healthy and Osteoarthritic Equine Joints. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:568756. [PMID: 33324696 PMCID: PMC7726135 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.568756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Synovitis is a major component of osteoarthritis and is driven primarily by macrophages. Synovial macrophages are crucial for joint homeostasis (M2-like phenotype), but induce inflammation (M1-like) when regulatory functions become overwhelmed. Macrophage phenotypes in synovium from osteoarthritic and healthy joints are poorly characterized; however, comparative knowledge of their phenotypes during health and disease is paramount for developing targeted treatments. This study compared patterns of macrophage activation in healthy and osteoarthritic equine synovium and correlated histology with cytokine/chemokine profiles in synovial fluid. Synovial histology and immunohistochemistry for M1-like (CD86), M2-like (CD206, IL-10), and pan macrophage (CD14) markers were performed on biopsies from 29 healthy and 26 osteoarthritic equine joints. Synovial fluid cytokines (MCP-1, IL-10, PGE2, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1ra) and growth factors (GM-CSF, SDF-1α+β, IGF-1, and FGF-2) were quantified. Macrophage phenotypes were not as clearly defined in vivo as they are in vitro. All macrophage markers were expressed with minimal differences between OA and normal joints. Expression for all markers increased proportionate to synovial inflammation, especially CD86. Synovial fluid MCP-1 was higher in osteoarthritic joints while SDF-1 and IL-10 were lower, and PGE2 concentrations did not differ between groups. Increased CD14/CD86/CD206/IL-10 expression was associated with synovial hyperplasia, consistent with macrophage recruitment and activation in response to injury. Lower synovial fluid IL-10 could suggest that homeostatic mechanisms from synovial macrophages became overwhelmed preventing inflammation resolution, resulting in chronic inflammation and OA. Further investigations into mechanisms of arthritis resolution are warranted. Developing pro-resolving therapies may provide superior results in the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C. Menarim
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Kiersten H. Gillis
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Andrea Oliver
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Ying Ngo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Stephen R. Werre
- Laboratory for Study Design and Statistical Analysis, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Sarah H. Barrett
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | | | - Linda A. Dahlgren
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Menarim BC, Gillis KH, Oliver A, Mason C, Werre SR, Luo X, Byron CR, Kalbfleisch TS, MacLeod JN, Dahlgren LA. Inflamed synovial fluid induces a homeostatic response in bone marrow mononuclear cells in vitro: Implications for joint therapy. FASEB J 2020; 34:4430-4444. [PMID: 32030831 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902698r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Synovial inflammation is a central feature of osteoarthritis (OA), elicited when local regulatory macrophages (M2-like) become overwhelmed, activating an inflammatory response (M1-like). Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMNC) are a source of naïve macrophages capable of reducing joint inflammation and producing molecules essential for cartilage metabolism. This study investigated the response of BMNC to normal (SF) and inflamed synovial fluid (ISF). Equine BMNC cultured in autologous SF or ISF (n = 8 horses) developed into macrophage-rich cultures with phenotypes similar to cells native to normal SF and became more confluent in ISF (~100%) than SF (~25%). BMNC cultured in SF or ISF were neither M1- nor M2-like, but exhibited aspects of both phenotypes and a regulatory immune response, characterized by increasing counts of IL-10+ macrophages, decreasing IL-1β concentrations and progressively increasing IL-10 and IGF-1 concentrations. Changes were more marked in ISF and suggest that homeostatic mechanisms were preserved over time and were potentially favored by progressive cell proliferation. Collectively, our data suggest that intra-articular BMNC could increase synovial macrophage counts, potentiating the macrophage- and IL-10-associated mechanisms of joint homeostasis lost during the progression of OA, preserving the production of cytokines involved in tissue repair (PGE2 , IL-10) generally impaired by frequently used corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C Menarim
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kiersten H Gillis
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Andrea Oliver
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Caitlin Mason
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Stephen R Werre
- Laboratory for Study Design and Statistical Analysis, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Christopher R Byron
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Theodore S Kalbfleisch
- Maxwell Gluck Equine Research Center, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - James N MacLeod
- Maxwell Gluck Equine Research Center, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Linda A Dahlgren
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Menarim BC, Gillis KH, Oliver A, Mason C, Ngo Y, Werre SR, Barrett SH, Luo X, Byron CR, Dahlgren LA. Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells modulate joint homeostasis in an equine in vivo model of synovitis. FASEB J 2019; 33:14337-14353. [PMID: 31665925 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901684rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by macrophage-driven synovitis. Macrophages promote synovial health but become inflammatory when their regulatory functions are overwhelmed. Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMNCs) are a rich source of macrophage progenitors used for treating chronic inflammation and produce essential molecules for cartilage metabolism. This study investigated the response to autologous BMNC injection in normal and inflamed joints. Synovitis was induced in both radiocarpal joints of 6 horses. After 8 h, 1 inflamed radiocarpal and 1 normal tarsocrural joint received BMNC injection. Contralateral joints were injected with saline. Synovial fluid was collected at 24, 96, and 144 h for cytology, cytokine quantification, and flow cytometry. At 144 h, horses were euthanatized, joints were evaluated, and synovium was harvested for histology and immunohistochemistry. Four days after BMNC treatment, inflamed joints had 24% higher macrophage counts with 10% more IL-10+ cells than saline-treated controls. BMNC-treated joints showed gross and analytical improvements in synovial fluid and synovial membrane, with increasing regulatory macrophages and synovial fluid IL-10 concentrations compared with saline-treated controls. BMNC-treated joints were comparable to healthy joints histologically, which remained abnormal in saline-treated controls. Autologous BMNCs are readily available, regulate synovitis through macrophage-associated effects, and can benefit thousands of patients with OA.-Menarim, B. C., Gillis, K. H., Oliver, A., Mason, C., Ngo, Y., Werre, S. R., Barrett, S. H., Luo, X., Byron, C. R., Dahlgren, L. A. Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells modulate joint homeostasis in an equine in vivo model of synovitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C Menarim
