1
|
Takai S, Suzuki Y, Sasaki Y, Kakuda T, Ribeiro MG, Makrai L, Witkowski L, Cohen N, Sekizaki T. Short review: Geographical distribution of equine-associated pVAPA plasmids in Rhodococcus equi in the world. Vet Microbiol 2023; 287:109919. [PMID: 38000208 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Virulent Rhodococcus equi strains expressing virulence-associated 15-17 kDa protein (VapA) and having a large virulence plasmid (pVAPA) of 85-90 kb containing vapA gene are pathogenic for horses. In the last two decades, following pVAPA, two host-associated virulence plasmid types of R. equi have been discovered: a circular plasmid, pVAPB, associated with porcine isolates in 1995, and a recently detected linear plasmid, pVAPN, related to bovine and caprine isolates. Molecular epidemiological studies of R. equi infection in foals on horse-breeding farms in Japan and many countries around the world have been conducted in the last three decades, and the epidemiological studies using restriction enzyme digestion patterns of plasmid DNAs from virulent isolates have shown 14 distinct pVAPA subtypes and their geographical preference. This short review summarizes previous reports regarding equine-associated pVAPA subtypes in the world and discusses their geographic distribution from the standpoint of horse movements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Takai
- Department of Animal Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
| | - Yasunori Suzuki
- Department of Animal Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Yukako Sasaki
- Department of Animal Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kakuda
- Department of Animal Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Márcio Garcia Ribeiro
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - László Makrai
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Hungária krt. 23-25, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lucjan Witkowski
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Noah Cohen
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Tsutomu Sekizaki
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Development and Application of a Multiplex Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Simultaneous Detection of Bacterial Aetiologic Agents Associated With Equine Venereal Diseases. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 105:103721. [PMID: 34607681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Venereal diseases caused by bacteria are important to the equine industry due to economic losses caused by decline of conception rate in breeding horses. Therefore, identification of infected animals as well as the implementation of appropriate managerial procedures based on accurate diagnosis is critical. In this study, two types of multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction with high sensitivity and specificity were developed for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of five commonly associated bacterial pathogens of venereal diseases in horses, consisting of Taylorella equigenitalis, Taylorella asinigenitalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus zooepidemicus. The assay was applied to samples collected as part of the surveillance of T.equigenitalis infection in South Korea. Swab samples collected from horses in 2015 were tested. T. equigenitalis and K. pneumoniae was detected in 21 (21.0%) and two (2.0%) samples, respectively. No samples were positive for T. asinigenitalis, P. aeruginosa, and S. zooepidemicus. Application of this assay to an existing surveillance program has allowed for an enhanced surveillance for a wider range of venereal diseases of equine to be implemented in South Korea.
Collapse
|
3
|
Wilsher S, Omar H, Ismer A, Allen T, Wernery U, Joseph M, Mawhinney I, Florea L, Thurston L, Duquesne F, Petry S. A new strain of Taylorella asinigenitalis shows differing pathogenicity in mares and Jenny donkeys. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:990-995. [PMID: 33174229 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three horse mares inadvertently inseminated with semen from a Tayorella asinigenitalis-positive Jack donkey developed severe, purulent endometritis whereas two Jenny donkeys mated naturally to the same Jack donkey did not develop clinical signs of infection. OBJECTIVES To isolate and identify the causative agent. STUDY DESIGN Case report. METHODS Endometrial swabs from the infected mares were cultured on selective and non-selective media under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions. Isolates were subjected to Gram staining, oxidase and catalase tests, the Monotayl Latex Agglutination test and PCR to test for both T. equigenitalis and T. asinigenitalis. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed and the bacterial isolate was genotyped using MLST. RESULTS A new sequence type of T. asinigenitalis was confirmed. MAIN LIMITATIONS A limited numbers of mares and donkeys are described. CONCLUSIONS This strain of T. asinigenitalis causes a severe venereal infection in mares but not in Jenny donkeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hussein Omar
- Sharjah Equine Hospital, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ann Ismer
- Sharjah Equine Hospital, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Twink Allen
- Sharjah Equine Hospital, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ulli Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Marina Joseph
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ian Mawhinney
- APHA Veterinary Investigation Laboratory, Suffolk, UK
| | - Laura Florea
- APHA Veterinary Investigation Centre, Merrythought, Calthwaite, UK
| | - Lisa Thurston
- APHA Veterinary Investigation Centre, Merrythought, Calthwaite, UK
| | - Fabien Duquesne
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France
| | - Sandrine Petry
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Comparative Semen Microbiota Composition of a Stallion in a Taylorella equigenitalis Carrier and Non-Carrier State. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050868. [PMID: 32429567 PMCID: PMC7278458 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Contagious equine metritis carriers have become a new cause of concern in horse stud farms. Their detection can result in significant financial loss and force owners to have their animals undergo antibiotic treatment. Current research has not been able to satisfactorily explain the appearance of carriers in agent-free farms. Studies made on microbial flora have given new insights into the diagnosis and treatment of different issues in animal systems. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a powerful tool that can draw an accurate picture of microbial flora. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the seminal bacterial composition of one stallion before and after being diagnosed with Taylorella equigenitalis using NGS. Our results show that the microbial seminal flora visibly changed between the samples analyzed. Corynebacteriaceae, an opportunistic bacterial family, was more common in the infected sample. However, Porphyromonadaceae, a natural component in several tissues, was more abundant in the negative sample. Despite the constraints of a single-case study, these findings can open the door to new therapeutic tools, as flora transplants. Similarly, seminal flora analysis may foresee microbial shifts, letting practitioners take preventive actions before a potential outbreak. Furthermore, these actions would have the extra benefit of reducing the administration of antibiotics to treat an infection. Abstract Contagious equine metritis is receiving renewed attention due to the continuous detection of carriers in apparent agent-free farms. Interactions of Taylorella with the seminal microflora may be the plausible cause behind these spontaneous changes of the carrier state. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to compare the differences in the seminal microbiome composition of one stallion in the contagious equine metritis carrier state and non-carrier state. Samples were cryopreserved after their extraction. Cell disruption was performed by high-speed homogenization in grinding media. Bacterial families were identified via V3 amplification of the 16S rRNA gene and Ion Torrent sequencing. Only bacterial families with relative abundance above 5% were taken into consideration. The positive sample contained a strong dominance of Corynebacteriaceae (37.75%) and Peptoniphilaceae (28.56%). In the negative sample, the Porphyromonadaceae (20.51%), Bacteroidaceae (19.25%) and Peptoniphilaceae (18.57%) families prevailed. In conclusion, the microbiome seminal composition varies when an individual carries Taylorella from when it is free of it. The wider differences were found in the Corynebacteriaceae, Porphyromonadaceae and Bacteroidaceae families. Due to the limitations of a single-case analysis, further studies are needed for a better understanding of the stallion seminal microflora interactions.
