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Bulun H, Bridger PS, Schillinger S, Akineden Ö, Barth SA, Fischer M, Henrich M, Seeger T, Doll K, Bülte M, Bauerfeind R, Menge C. Interferon-gamma producing CD4 + T cells quantified by flow cytometry as early markers for Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle. Vet Res 2024; 55:69. [PMID: 38822400 PMCID: PMC11143577 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Current diagnostic methods for Johne's disease in cattle allow reliable detection of infections with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) not before animals are 2 years of age. Applying a flow cytometry-based approach (FCA) to quantify a MAP-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) response in T cell subsets, the present study sought to monitor the kinetics of the cell-mediated immune response in experimentally infected calves. Six MAP-negative calves and six calves, orally inoculated with MAP at 10 days of age, were sampled every 4 weeks for 52 weeks post-inoculation (wpi). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated with either purified protein derivatives (PPD) or whole cell sonicates derived from MAP (WCSj), M. avium ssp. avium or M. phlei for 6 days followed by labeling of intracellular IFN-γ in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. No antigen-specific IFN-γ production was detectable in CD8+ cells throughout and the responses of CD4+ cells of MAP-infected and control calves were similar up to 12 wpi. However, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) for the detection of IFN-γ in CD4+ cells after WCSj antigen stimulation allowed for a differentiation of animal groups from 16 wpi onwards. This approach had a superior sensitivity (87.8%) and specificity (86.8%) to detect infected animals from 16 wpi onwards, i.e., in an early infection stage, as compared to the IFN-γ release assay (IGRA). Quantification of specific IFN-γ production at the level of individual CD4+ cells may serve, therefore, as a valuable tool to identify MAP-infected juvenile cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Bulun
- Institute for Hygiene & Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Philip S Bridger
- Institute for Hygiene & Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Simone Schillinger
- Institute for Hygiene & Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ömer Akineden
- Institute for Veterinary Food Sciences, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefanie A Barth
- Institute for Hygiene & Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany
| | - Marta Fischer
- Institute for Veterinary Food Sciences, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Manfred Henrich
- Department for Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Torsten Seeger
- Clinic for Ruminants & Swine, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Doll
- Clinic for Ruminants & Swine, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Bülte
- Institute for Veterinary Food Sciences, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rolf Bauerfeind
- Institute for Hygiene & Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Menge
- Institute for Hygiene & Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany.
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Ingratta GG, Stempler A, Fernández B, Colavecchia SB, Jolly A, Minatel L, Paolicchi FA, Mundo SL. Early-stage findings in an experimental calf model infected with Argentinean isolates of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 259:110595. [PMID: 37058952 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is an important pathogen that causes granulomatous enteritis known as Johne's disease or paratuberculosis (PTB). In this study an experimental model of calves infected with Argentinean isolates of MAP for 180 days was used to provide more data of the early PTB stages. Calves were challenged by oral route with MAP strain IS900-RFLPA (MA; n = 3), MAP strain IS900-RFLPC (MC; n = 2) or mock infected (MI; n = 2), and response to infection was evaluated through peripheral cytokine expression, MAP tissue distribution and histopathological early-stage findings. Specific and varied levels of IFN-γ were only detected at 80 days post-infection in infected calves. These data indicate that specific IFN-γ is not a useful indicator for early detection of MAP infection in our calf model. At 110 days post-infection, TNF-α expression was higher than IL-10 in 4 of the 5 infected animals and a significant decrease of TNF-α expression was detected in infected vs. non-infected calves. All calves challenged were identified as infected by mesenteric lymph node tissue culture and real time IS900 PCR. In addition, for lymph nodes samples, the agreement between these techniques was almost perfect (κ = 0.86). Colonization of tissues and levels of tissue infection varied between individuals. Evidence of early MAP dissemination to extraintestinal tissues such as the liver was detected by culture in one animal (MAP strain IS900-RFLPA). In both groups microgranulomatous lesions were observed predominantly in the lymph nodes, with giant cells present only in the MA group. In summary, the findings described herein may indicate that local MAP strains induced specific immune responses with particularities that could suggest differences in their biological behavior. Further studies should be carried out in order to obtain an in-depth understanding of the influence of MAP strains in host-pathogen interactions and the outcome of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Gabriela Ingratta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Stempler
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bárbara Fernández
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Silvia Beatriz Colavecchia
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Jolly
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Minatel
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Patología, Av. San Martín 5285, C1417DSM Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Alberto Paolicchi
