1
|
Afify AF, Hassanien RT, El Naggar RF, Rohaim MA, Munir M. Unmasking the Ongoing Challenge of Equid Herpesvirus- 1 (EHV-1): A Comprehensive Review. Microb Pathog 2024:106755. [PMID: 38897362 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Equid herpesviruses (EHVs) are a group of highly impactful viral pathogens that affect horses, presenting a substantial risk to the global equine industry. Among these, equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) primarily causes respiratory infections. However, its ability to spread to distant organs can lead to severe consequences such as abortion and neurological diseases. These viruses can enter a dormant phase, with minimal activity, and later reactivate to trigger active infections at any time. Recently, there has been a notable rise in the prevalence of a particularly devastating strains of EHV-1 known as equid herpesviral myeloencephalopathy (EHM). In the light of dynamic nature of EHV-1, this review provides a thorough overview of EHV-1 and explores how advances in viral biology affect the pathophysiology of viral infection. The information presented here is crucial for understanding the dynamics of EHV-1 infections and creating practical plans to stop the virus's global spread among equid populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed F Afify
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Rabab T Hassanien
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Rania F El Naggar
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat 32897, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Rohaim
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt; Division of Biomedical and Life Science, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Science, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Normand C, Thieulent CJ, Fortier C, Sutton G, Senamaud-Beaufort C, Jourdren L, Blugeon C, Vidalain PO, Pronost S, Hue ES. A Screening Study Identified Decitabine as an Inhibitor of Equid Herpesvirus 4 That Enhances the Innate Antiviral Response. Viruses 2024; 16:746. [PMID: 38793627 PMCID: PMC11125953 DOI: 10.3390/v16050746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) is a common respiratory pathogen in horses. It sporadically induces abortion or neonatal death. Although its contribution in neurological disorders is not clearly demonstrated, there is a strong suspicion of its involvement. Despite preventive treatments using vaccines against EHV-1/EHV-4, the resurgence of alpha-EHV infection still constitutes an important threat to the horse industry. Yet very few studies have been conducted on the search for antiviral molecules against EHV-4. A screening of 42 antiviral compounds was performed in vitro on equine fibroblast cells infected with the EHV-4 405/76 reference strain (VR2230). The formation of cytopathic effects was monitored by real-time cell analysis (RTCA), and the viral load was quantified by quantitative PCR. Aciclovir, the most widely used antiviral against alpha-herpesviruses in vivo, does not appear to be effective against EHV-4 in vitro. Potential antiviral activities were confirmed for eight molecules (idoxuridine, vidarabine, pritelivir, cidofovir, valganciclovir, ganciclovir, aphidicolin, and decitabine). Decitabine demonstrates the highest efficacy against EHV-4 in vitro. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the up-regulation of various genes implicated in interferon (IFN) response, suggesting that decitabine triggers the immune antiviral pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Normand
- LABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN BIOTARGEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Côme J. Thieulent
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Christine Fortier
- LABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN BIOTARGEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, ImpedanCELL, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Gabrielle Sutton
- Cytokines and Adaptive Immunity Lab, Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, University of Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Catherine Senamaud-Beaufort
- GenomiqueENS, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Jourdren
- GenomiqueENS, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Corinne Blugeon
- GenomiqueENS, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Vidalain
- Team Viral Infection, Metabolism and Immunity, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN BIOTARGEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, ImpedanCELL, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Erika S. Hue
- LABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN BIOTARGEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, ImpedanCELL, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Although equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) is a relatively uncommon manifestation of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection, it can cause devastating losses during outbreaks. Antemortem diagnosis of EHM relies mainly on the molecular detection of EHV-1 in nasal secretions and blood. Management of horses affected by EHM is aimed at supportive nursing and nutritional care, at reducing central nervous system inflammation and preventing thromboembolic sequelae. Horses exhibiting sudden and severe neurologic signs consistent with a diagnosis of EHM pose a definite risk to the surrounding horse population. Consequently, early intervention to prevent the spread of infection is required.
Collapse
|
4
|
Oral Administration of Valganciclovir Reduces Clinical Signs, Virus Shedding and Cell-Associated Viremia in Ponies Experimentally Infected with the Equid Herpesvirus-1 C2254 Variant. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050539. [PMID: 35631060 PMCID: PMC9148010 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid alphaherpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is one of the main pathogens in horses, responsible for respiratory diseases, ocular diseases, abortions, neonatal foal death and neurological complications such as equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). Current vaccines reduce the excretion and dissemination of the virus and, therefore, the extent of an epizooty. While their efficacy against EHV-1-induced abortion in pregnant mares and the decreased occurrence of an abortion storm in the field have been reported, their potential efficacy against the neurological form of disease remains undocumented. No antiviral treatment against EHV-1 is marketed and recommended to date. This study aimed to measure the protection induced by valganciclovir (VGCV), the prodrug of ganciclovir, in Welsh mountain ponies experimentally infected with an EHV-1 ORF30-C2254 strain. Four ponies were administered VGCV immediately prior to experimental EHV-1 infection, while another four ponies received a placebo. The treatment consisted in 6.5 mg/kg body weight of valganciclovir administered orally three times the first day and twice daily for 13 days. Clinical signs of disease, virus shedding and viraemia were measured for up to 3 weeks. The severity of the cumulative clinical score was significantly reduced in the treated group when compared with the control group. Shedding of infectious EHV-1 was significantly reduced in the treated group when compared with the control group between Day + 1 (D + 1) and D + 12. Viraemia was significantly reduced in the treated group when compared with the control group. Seroconversion was measured in all the ponies included in the study, irrespective of the treatment received. Oral administration of valganciclovir induced no noticeable side effect but reduced clinical signs of disease, infectious virus shedding and viraemia in ponies experimentally infected with the EHV-1 C2254 variant.