Collapse
|
5
|
Overview of spatio-temporal distribution inferred by multi-locus sequence typing of Taylorella equigenitalis isolated worldwide from 1977 to 2018 in equidae. Vet Microbiol 2020; 242:108597. [PMID: 32122601 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The accurate identification of Taylorella equigenitalis strains is essential to improve worldwide prevention and control strategies for contagious equine metritis (CEM). This study compared 367 worldwide equine strains using multilocus sequence typing according to the geographical origin, isolation year and equine breed. The strains were divided into 49 sequence types (STs), including 10 described for the first time. Three major and three minor clonal complexes (CCs), and 11 singletons, were identified. The genetic heterogeneity was low (0.13 STs/strain) despite the wide diversity of geographical origins (n = 16), isolation years (1977-2018) and equine breeds (n = 18). It was highest outside Europe and in the 1977-1997 period; current major STs and CCs already existed before 1998. Previous data associated the major CC1 with the first CEM outbreaks in 1977-1978 in the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States, and revealed its circulation in France. Our study confirms its circulation in France over a longer period of time (1992-2018) and its distribution in Spain and Germany but not throughout Europe. In addition to CC1, relationships between non-European and European countries were observed only through ST4, ST17 and ST30. Within Europe, several STs emerged with cross-border circulation, in particular ST16 and ST46 from the major complexes CC2 and CC8. These results constitute a baseline for monitoring the spread of CEM outbreaks. A retrospective analysis of a higher number of strains isolated worldwide between 1977 and the early 2000s would be helpful to obtain an exhaustive picture of the original CEM situation.
Collapse
|
6
|
May CE, Guthrie AJ, Schulman ML. Direct culture-independent sequence typing of Taylorella equigenitalis obtained from genital swabs and frozen semen samples from South African horses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:792-794. [PMID: 31423914 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719871089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report herein the use of crude extracts obtained from samples of Taylorella equigenitalis-infected horses for the purpose of multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Samples (n = 36) were collected from horses in South Africa from 1996 to 2017: 34 from genital swabs (stored at -20°C for 2-3 y) and 2 from cryopreserved raw semen aliquots (stored at -70°C for 18 y) prior to assay. The MLST assay showed a single sequence type (ST), designated ST4, that supported a point introduction and thus a common source for the South African outbreak of contagious equine metritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E May
- Section of Reproduction, Department of Production Animal Studies (May, Schulman), Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, Gauteng, Republic of South Africa.,Equine Research Centre (Guthrie), Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, Gauteng, Republic of South Africa
| | - Alan J Guthrie
- Section of Reproduction, Department of Production Animal Studies (May, Schulman), Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, Gauteng, Republic of South Africa.,Equine Research Centre (Guthrie), Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, Gauteng, Republic of South Africa
| | - Martin L Schulman
- Section of Reproduction, Department of Production Animal Studies (May, Schulman), Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, Gauteng, Republic of South Africa.,Equine Research Centre (Guthrie), Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, Gauteng, Republic of South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jeoung HY, Lee SK, Park JY, Kim HJ, Yang SJ, Lee SK, Ko JA, Yang HS, Park C, Kim SH, Kang HE, Choi JG. Status of Taylorella equigenitalis Infection in Thoroughbred Horses in the Republic of Korea and the Molecular Characterization of the Korean Taylorella equigenitalis Isolates. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
8
|
Petry S, Breuil MF, Duquesne F, Laugier C. Towards European harmonisation of contagious equine metritis diagnosis through interlaboratory trials. Vet Rec 2018; 183:96. [PMID: 29695449 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The performance of culture and PCR methods routinely used to diagnose contagious equine metritis (CEM) was evaluated and compared by two interlaboratory trials involving a total of 24 European laboratories, including 22 National Reference Laboratories for CEM. Samples were swab specimens artificially contaminated with bacteria present in the genital tract of Equidae, some with and some without Taylorella equigenitalis, the causative agent of CEM, and T asinigenitalis, responsible for possible misidentification as T equigenitalis Throughout both interlaboratory trials, PCR performed better in terms of specificity and sensitivity than the culture method, supporting the assertion that PCR should be accepted for CEM diagnosis. However, the culture performance during the second interlaboratory trial was better than during the first one, suggesting that the expertise of participants improved. This reveals the advantage of regular interlaboratory trials to constantly improve the expertise of laboratories. It also shows the need to develop new culture media that are more selective and/or better geared to the metabolism of T equigenitalis in order to improve the bacteriological diagnosis of CEM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Petry
- Bacteriology Unit, Dozulé Laboratory for Equine Diseases, ANSES, Dozulé, France
| | - Marie-France Breuil
- Bacteriology Unit, Dozulé Laboratory for Equine Diseases, ANSES, Dozulé, France
| | - Fabien Duquesne
- Bacteriology Unit, Dozulé Laboratory for Equine Diseases, ANSES, Dozulé, France
| | - Claire Laugier
- Dozulé Laboratory for Equine Diseases, ANSES, Dozulé, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jeoung HY, Lee KE, Yang SJ, Park T, Lee SK, Lee JH, Kim SH, Kim B, Kim YJ, Park JY. First Isolation of Taylorella equigenitalis From Thoroughbred Horses in South Korea. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
10
|
Genotyping of German and Austrian Taylorella equigenitalis isolates using repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) PCR and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Res Vet Sci 2016; 109:101-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