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Kiersten H Gillis
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Andrea Oliver
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Caitlin Mason
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Ying Ngo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Stephen R Werre
- Laboratory for Study Design and Statistical Analysis, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; and
| | - Sarah H Barrett
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Christopher R Byron
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Linda A Dahlgren
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Merlo B, Teti G, Mazzotti E, Ingrà L, Salvatore V, Buzzi M, Cerqueni G, Dicarlo M, Lanci A, Castagnetti C, Iacono E. Wharton's Jelly Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Comparing Human and Horse. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 14:574-584. [PMID: 29508214 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-018-9803-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Wharton's jelly (WJ) is an important source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) both in human and other animals. The aim of this study was to compare human and equine WJMSCs. Human and equine WJMSCs were isolated and cultured using the same protocols and culture media. Cells were characterized by analysing morphology, growth rate, migration and adhesion capability, immunophenotype, differentiation potential and ultrastructure. Results showed that human and equine WJMSCs have similar ultrastructural details connected with intense synthetic and metabolic activity, but differ in growth, migration, adhesion capability and differentiation potential. In fact, at the scratch assay and transwell migration assay, the migration ability of human WJMSCs was higher (P < 0.05) than that of equine cells, while the volume of spheroids obtained after 48 h of culture in hanging drop was larger than the volume of equine ones (P < 0.05), demonstrating a lower cell adhesion ability. This can also revealed in the lower doubling time of equine cells (3.5 ± 2.4 days) as compared to human (6.5 ± 4.3 days) (P < 0.05), and subsequently in the higher number of cell doubling after 44 days of culture observed for the equine (20.3 ± 1.7) as compared to human cells (8.7 ± 2.4) (P < 0.05), and to the higher (P < 0.05) ability to form fibroblast colonies at P3. Even if in both species tri-lineage differentiation was achieved, equine cells showed an higher chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation ability (P < 0.05). Our findings indicate that, although the ultrastructure demonstrated a staminal phenotype in human and equine WJMSCs, they showed different properties reflecting the different sources of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Merlo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Teti
- Department for Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Eleonora Mazzotti
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, via R. Balzarini 1, 64100, Teramo, TE, Italy
| | - Laura Ingrà
- Department for Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Viviana Salvatore
- An2H Discovery Limited, National Institute for Cellular Bioetchnology (NICB), Dublin City University Campus, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Marina Buzzi
- Banca dei Tessuti, del Sangue cordonale e Biobanca Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Cerqueni
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Manuela Dicarlo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Aliai Lanci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Carolina Castagnetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Eleonora Iacono
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
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Tomlinson JE, Wagner B, Felippe MJB, Van de Walle GR. Multispectral fluorescence-activated cell sorting of B and T cell subpopulations from equine peripheral blood. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 199:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cooper CJ, Keller SM, Arroyo LG, Hewson J, Kenney D, Bienzle D. Acute Leukemia in Horses. Vet Pathol 2017; 55:159-172. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985817720983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia is broadly divided into acute and chronic lymphocytic and myeloid types based on the proportion of blasts, morphology of cells, and expression of specific antigens on neoplastic cells. Classifying leukemia in horses can be challenging if blasts predominate and since few antibodies to identify cell types are available. The objective of this study was to describe in detail the clinical and pathologic features of acute leukemia in horses. Twelve horses ranging from 0.2 to 25.9 years of age were diagnosed with acute leukemia. Six cases were classified as acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) based on predominance of blasts, lack of granulocytic or monocytic differentiation, and detection of CD3, CD20, and/or CD79a antigens by immunohistochemistry. Six other cases were classified as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with myelomonocytic ( n = 4), basophilic ( n = 1), and eosinophilic ( n = 1) differentiation based on > 20% bone marrow blasts and partial leukocytic differentiation. Reactivity with antibodies to Iba-1/AIF-1, CD172a, and CD163 was determined for all cases of AML. Eleven horses had thrombocytopenia, 10 had neutropenia, 8 had anemia, all had blasts on blood films, and none had leukocytosis. Ten horses had increased serum acute phase proteins. Bone marrow cellularity ranged from 30% to 100%, and the proportion of blasts ranged from 80% to 100% and 30% to 60% in ALL and AML, respectively. Horses were severely ill at diagnosis and euthanized within days or weeks. Unique features of acute leukemia in horses compared to other species were variable lymphocyte antigen expression (ALL) and frequent inflammation (ALL and AML).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina J. Cooper