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Ruta 226, Km 73.5, Balcarce B7620BEN, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Departamento de Producción Animal, Ruta 226, Km 73.5, Balcarce B7620BEN, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Leonor Mundo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Jolly A, Fernández B, Stempler A, Ingratta G, Postma G, Boviez J, Lombardo D, Hajos S, Mundo SL. Antibodies from healthy or paratuberculosis infected cows have different effects on Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis invasion in a calf ileal loop model. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 245:110381. [PMID: 35033737 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we used a calf ileal loop model to evaluate whether the preincubation of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) with antibodies from healthy, MAP-positive or Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) immunized cows could affect the results of infection after 3.5 h. Bacterial load in tissue was assessed by Ziehl-Neelsen and by culture for each loop. MAP was detectable in all infected loops after 3.5 h.p.i.; although the presence of antibodies from MAP-positive cows significantly reduced bacterial load in loops as compared with antibodies from healthy donors (by Ziehl-Neelsen and culture, p-value < 0.003 and 0.0203, respectively). A possible direct effect of antibodies on MAP viability was shown to be not significant. Severity of histopathologic changes induced by MAP infection also varied according to the pretreatment: MAP induced less changes when inoculated in the presence of antibodies from MAP-positive cows as compared with antibodies from healthy donors. Overall, our results show that the presence of antibodies from MAP-positive cows reduced MAP invasion and consequent early histological changes in this ileal short-term loop model. These results may suggest a protective role of antibodies in the response against MAP at the portal of entry in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jolly
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, (0054) 115287-2155, Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bárbara Fernández
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, (0054) 115287-2155, Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Stempler
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, (0054) 115287-2155, Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Giselle Ingratta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, (0054) 115287-2155, Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Postma
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Patología, 115287-2512, Av. San Martín 5285, C1417DSM, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Boviez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Cátedra de Histología y Embriología, (0054) 115287-2038, Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Lombardo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Cátedra de Histología y Embriología, (0054) 115287-2038, Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Hajos
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), (0054)114964-8260, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia L Mundo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, (0054) 115287-2155, Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Synthetic cathelicidin LL-37 reduces Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis internalization and pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 379:207-217. [PMID: 31478135 PMCID: PMC7224033 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes chronic diarrheic intestinal infections in domestic and wild ruminants (paratuberculosis or Johne’s disease) for which there is no effective treatment. Critical in the pathogenesis of MAP infection is the invasion and survival into macrophages, immune cells with ability to carry on phagocytosis of microbes. In a search for effective therapeutics, our objective was to determine whether human cathelicidin LL-37, a small peptide secreted by leuckocytes and epithelial cells, enhances the macrophage ability to clear MAP infection. In murine (J774A.1) macrophages, MAP was quickly internalized, as determined by confocal microscopy using green fluorescence protein expressing MAPs. Macrophages infected with MAP had increased transcriptional gene expression of pro-inflammatory TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1β cytokines and the leukocyte chemoattractant IL-8. Pretreatment of macrophages with synthetic LL-37 reduced MAP load and diminished the transcriptional expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ whereas increased IL-8. Synthetic LL-37 also reduced the gene expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, key for mycobacterial invasion into macrophages. We concluded that cathelicidin LL-37 enhances MAP clearance into macrophages and suppressed production of tissue-damaging inflammatory cytokines. This cathelicidin peptide could represent a foundational molecule to develop therapeutics for controlling MAP infection.
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Fernández B, Colavecchia SB, Ingratta GG, Jolly A, Stempler A, Fortuny ML, Paolicchi FA, Mundo SL. Early IgG2 in calves experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 213:109886. [PMID: 31307667 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of the early stages of paratuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), is a cumbersome task. In this study, an experimental Map-infection model of calves was used to improve the knowledge of early antibody response and to evaluate different in-house ELISAs in the detection of subclinical paratuberculosis. Calves were challenged with Map strain IS900-RFLPA (n = 3) or Map strain IS900-RFLPC (n = 2) (Argentinean isolated strains) or mock infected (n = 3), and their specific humoral response was evaluated. The diagnostic ELISA (IgG against Map protoplasmic antigen; PPA) could not detect the infection throughout the experimental period (180 days post-infection; dpi), whereas the IgG2/PPA-ELISA was able to identify infected calves at least once during the experiment. In addition, the use of crude Map extract detected most of the infections from 60 dpi onwards. Antibodies were also characterized by immunoblot: IgG2-reactivity to antigens of molecular weight lower than 50 kDa was detected in all infected calves. The experimental Map-infection model of calves used allows the study of the early humoral immune response in paratuberculosis. The evaluation of IgG2 specific to antigens lighter than 50 kDa emerges as an interesting alternative in calves naturally infected with paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Fernández
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Silvia Beatriz Colavecchia
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Giselle Gabriela Ingratta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ana Jolly
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ana Stempler
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María Laura Fortuny
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Fernando Alberto Paolicchi
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Ruta 226, Km 73.5, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Balcarce B7620BEN, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Departamento de Producción Animal, Mar del Plata, Ruta 226, Km 73.5, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Balcarce B7620BEN, Argentina.