11
|
Breuil MF, Duquesne F, Leperchois E, Laugier C, Ferry B, Collin G, Petry S. Contagious equine metritis cases reported in France since 2006. Vet Rec 2015; 177:340. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.103349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. - F. Breuil
- Bacteriology and Parasitology Unit; ANSES, Dozulé Laboratory for Equine Diseases; 14430 Dozulé France
| | - F. Duquesne
- Bacteriology and Parasitology Unit; ANSES, Dozulé Laboratory for Equine Diseases; 14430 Dozulé France
| | - E. Leperchois
- Bacteriology and Parasitology Unit; ANSES, Dozulé Laboratory for Equine Diseases; 14430 Dozulé France
| | - C. Laugier
- ANSES, Dozulé Laboratory for Equine Diseases; 14430 Dozulé France
| | - B. Ferry
- La Jumenterie du Pin; IFCE, Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation; Exmes 61310 France
| | - G. Collin
- Clinique de la Madelaine; la Madelaine 14400 Cussy France
| | - S. Petry
- Bacteriology and Parasitology Unit; ANSES, Dozulé Laboratory for Equine Diseases; 14430 Dozulé France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
May CE, Guthrie AJ, Keys B, Joone C, Monyai M, Schulman ML. Polymerase chain reaction-based national surveillance programme to determine the distribution and prevalence of Taylorella equigenitalis in South African horses. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:307-11. [PMID: 25764125 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The response to the first outbreak of contagious equine metritis in South Africa included pioneering a web-based platform to coordinate key aspects of a national, real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based stallion screening programme to determine the distribution and prevalence of Taylorella equigenitalis in stallions and exposed mares. OBJECTIVES To define the hypothesised pre-existing status of T. equigenitalis in the South African equine population and progression of the epidemiological investigation via the implementation of a molecular diagnostic-based surveillance programme. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS Screening for T. equigenitalis was via a qPCR assay on genital swabs obtained from predilection sites in stallions and mares with subsequent confirmation using bacterial culture according to prescribed methods. RESULTS The initial outbreak investigation identified 4 horses including the index stallion and mare. Traceback of in-contact horses identified 26 horses, including a subpopulation focus at the South African Lipizzaner Centre where 24/33 resident stallions tested positive for T. equigenitalis on qPCR. The national screening programme identified an additional 9 stallions. A total of 39 horses (36 stallions and 3 mares) tested positive for T. equigenitalis by qPCR and T. equigenitalis was isolated from 23 of these stallions and 2 of these mares. In addition to the index property, an artificial breeding centre where the index case was first identified, an additional 12 properties with infected horses were identified in 3/9 provinces. Horses on 11 of these 12 properties were directly linked to the index property. Two incidents of T. equigenitalis transmission associated with artificial insemination were recorded. CONCLUSIONS T. equigenitalis was present in a subpopulation focus within the South African horse population prior to the outbreak identification in April 2011. Horizontal fomite-associated spread was the most probable route of transmission between stallions. The targeted surveillance of stallions and exposed mares using a qPCR-based screening programme expedited investigation of the distribution and prevalence of T. equigenitalis infection in South African horses. The application of qPCR provided a sensitive and practical screening test for identification of T. equigenitalis-positive animals as part of an emergency response to the first identified cases of T. equigenitalis infection in South African horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C E May
- Section of Reproduction, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - A J Guthrie
- Equine Research Centre, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - B Keys
- Companion Animal Clinical Studies Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - C Joone
- Equine Research Centre, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - M Monyai
- Equine Research Centre, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - M L Schulman
- Section of Reproduction, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hara Y, Nakajima T, Akamatsu M, Yahiro M, Kagawa S, Petry S, Matsuda M, Moore JE. Development of a novel molecular detection method for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) in Taylorella organisms. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:782-787. [PMID: 25934548 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contagious equine metritis is a bacterial infectious disease of horses caused by Taylorella equigenitalis, a Gram-negative eubacterium. The disease has been described in several continents, including Europe, North America and Asia. A novel molecular method was developed to detect clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs), which were separated by non-repetitive unique spacer regions (NRUSRs) of similar length, in the Taylorella equigenitalis EQ59 strain using a primer pair, f-/r-TeCRISPR-ladder, by PCR amplification. In total, 31 Taylorella isolates (17 T. equigenitalis and 14 Taylorella asinigenitalis) were examined. The T. equigenitalis isolates came from thoroughbred and cold-blooded horses from nine countries during 1980-1996, whilst the T. asinigenitalis isolates all originated from donkey jacks in France and the USA during 1997-2006. PAGE fractionated all of the 13 CRISPRs separated by 12 NRUSRs in T. equigenitalis EQ59. Permutation examples of CRISPRs, which were separated by NRUSRs for small-sized ladders, consisting of two doublet bands were shown. Putative CRISPRs separated by NRUSRs were amplified with 14/17 (82.4 %) geographically disparate T. equigenitalis isolates using the newly designed primer pair. Approximately 82.4 % of the T. equigenitalis isolates had CRISPRs separated by NRUSRs. The CRISPR locus was also found in the French T. asinigenitalis strain MCE3. Putative CRISPRs separated by NRUSRs were detected similarly in 4/14 (28.6 %) T. asinigenitalis isolates. Overall, a more detailed understanding of the molecular biology of CRISPRs within Taylorella organisms may help elucidate the pathogenic virulence and transmission mechanisms associated with this important equine pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Hara
