1
|
Kabiljo J, Laengle J, Bergmann M. From threat to cure: understanding of virus-induced cell death leads to highly immunogenic oncolytic influenza viruses. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:48. [PMID: 32542113 PMCID: PMC7288254 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-0284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses constitute an emerging strategy in immunomodulatory cancer treatment. The first oncolytic virus, Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), based on herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) in 2015. The field of oncolytic virotherapy is still in its beginnings, since many promising viruses remain only superficially explored. Influenza A virus causes a highly immunogenic acute infection but never leads to a chronic disease. While oncolytic influenza A viruses are in preclinical development, they have not made the transition into clinical practice yet. Recent insights into different types of cell death caused by influenza A virus infection illuminate novel possibilities of enhancing its therapeutic effect. Genetic engineering and experience in influenza A virus vaccine development allow safe application of the virus in patients. In this review we give a summary of efforts undertaken to develop oncolytic influenza A viruses. We discuss strategies for targeting viral replication to cancerous lesions and arming them with immunogenic transgenes. We furthermore describe which modes of cell death are induced by influenza A virus infection and how these insights may be utilized to optimize influenza A virus-based oncolytic virus design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julijan Kabiljo
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Laengle
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Bergmann
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cui X, Ji Y, Wang Z, Du Y, Guo H, Wang L, Chen H, Zhu Q. A 113-amino-acid truncation at the NS1 C-terminus is a determinant for viral replication of H5N6 avian influenza virus in vitro and in vivo. Vet Microbiol 2018; 225:6-16. [PMID: 30322535 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Virulence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (AIV) is determined by multiple genes and their encoded proteins. In particular, the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of viruses is a multifunctional protein that plays an important role in type I interferon (IFN) antagonism, pathogenicity, and determining viral host range. Naturally-occurring truncation or mutation of NS1 during virus evolution attenuates viral replication and pathogenicity, but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain poorly understood. In the present study, we rescued an H5N6 AIV harboring a 113-amino-acid (aa) truncated NS1 at the C-terminus that had previously naturally occurred in an H3N8 equine influenza virus (designated as rHN109 NS1/112). The replication and pathogenicity of the rescued and parental viruses were then assessed in vitro in cells and in vivo in chickens and mice. Replication of rHN109 NS1/112 virus was significantly attenuated in various cells compared to its parental virus. The attenuation of rHN109 NS1/112 virus was subsequently clarified by investigating the effects on IFN and apoptosis signaling pathways via multiple experiments. The results indicated that the 113-aa truncation of NS1 impairs viral inhibition of IFN production and enhances cellular apoptosis in avian and mammalian cells. Animal studies further indicated that replication of the rHN109 NS1/112 virus is remarkably attenuated in chickens. The results of this study improve our understanding of C-terminal region function for NS1 proteins of influenza viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaole Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, PR China
| | - Yanhong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, PR China
| | - Zhengxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, PR China
| | - Yingying Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, PR China
| | - Haoran Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, PR China
| | - Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, PR China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, PR China
| | - Qiyun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qi X, Zhang H, Wang Q, Wang J. The NS1 protein of avian influenza virus H9N2 induces oxidative-stress-mediated chicken oviduct epithelial cells apoptosis. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:3183-3192. [PMID: 27902334 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus infection (AIV) in hens is often related to oviduct tissue damage. The viral non-structural NS1 protein is thought to play a key role in regulating the pathogenicity of AIV, but its exact function in this process remains elusive. In this study, the pro-apoptosis effect of H9N2 NS1 protein was examined on chicken oviduct epithelial cells (COECs) and our data indicated that NS1-induced oxidative stress was a contributing factor in apoptosis. Our data indicate that NS1 protein level was correlated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) in COECs transfected with NS1 expression plasmids. Interestingly, decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase, were observed in NS1-transfected COECs. Treatment of COECs with antioxidants, such as pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) or N-acetylcysteine (NAC), significantly inhibited NS1-induced apoptosis. Moreover, although antioxidant treatment has little effect on the activation of caspase-8 in NS1-transfected cells, the activation of caspase-3/9 and Bax/Bcl-2 were significantly downregulated. Taken together, the results of our study demonstrated that expression of H9N2 NS1 alone is sufficient to trigger oxidative stress in COECs. Additionally, NS1 protein can induce cellular apoptosis via activating ROS accumulation and mitochondria-mediated apoptotic signalling in COECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Qi
- Veterinary Medicine College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Huizhu Zhang
- Veterinary Medicine College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Qiuzhen Wang
- Veterinary Medicine College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Veterinary Medicine College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| |
Collapse
|