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan M. Keller
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luis G. Arroyo
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanne Hewson
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Kenney
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dorothee Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Tallmadge RL, Miller SC, Parry SA, Felippe MJB. Antigen-specific immunoglobulin variable region sequencing measures humoral immune response to vaccination in the equine neonate. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177831. [PMID: 28520789 PMCID: PMC5433778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The value of prophylactic neonatal vaccination is challenged by the interference of passively transferred maternal antibodies and immune competence at birth. Taken our previous studies on equine B cell ontogeny, we hypothesized that the equine neonate generates a diverse immunoglobulin repertoire in response to vaccination, independently of circulating maternal antibodies. In this study, equine neonates were vaccinated with 3 doses of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or equine influenza vaccine, and humoral immune responses were assessed using antigen-specific serum antibodies and B cell Ig variable region sequencing. An increase (p<0.0001) in serum KLH-specific IgG level was measured between days 21 and days 28, 35 and 42 in vaccinated foals from non-vaccinated mares. In vaccinated foals from vaccinated mares, serum KLH-specific IgG levels tended to increase at day 42 (p = 0.07). In contrast, serum influenza-specific IgG levels rapidly decreased (p≤0.05) in vaccinated foals from vaccinated mares within the study period. Nevertheless, IGHM and IGHG sequences were detected in KLH- and influenza- sorted B cells of vaccinated foals, independently of maternal vaccination status. Immunoglobulin nucleotide germline identity, IGHV gene usage and CDR length of antigen-specific IGHG sequences in B cells of vaccinated foals revealed a diverse immunoglobulin repertoire with isotype switching that was comparable between groups and to vaccinated mares. The low expression of CD27 memory marker in antigen-specific B cells, and of cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells upon in vitro immunogen stimulation indicated limited lymphocyte population expansion in response to vaccine during the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Tallmadge
- Equine Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Steven C. Miller
- Equine Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephen A. Parry
- Cornell Statistical Consulting Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria Julia B. Felippe
- Equine Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Prieto JMB, Tallmadge RL, Felippe MJB. Developmental expression of B cell molecules in equine lymphoid tissues. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 183:60-71. [PMID: 28063478 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Identification and classification of B cell subpopulations has been shown to be challenging and inconsistent among different species. Our study tested aspects of ontogeny, phenotype, tissue distribution, and function of equine CD5hi B cells, which represented a greater proportion of B cells early in development and in the peritoneal cavity. CD5hi and CD5lo B cells differentially expressed B cell markers (CD2, CD21, IgM) measured using flow cytometry, but similar mRNA expression of signature genes (DGKA, FGL2, PAX5, IGHM, IL10) measured using quantitative RT-PCR. Sequencing lambda light chain segments revealed that CD5hi B cells generated diverse immunoglobulin repertoires, and more frequently bound to fluorescence-labeled phosphorylcholine. This study shows developmental characteristics and tissue distribution of a newly described subpopulation of B cells in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M B Prieto
- Equine Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - R L Tallmadge
- Equine Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - M J B Felippe
- Equine Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Applied Protein and Molecular Techniques for Characterization of B Cell Neoplasms in Horses. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:1133-45. [PMID: 26311245 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00374-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mature B cell neoplasms cover a spectrum of diseases involving lymphoid tissues (lymphoma) or blood (leukemia), with an overlap between these two presentations. Previous studies describing equine lymphoid neoplasias have not included analyses of clonality using molecular techniques. The objective of this study was to use molecular techniques to advance the classification of B cell lymphoproliferative diseases in five adult equine patients with a rare condition of monoclonal gammopathy, B cell leukemia, and concurrent lymphadenopathy (lymphoma/leukemia). The B cell neoplasms were phenotypically characterized by gene and cell surface molecule expression, secreted immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype concentrations, Ig heavy-chain variable (IGHV) region domain sequencing, and spectratyping. All five patients had hyperglobulinemia due to IgG1 or IgG4/7 monoclonal gammopathy. Peripheral blood leukocyte immunophenotyping revealed high proportions of IgG1- or IgG4/7-positive cells and relative T cell lymphopenia. Most leukemic cells lacked the surface B cell markers CD19 and CD21. IGHG1 or IGHG4/7 gene expression was consistent with surface protein expression, and secreted isotype and Ig spectratyping revealed one dominant monoclonal peak. The mRNA expression of the B cell-associated developmental genes EBF1, PAX5, and CD19 was high compared to that of the plasma cell-associated marker CD38. Sequence analysis of the IGHV domain of leukemic cells revealed mutated Igs. In conclusion, the protein and molecular techniques used in this study identified neoplastic cells compatible with a developmental transition between B cell and plasma cell stages, and they can be used for the classification of equine B cell lymphoproliferative disease.