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Environmental Health Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan
| | - Takuya Nakajima
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Environmental Health Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan
| | - Marie Akamatsu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Environmental Health Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan
| | - Motoki Yahiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Environmental Health Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kagawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Environmental Health Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan
| | - Sandrine Petry
- AFSSA, Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches en Pathologie Equine, IPC, Goustranville 14430, France
| | - Motoo Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Environmental Health Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan
| | - John E Moore
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 7AB, UK.,Department of Bacteriology, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Draft Genome Sequence of Taylorella equigenitalis Strain MCE529, Isolated from a Belgian Warmblood Horse. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/6/e01214-14. [PMID: 25428969 PMCID: PMC4246161 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01214-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Taylorella equigenitalis is the causative agent of contagious equine metritis (CEM), a sexually transmitted infection of horses. We herein report the genome sequence of T. equigenitalis strain MCE529, isolated in 2009 from the urethral fossa of a 15-year-old Belgian Warmblood horse in France.
Collapse
|
15
|
Survival of taylorellae in the environmental amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:69. [PMID: 24641089 PMCID: PMC3995319 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taylorella equigenitalis is the causative agent of contagious equine metritis, a sexually-transmitted infection of Equidae characterised in infected mares by abundant mucopurulent vaginal discharge and a variable degree of vaginitis, cervicitis or endometritis, usually resulting in temporary infertility. The second species of the Taylorella genus, Taylorella asinigenitalis, is considered non-pathogenic, although mares experimentally infected with this bacterium can develop clinical signs of endometritis. To date, little is understood about the basic molecular virulence and persistence mechanisms employed by the Taylorella species. To clarify these points, we investigated whether the host-pathogen interaction model Acanthamoeba castellanii was a suitable model for studying taylorellae. Results We herein demonstrate that both species of the Taylorella genus are internalised by a mechanism involving the phagocytic capacity of the amoeba and are able to survive for at least one week inside the amoeba. During this one-week incubation period, taylorellae concentrations remain strikingly constant and no overt toxicity to amoeba cells was observed. Conclusions This study provides the first evidence of the capacity of taylorellae to survive in a natural environment other than the mammalian genital tract, and shows that the alternative infection model, A. castellanii, constitutes a relevant alternative system to assess host-pathogen interactions of taylorellae. The survival of taylorellae inside the potential environmental reservoir A. castellanii brings new insight, fostering a broader understanding of taylorellae biology and its potential natural ecological niche.
Collapse
|
16
|
Schulman ML, May CE, Keys B, Guthrie AJ. Contagious equine metritis: Artificial reproduction changes the epidemiologic paradigm. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:2-8. [PMID: 23332460 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
17
|
Genome implosion elicits host-confinement in Alcaligenaceae: evidence from the comparative genomics of Tetrathiobacter kashmirensis, a pathogen in the making. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64856. [PMID: 23741407 PMCID: PMC3669393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study elucidates the genomic basis of the evolution of pathogens alongside free-living organisms within the family Alcaligenaceae of Betaproteobacteria. Towards that end, the complete genome sequence of the sulfur-chemolithoautotroph Tetrathiobacter kashmirensis WT001T was determined and compared with the soil isolate Achromobacter xylosoxidans A8 and the two pathogens Bordetella bronchiseptica RB50 and Taylorella equigenitalis MCE9. All analyses comprehensively indicated that the RB50 and MCE9 genomes were almost the subsets of A8 and WT001T, respectively. In the immediate evolutionary past Achromobacter and Bordetella shared a common ancestor, which was distinct from the other contemporary stock that gave rise to Tetrathiobacter and Taylorella. The Achromobacter-Bordetella precursor, after diverging from the family ancestor, evolved through extensive genome inflation, subsequent to which the two genera separated via differential gene losses and acquisitions. Tetrathiobacter, meanwhile, retained the core characteristics of the family ancestor, and Taylorella underwent massive genome degeneration to reach an evolutionary dead-end. Interestingly, the WT001T genome, despite its conserved architecture, had only 85% coding density, besides which 578 out of its 4452 protein-coding sequences were found to be pseudogenized. Translational impairment of several DNA repair-recombination genes in the first place seemed to have ushered the rampant and indiscriminate frame-shift mutations across the WT001T genome. Presumably, this strain has just come out of a recent evolutionary bottleneck, representing a unique transition state where genome self-degeneration has started comprehensively but selective host-confinement has not yet set in. In the light of this evolutionary link, host-adaptation of Taylorella clearly appears to be the aftereffect of genome implosion in another member of the same bottleneck. Remarkably again, potent virulence factors were found widespread in Alcaligenaceae, corroborating which hemolytic and mammalian cell-adhering abilities were discovered in WT001T. So, while WT001T relatives/derivatives in nature could be going the Taylorella way, the lineage as such was well-prepared for imminent host-confinement.