| | - Silvia Leonor Mundo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Barkema HW, Orsel K, Nielsen SS, Koets AP, Rutten VPMG, Bannantine JP, Keefe GP, Kelton DF, Wells SJ, Whittington RJ, Mackintosh CG, Manning EJ, Weber MF, Heuer C, Forde TL, Ritter C, Roche S, Corbett CS, Wolf R, Griebel PJ, Kastelic JP, De Buck J. Knowledge gaps that hamper prevention and control of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:125-148. [PMID: 28941207 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, many regional and country-wide control programmes for Johne's disease (JD) were developed due to associated economic losses, or because of a possible association with Crohn's disease. These control programmes were often not successful, partly because management protocols were not followed, including the introduction of infected replacement cattle, because tests to identify infected animals were unreliable, and uptake by farmers was not high enough because of a perceived low return on investment. In the absence of a cure or effective commercial vaccines, control of JD is currently primarily based on herd management strategies to avoid infection of cattle and restrict within-farm and farm-to-farm transmission. Although JD control programmes have been implemented in most developed countries, lessons learned from JD prevention and control programmes are underreported. Also, JD control programmes are typically evaluated in a limited number of herds and the duration of the study is less than 5 year, making it difficult to adequately assess the efficacy of control programmes. In this manuscript, we identify the most important gaps in knowledge hampering JD prevention and control programmes, including vaccination and diagnostics. Secondly, we discuss directions that research should take to address those knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - K Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S S Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A P Koets
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - V P M G Rutten
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | | | - G P Keefe
- University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | | | - S J Wells
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - M F Weber
- GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - C Heuer
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - C Ritter
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S Roche
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - C S Corbett
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - R Wolf
- Amt der Steiermärkischen Landesregierung, Graz, Austria
| | | | - J P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Espeschit IF, Schwarz DGG, Faria ACS, Souza MCC, Paolicchi FA, Juste RA, Carvalho IA, Moreira MAS. Paratuberculosis in Latin America: a systematic review. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:1557-1576. [PMID: 28884331 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1385-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Latin America is the definition of the American group, where languages of Latin origin are spoken, including countries in South, Central, and North America. Paratuberculosis is a gastrointestinal contagious chronic disease that affects ruminants, whose etiological agent is the bacilli Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Paratuberculosis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea, decreased milk production, dehydration, and progressive weight loss and is possibly involved in Crohn's disease, a human intestinal disease. MAP is resistant to environmental factors, pasteurization, and water disinfection, which coupled with the subclinical-clinical nature of the disease, and makes paratuberculosis a relevant socioeconomic and public health issue, justifying the descriptive review of research on the disease carried out in Latin American countries. A survey of articles, published until September 2016, on the Scopus database, PubMed, Agris, and Science Direct, about detection of the agent and the disease in Latin America, without restrictions to the date of the research was performed. The keywords were as follows: "paratuberculosis," "Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis," "cattle," "milk," "wildlife," "goat," "ovine," "dairy," and the name of each country in English. Studies found from nine of the 20 Latin America countries, 31 related to Brazil, 17 to Argentina, 14 to Chile, eight to Colombia, six to Mexico, two to Peru, two to Venezuela, and one to Panama and to Bolivia, each. The agent was detected in cattle, goats, sheep, domesticated water buffalo, and wild animals. Microbiological culture, PCR, and ELISA were the frequent techniques. The small number of studies may result in overestimation or underestimation of the real scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Espeschit
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases; Sector of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, PH Rolfs Avenue, University campus, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - D G G Schwarz
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases; Sector of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, PH Rolfs Avenue, University campus, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - A C S Faria
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases; Sector of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, PH Rolfs Avenue, University campus, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - M C C Souza
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases; Sector of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, PH Rolfs Avenue, University campus, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - F A Paolicchi
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnologı́a Agropecuaria, Balcarce, Mar del Plata National University, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - R A Juste
- SERIDA, Ctra. Oviedo sn, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - I A Carvalho
- Pathology Department; Veterinary School, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Campus São Luís, São Luís, Brazil
| | - M A S Moreira
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases; Sector of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, PH Rolfs Avenue, University campus, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
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