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Kol A, Wood JA, Carrade Holt DD, Gillette JA, Bohannon-Worsley LK, Puchalski SM, Walker NJ, Clark KC, Watson JL, Borjesson DL. Multiple intravenous injections of allogeneic equine mesenchymal stem cells do not induce a systemic inflammatory response but do alter lymphocyte subsets in healthy horses. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:73. [PMID: 25888916 PMCID: PMC4446064 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intravenous (IV) injection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is used to treat systemic human diseases and disorders but is not routinely used in equine therapy. In horses, MSCs are isolated primarily from adipose tissue (AT) or bone marrow (BM) and used for treatment of orthopedic injuries through one or more local injections. The objective of this study was to determine the safety and lymphocyte response to multiple allogeneic IV injections of either AT-derived MSCs (AT-MSCs) or BM-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) to healthy horses. METHODS We injected three doses of 25 × 10(6) allogeneic MSCs from either AT or BM (a total of 75 × 10(6) MSCs per horse) into five and five, respectively, healthy horses. Horses were followed up for 35 days after the first MSC infusion. We evaluated host inflammatory and immune response, including total leukocyte numbers, serum cytokine concentration, and splenic lymphocyte subsets. RESULTS Repeated injection of allogeneic AT-MSCs or BM-MSCs did not elicit any clinical adverse effects. Repeated BM-MSC injection resulted in increased blood CD8(+) T-cell numbers. Multiple BM-MSC injections also increased splenic regulatory T cell numbers compared with AT-MSC-injected horses but not controls. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that multiple IV injections of allogeneic MSCs are well tolerated by healthy horses. No clinical signs or clinico-pathologic measurements of organ toxicity or systemic inflammatory response were recorded. Increased numbers of circulating CD8(+) T cells after multiple IV injections of allogeneic BM-MSCs may indicate a mild allo-antigen-directed cytotoxic response. Safety and efficacy of allogeneic MSC IV infusions in sick horses remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Kol
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Joshua A Wood
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Danielle D Carrade Holt
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Jessica A Gillette
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Laurie K Bohannon-Worsley
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Sarah M Puchalski
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Naomi J Walker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Kaitlin C Clark
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Johanna L Watson
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Dori L Borjesson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Gittel C, Brehm W, Burk J, Juelke H, Staszyk C, Ribitsch I. Isolation of equine multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells by enzymatic tissue digestion or explant technique: comparison of cellular properties. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:221. [PMID: 24168625 PMCID: PMC4228449 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of tendon lesions with multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is widely used in equine medicine. Cell sources of MSCs include bone marrow, as well as solid tissues such as adipose tissue. MSCs can be isolated from these solid tissues either by enzymatic digestion or by explant technique. However, the different preparation techniques may potentially influence the properties of the isolated MSCs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of these two different methods used to isolate MSCs from solid tissues.Equine adipose tissue, tendon and umbilical cord matrix served as solid tissue sources of MSCs with different stiffness and density. Subsequent to tissue harvest, MSCs were isolated either by enzymatic digestion with collagenase or by explant technique. Cell yield, growth, differentiation potential and tendon marker expression were analysed. RESULTS At first passage, the MSC yield was significantly higher in enzymatically digested tissue samples than in explanted tissue samples, despite a shorter period of time in primary culture. Further analysis of cell proliferation, migration and differentiation revealed no significant differences between MSCs isolated by enzymatic digestion and MSCs isolated by explant technique. Interestingly, analysis of gene expression of tendon markers revealed a significantly higher expression level of scleraxis in MSCs isolated by enzymatic digestion. CONCLUSIONS Both isolation techniques are feasible methods for successful isolation of MSCs from solid tissues, with no major effects on cellular proliferation, migration or differentiation characteristics. However, higher MSC yields were achieved in a shorter period of time by collagenase digestion, which is advantageous for the therapeutic use of MSCs. Moreover, based on the higher level of expression of scleraxis in MSCs isolated by enzymatic digestion, these cells might be a better choice when attempting tendon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gittel
- Large Animal Clinic for Surgery, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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