Collapse
|
18
|
Molecular identification and characterization of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) gene cluster in Taylorella equigenitalis. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2012; 58:375-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-012-0217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
19
|
Hauser H, Richter DC, van Tonder A, Clark L, Preston A. Comparative genomic analyses of the Taylorellae. Vet Microbiol 2012; 159:195-203. [PMID: 22541164 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
20
|
Hébert L, Moumen B, Pons N, Duquesne F, Breuil MF, Goux D, Batto JM, Laugier C, Renault P, Petry S. Genomic characterization of the Taylorella genus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29953. [PMID: 22235352 PMCID: PMC3250509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Taylorella genus comprises two species: Taylorella equigenitalis, which causes contagious equine metritis, and Taylorella asinigenitalis, a closely-related species mainly found in donkeys. We herein report on the first genome sequence of T. asinigenitalis, analyzing and comparing it with the recently-sequenced T. equigenitalis genome. The T. asinigenitalis genome contains a single circular chromosome of 1,638,559 bp with a 38.3% GC content and 1,534 coding sequences (CDS). While 212 CDSs were T. asinigenitalis-specific, 1,322 had orthologs in T. equigenitalis. Two hundred and thirty-four T. equigenitalis CDSs had no orthologs in T. asinigenitalis. Analysis of the basic nutrition metabolism of both Taylorella species showed that malate, glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate may be their main carbon and energy sources. For both species, we identified four different secretion systems and several proteins potentially involved in binding and colonization of host cells, suggesting a strong potential for interaction with their host. T. equigenitalis seems better-equipped than T. asinigenitalis in terms of virulence since we identified numerous proteins potentially involved in pathogenicity, including hemagluttinin-related proteins, a type IV secretion system, TonB-dependent lactoferrin and transferrin receptors, and YadA and Hep_Hag domains containing proteins. This is the first molecular characterization of Taylorella genus members, and the first molecular identification of factors potentially involved in T. asinigenitalis and T. equigenitalis pathogenicity and host colonization. This study facilitates a genetic understanding of growth phenotypes, animal host preference and pathogenic capacity, paving the way for future functional investigations into this largely unknown genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Hébert
- ANSES, Dozulé Laboratory for Equine Diseases, Dozulé, France
- * E-mail: (LH); (SP)
| | - Bouziane Moumen
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1319 Micalis, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nicolas Pons
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1319 Micalis, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Fabien Duquesne
- ANSES, Dozulé Laboratory for Equine Diseases, Dozulé, France
| | | | - Didier Goux
- Centre de Microscopie Appliquée à la Biologie, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie et IFR146 ICORE, Caen, France
| | - Jean-Michel Batto
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1319 Micalis, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Claire Laugier
- ANSES, Dozulé Laboratory for Equine Diseases, Dozulé, France
| | - Pierre Renault
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1319 Micalis, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sandrine Petry
- ANSES, Dozulé Laboratory for Equine Diseases, Dozulé, France
- * E-mail: (LH); (SP)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tazumi A, Nakanishi S, Hayashi K, Petry S, Tasaki E, Nakajima T, Ueno H, Moore JE, Millar BC, Matsuda M. Demonstration of the absence of intervening sequences (IVSs) within 16S rRNA genes of Taylorella equigenitalis and Taylorella asinigenitalis isolates. Res Vet Sci 2011; 92:435-7. [PMID: 21546044 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A total of 57 Taylorella equigenitalis (n=22) and Taylorella asinigenitalis (n=35) isolates was shown not to carry any intervening sequences (IVSs) within 16S rRNA gene sequences. By contrast, we have already shown the genus Taylorella group to carry several kinds of IVSs within the 23S rRNA gene sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Tazumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Environmental Health Sciences, Azabu University, Fuchinobe 1-17-71, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Timoney PJ. HORSE SPECIES SYMPOSIUM: Contagious equine metritis: An insidious threat to the horse breeding industry in the United States1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:1552-60. [PMID: 20889687 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P J Timoney
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KS 40546-0099, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tazumi A, Hirayama J, Hayashi K, Petry S, Moore JE, Millar BC, Matsuda M. Development of a new molecular detection method for Taylorella equigenitalis. J Basic Microbiol 2011; 51:336-42. [PMID: 21298689 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
On PCR amplification of the intervening sequences (IVSs) in the central (helix 45) region within 23S rRNA gene sequences with T. equigenitalis (n = 34), as well as T. asinigenitalis (n = 35) and Bordetella (n = 11) isolates by using the primer pair of f-/r-23STis2, approximately 0.8 kb of the amplicons were generated, sequenced and analyzed. One IVS of approximately 70 bp in length was identified in all the Taylorella organisms but not Bordetella. PCR amplification was further developed for the convenient and rapid molecular detection of T. equigenitalis organisms with the IVS in the helix 45 region within the 23S rRNA genes as target by using the primer pairs (f-IVSde/r-23de). Thus, these results clearly demonstrated that PCR amplification with the primer pair (f-IVSde/r-23de) can be reliable in order to differentiate the T. equigenitalis isolates from both the T. asinigenitalis and Bordetella organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Tazumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Environmental Health Sciences, Azabu University, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku Sagamihara, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Genome sequence of Taylorella equigenitalis MCE9, the causative agent of contagious equine metritis. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:1785. [PMID: 21278298 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01547-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Taylorella equigenitalis is the causative agent of contagious equine metritis (CEM), a sexually transmitted infection of horses. We herein report the genome sequence of T. equigenitalis strain MCE9, isolated in 2005 from the urethral fossa of a 4-year-old stallion in France.
Collapse
|
25
|
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotyping of Taylorella equigenitalis isolates collected in the United States from 1978 to 2010. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 49:829-33. [PMID: 21191049 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00956-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Taylorella equigenitalis is the etiologic agent of contagious equine metritis (CEM), a venereal disease of horses. A total of 82 strains of T. equigenitalis isolated in the United States were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) after digestion of genomic DNA with restriction enzyme ApaI. Twenty-eight of those strains isolated from horses in the 2009 U.S. outbreak (CEM09) were further analyzed with NotI and NaeI enzymes. When ApaI alone was used for analysis, the 82 isolates clustered into 15 different genotypes that clearly defined groups of horses with known epidemiological connections. The PFGE profiles of the CEM09 isolates were indistinguishable after digestion with ApaI, NotI, and NaeI and did not match those of isolates from previous U.S. outbreaks in 1978 and 2006 or of any other isolate from the National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) culture library. Coupled with the fact that the CEM09 isolates are epidemiologically related, these results suggest a common source for the outbreak not linked to previous occurrences of CEM in the United States.
Collapse
|
26
|
Tazumi A, Petry S, Hayashi K, Moore JE, Millar BC, Matsuda M. Molecular identification and characterization of the intervening sequences (IVSs) within 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of Taylorella asinigenitalis isolated in France. Res Vet Sci 2010; 92:45-52. [PMID: 21075405 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the helix 25 region, 32 French Taylorella asinigenitalis isolates carried at least one 23S rRNA gene not containing intervening sequences (IVSs). No IVSs in the region were identified in three isolates and the other remaining 29 isolates carried one or more IVSs (UCD-1(T)IVS1A, UCD-1(T)IVS1B and UK-1IVS1B) described already and two new kinds of IVS (TaIVS1C and TaIVS1D). In the helix 45 region, no T. asinigenitalis isolates not carrying any IVSs were identified. UK-1IVS2B was identified in the region from 26 isolates. Five new kinds of IVSs (TaIVS2D, E, F, G and H) occurred in the region in the 13 isolates. Distinctly different tandem repeat units (RS48 and RS32 and RS-A, -B and -C) were evident in both regions, respectively, from the French (n=32) and American (n=3) T. asinigenitalis isolates. Thus, several different kinds of tandem repeat units and their combinations in IVSs in both regions within the gene were shown in 32 French isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Tazumi
- School of Environmental Health Sciences, Azabu University, Chuo-ku Sagamihara, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Indirect immunofluorescence test using polyclonal antibodies for the detection of Taylorella equigenitalis. Res Vet Sci 2010; 88:369-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
28
|
An investigation into the suitability of a commercial real-time PCR assay to screen for Taylorella equigenitalis in routine prebreeding equine genital swabs. Equine Vet J 2010; 41:878-82. [DOI: 10.2746/042516409x474275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
29
|
Molecular characterization of intervening sequences in 23S rRNA genes and 23S rRNA fragmentation in Taylorella equigenitalis. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2009; 53:486-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-008-0076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
30
|
Tazumi A, Ono S, Sekizuka T, Moore JE, Millar BC, Matsuda M. Molecular characterization of the sequences of the 16S-23S rDNA internal spacer region (ISR) from isolates of Taylorella asinigenitalis. BMC Res Notes 2009; 2:33. [PMID: 19284528 PMCID: PMC2666751 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-2-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sequence information on the 16S-23S rDNA internal spacer region (ISR) exhibits a large degree of sequence and length variation at both the genus and species levels. A primer pair for the amplification of 16S-23S rDNA ISR generated three amplicons for each of isolates of Taylorella asinigenitalis (UCD-1T, UK-1 and UK-2). Findings Following TA cloning and sequencing, the three isolates of T. asinigenitalis were demonstrated to possess three ISR units of different lengths. Although the three corresponding ISRs (A, B and C) were identified to be identical to each other (UK-1 and UK-2 isolates), the ISRs shared approximately 95.3–98.9% nucleotide sequence similarities between the UCD-1T and UK-1/-2 isolates. A typical order of two intercistronic tRNA genes (5'-tRNAIle-tRNAAla-3') with the different nucleotide spacers [44 through 51 base pairs (bp)] in length was identified among the isolates. The consensus sequences of the antiterminators of boxB and boxA were also identified in all ISRs. Thus, three ISRs were identified for each isolate, and therefore, at least three distinctly different ribosomal RNA operons were suggested to occur in the genome of T. asinigenitalis. This was also confirmed by Southern hybridization procedure. Conclusion The present study represents a dendrogram constructed based on the nucleotide sequence data of 16S-23S rDNA ISR for T. asinigenitalis, which may aid in the phylogenetic positioning of T. asinigenitalis within the genus Taylorella, and in the molecular discrimination of T. asinigenitalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Tazumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Environmental Health Sciences, Azabu University, Fuchinobe 1-17-71, Sagamihara 229-8501, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vinogradov E, MacLean LL, Brooks BW, Lutze-Wallace C, Perry MB. The structure of the polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide produced by Taylorella equigenitalis type strain (ATCC 35865). Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:3079-84. [PMID: 18950750 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Taylorella equigenitalis is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes venereally transmitted contagious equine metritis (CEM), and its identification and differentiation from other bacteria and Taylorella species is an important requirement for the control of CEM infection. Based on the results of NMR and MS analysis, the antigenic O-polysaccharide (O-PS) component of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produced by the type strain T. equigenitalis (ATCC 35865) was found to be a linear polymer composed of a repeating disaccharide unit, containing partially amidated 2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxy-alpha-L-guluronic and 2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxy-beta-D-mannuronic acids, terminated with a 4-O-methylated non-reducing Gulp-NAc3NAcA residue, and has the structure [structure: see text]. The O-PS of the type strain T. equigenitalis LPS provides a specific antigenic marker for the discrimination of the pathogen from the related type strain of T. asinigenitalis sp. nov, a phenotypically indistinguishable non-pathogenic bacterium having a serologically and structurally unrelated LPS O-antigen. The analysis of a structurally unusual core oligosaccharide of the LPS is also reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Vinogradov
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Vinogradov E, MacLean LL, Brooks BW, Lutze-Wallace C, Perry MB. Structure of the O-polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide produced by Taylorella asinigenitalis type strain (ATCC 700933). Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 86:278-84. [PMID: 18523489 DOI: 10.1139/o08-036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Taylorella asinigenitalis sp. nov is a nonpathogenic gram-negative bacterium recently isolated from the genital tract of male donkeys. The bacterium is phenotypically indistinguishable from Taylorella equigenitalis, a pathogen that is the cause of contagious equine metritis, a highly communicable venereal disease of horses. The structural analysis of the lipopolysaccharide produced by T. asinigenitalis sp. nov (ATCC 700933) demonstrated that its O-polysaccharide (O-PS) component is a linear unbranched polymer of repeating disaccharide units composed of 1,3-linked pyranosyl residues of 2,4-diacetamido-2,4-dideoxy-beta-D-quinovose (bacillosamine) and 2-acetamidino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucuronic acid, and has the structure [-->3)-beta-D-QuipNAc4NAc-(1-->3)-beta-D-GlcpNAmA-(1-->]n. The chemical structure and serological characteristics of the T. asinigenitalis O-PS are distinct from those of the O-PS of the T. equigenitalis type strain, thus providing a cell-surface target macromolecule that can be used to distinguish pathogenic from nonpathogenic Taylorella sp. clinical isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Vinogradov
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tazumi A, Sekizuka T, Moore JE, Millar CB, Taneike I, Matsuda M. Intervening sequences in 23S rRNA genes and 23S rRNA fragmentation inTaylorella asinigenitalisUCD-1Tstrain. J Basic Microbiol 2008; 48:284-92. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200700386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
34
|
Tazumi A, Saito S, Sekizuka T, Murayama O, Moore JE, Millar BC, Matsuda M. Molecular characterization of the non-coding promoter and leader regions and full-length 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene ofTaylorella asinigenitalis. J Basic Microbiol 2007; 47:260-5. [PMID: 17518419 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200610256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The 3,339 base pair (bp) sequences encoding a putative open reading frame (ORF), non-coding promoter and leader regions (approximately 320 bp), full-length 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene (approximate 1,540 bp) and part of the 16S-23S rDNA internal spacer region (ISR) were determined from genome DNA libraries of the Taylorella asinigenitalis (UK-1) isolate. The non-coding promoter and leader regions included antiterminators (boxB, boxA and boxC) immediately upstream of the 16S rRNA gene sequence. An approximately 680 bp region upstream of the non-coding promoter region appears to contain a putative ORF with high sequence similarity to GTP cyclohydrolase I. In addition, a typical order of intercistronic tRNA genes with the 48 nucleotide spacer of 5'-16S rDNA-tRNA(Ile)-tRNA(Ala)-23S rDNA-3' was demonstrated in a part of the 16S-23S rDNA ISR. The antiterminators of boxB and boxA were also identified in the ISR.A phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence information clearly demonstrated that the five T. asinigenitalis isolates formed a cluster together with the three T. equigenitalis strains, more similar to Pelistega europaea than the other beta-Proteobacteria from the 13 species of 11 genera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Tazumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Environmental Health Sciences, Azabu University, Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tazumi A, Saito S, Sekizuka T, Murayama O, Takamiya S, Moore JE, Millar BC, Matsuda M. Molecular characterization of the full-length 23S and 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of Taylorella asinigenitalis. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2007; 92:257-64. [PMID: 17356928 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-007-9144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An approximately 4.2 kbp region encoding 23S and 5S rRNA genes was identified when recombinant plasmid DNAs from two genomic DNA libraries and an inverse PCR product of Taylorella asinigenitalis UK-1 isolate were analyzed. Full-length genes of 23S rRNA (3,225 bp) and 5S rRNA (117 bp) of T. asinigenitalis are described. The present sequence analysis identified a non-coding hypothetically intrinsic transcription terminator region downstream of the 5S rRNA gene. The sequence, however, downstream of the 5S rRNA gene did not show any distal tRNA genes. Surprisingly, an intervening sequence (IVS) of 270 bp in length, including two specific tandem repeat units of 80 bp and one partial unit of 48 bp with unknown functions was identified in the first quarter of the 23S rRNA gene sequence. A second IVS of 70 bp in length was also identified in the central region of the 23S rRNA gene. In addition, by using PCR and sequencing procedures, two T. asinigenitalis isolates, UK-1 and UK-2, carried multiple IVSs in the first quarter and central regions. Moreover, the 23S rRNA fragmentation occurred in the UK-1 isolate. A phylogenetic analysis was first carried out based on the 23S rRNA sequence data from T. asinigenitalis UK-1 and 13 other beta-Proteobacteria. This is the first report of IVSs in the 23S rRNA gene from the beta-Proteobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Tazumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Environmental Health Sciences, Azabu University, Fuchinobe 1-17-71, Sagamihara 229-8501, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Duquesne F, Pronost S, Laugier C, Petry S. Identification of Taylorella equigenitalis responsible for contagious equine metritis in equine genital swabs by direct polymerase chain reaction. Res Vet Sci 2007; 82:47-9. [PMID: 16806331 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 04/20/2006] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A direct-PCR assay was developed for the rapid detection of Taylorella equigenitalis, a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for contagious equine metritis (CEM) in Equidae. The bacteria may be detected in equine genital swabs without need for a preliminary step of DNA extraction or bacterial isolation. Specificity was determined with 125 isolates of T. equigenitalis, 24 isolates of Taylorella asinigenitalis, five commensal bacteria of the genital tract and a facultative intracellular pathogen of foals found in large concentration in soil. Our PCR is specific and amplified a 413-bp 16S ribosomal DNA product only in all T. equigenitalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Duquesne
- AFSSA, Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches en Pathologie Equine, IPC, Goustranville, 14430 Dozulé, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kagawa S, Nagano Y, Tazumi A, Murayama O, Millar BC, Moore JE, Matsuda M. Nucleotide Sequencing and Analysis of 16S rDNA and 16S-23S rDNA Internal Spacer Region (ISR) of Taylorella equigenitalis, as an Important Pathogen for Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM). Vet Res Commun 2006; 30:343-55. [PMID: 16502103 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-3304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The primer set for 16S rDNA amplified an amplicon of about 1500 bp in length for three strains of Taylorella equigenitalis (NCTC11184(T), Kentucky188 and EQ59). Sequence differences of the 16S rDNA among the six sequences, including three reference sequences, occurred at only a few nucleotide positions and thus, an extremely high sequence similarity of the 16S rDNA was first demonstrated among the six sequences. In addition, the primer set for 16S-23S rDNA internal spacer region (ISR) amplified two amplicons about 1300 bp and 1200 bp in length for the three strains. The ISRs were estimated to be about 920 bp in length for large ISR-A and about 830 bp for small ISR-B. Sequence alignment of the ISR-A and ISR-B demonstrated about 10 base differences between NCTC11184(T) and EQ59 and between Kentucky188 and EQ59. However, only minor sequence differences were demonstrated between the ISR-A and ISR-B from NCTC11184(T) and Kentucky188, respectively. A typical order of the intercistronic tRNAs with the 29 nucleotide spacer of 5'-16S rDNA-tRNA(Ile)-tRNA(Ala)-23S rDNA-3' was demonstrated in the all ISRs. The ISRs may be useful for the discrimination amongst isolates of T. equigenitalis if sequencing is employed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kagawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Environmental Health Sciences, Azabu University, Fuchinobe 1-17-71, Sagamihara, 229-8501, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Matsuda M, Tazumi A, Kagawa S, Sekizuka T, Murayama O, Moore JE, Millar BC. Homogeneity of the 16S rDNA sequence among geographically disparate isolates of Taylorella equigenitalis. BMC Vet Res 2006; 2:1. [PMID: 16398935 PMCID: PMC1360666 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background At present, six accessible sequences of 16S rDNA from Taylorella equigenitalis (T. equigenitalis) are available, whose sequence differences occur at a few nucleotide positions. Thus it is important to determine these sequences from additional strains in other countries, if possible, in order to clarify any anomalies regarding 16S rDNA sequence heterogeneity. Here, we clone and sequence the approximate full-length 16S rDNA from additional strains of T. equigenitalis isolated in Japan, Australia and France and compare these sequences to the existing published sequences. Results Clarification of any anomalies regarding 16S rDNA sequence heterogeneity of T. equigenitalis was carried out. When cloning, sequencing and comparison of the approximate full-length 16S rDNA from 17 strains of T. equigenitalis isolated in Japan, Australia and France, nucleotide sequence differences were demonstrated at the six loci in the 1,469 nucleotide sequence. Moreover, 12 polymorphic sites occurred among 23 sequences of the 16S rDNA, including the six reference sequences. Conclusion High sequence similarity (99.5% or more) was observed throughout, except from nucleotide positions 138 to 501 where substitutions and deletions were noted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Environmental Health Sciences, Azabu University, Fuchinobe 1-17-71, Sagamihara 229-8501, Japan
| | - A Tazumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Environmental Health Sciences, Azabu University, Fuchinobe 1-17-71, Sagamihara 229-8501, Japan
| | - S Kagawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Environmental Health Sciences, Azabu University, Fuchinobe 1-17-71, Sagamihara 229-8501, Japan
| | - T Sekizuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Environmental Health Sciences, Azabu University, Fuchinobe 1-17-71, Sagamihara 229-8501, Japan
| | - O Murayama
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Environmental Health Sciences, Azabu University, Fuchinobe 1-17-71, Sagamihara 229-8501, Japan
| | - JE Moore
- Department of Bacteriology, Northern Ireland Public Health Laboratory, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast BT9 7AD, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - BC Millar
- Department of Bacteriology, Northern Ireland Public Health Laboratory, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast BT9 7AD, Northern Ireland, UK
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| |
Collapse
|