Collapse
|
5
|
Corum O, Uney K, Durna Corum D, Atik O, Coskun D, Zhunushova A, Elmas M. Effect of ketoprofen on intravenous pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir in chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 45:126-132. [PMID: 34719792 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of ketoprofen (2 mg/kg) on the intravenous pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir (10 mg/kg) in chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar). Eight clinically healthy partridges were used in the study. The study was performed in two periods using a cross-over design following a 15-day drug washout period. Plasma concentrations of ganciclovir were determined using the high-pressure liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector and analyzed by non-compartmental analysis. The elimination half-life (t1/2ʎz ), area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞ ), total body clearance, and volume of distribution at steady state of ganciclovir were 1.63 h, 33.22 h*μg/ml, 0.30 L/h/kg, and 0.53 L/kg, respectively. Ketoprofen administration increased the t1/2ʎz and AUC0-∞ of ganciclovir by 78% and 108%, respectively, and while decreased ClT by 53%. The increased plasma concentration and prolonged elimination half-life of ganciclovir caused by ketoprofen may result in the prolonged duration of action and therapeutic effect of ganciclovir. However, the concomitant use requires determination of the pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen and the safety of both drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
| | - Duygu Durna Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Orkun Atik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Afyon Kocatepe, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Devran Coskun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Siirt, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Aidai Zhunushova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Muammer Elmas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Alling CR, Liu CC, Langohr IM, Haque M, Carter RT, Baker RE, Lewin AC. Assessment of Cidofovir for Treatment of Ocular Bovine Herpesvirus-1 Infection in Cattle Using an Ex-Vivo Model. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102102. [PMID: 34696532 PMCID: PMC8540818 DOI: 10.3390/v13102102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) infection contributes to keratoconjunctivitis, respiratory disease, and reproductive losses in cattle. The objective of this study was to determine the most appropriate ophthalmic antiviral agent for BoHV-1 inhibition using in-vitro culture and novel ex-vivo bovine corneal modeling. Half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of BoHV-1 were determined for cidofovir, ganciclovir, idoxuridine, and trifluridine via in-vitro plaque reduction assays. In-vitro cytotoxicity was compared amongst these compounds via luciferase assays. Trifluridine and cidofovir were the most potent BoHV-1 inhibitors in vitro, while trifluridine and idoxuridine were the most cytotoxic agents. Therefore, cidofovir was the most potent non-cytotoxic agent and was employed in the ex-vivo corneal assay. Corneoscleral rings (n = 36) from fresh cadaver bovine globes were harvested and equally divided into an uninfected, untreated control group; a BoHV-1-infected, untreated group; and a BoHV-1-infected, cidofovir-treated group. Virus isolation for BoHV-1 titers was performed from corneal tissue and liquid media. Histologic measurements of corneal thickness, epithelial cell density, and tissue organization were compared between groups. Substantial BoHV-1 replication was observed in infected, untreated corneas, but BoHV-1 titer was significantly reduced in cidofovir-treated (1.69 ± 0.08 × 103 PFU/mL) versus untreated (8.25 ± 0.25 × 105 PFU/mL, p < 0.0001) tissues by day 2 of culture. No significant differences in histologic criteria were observed between groups. In conclusion, cidofovir warrants further investigation as treatment for BoHV-1 keratoconjunctivitis, with future studies needed to assess in-vivo tolerability and efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Alling
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (C.R.A.); (C.-C.L.); (R.T.C.); (R.E.B.)
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (C.R.A.); (C.-C.L.); (R.T.C.); (R.E.B.)
| | - Ingeborg M. Langohr
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (I.M.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Muzammel Haque
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (I.M.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Renee T. Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (C.R.A.); (C.-C.L.); (R.T.C.); (R.E.B.)
| | - Rose E. Baker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (C.R.A.); (C.-C.L.); (R.T.C.); (R.E.B.)
| | - Andrew C. Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (C.R.A.); (C.-C.L.); (R.T.C.); (R.E.B.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Easton-Jones C. Recent advancements in our understanding of equid gammaherpesvirus infections. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:11-23. [PMID: 34519074 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Equid gammaherpesviruses are ubiquitous and widespread in the equine population. Despite their frequent detection, their contribution to immune system modulation and the pathogenesis of several diseases remains unclear. Genetic variability and the combination of equid gammaherpesvirus strains a horse is infected with might be clinically significant. Initial gammaherpesvirus infection occurs in foals peripartum with latency then established in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A novel EHV-5 study suggests that following inhalation equid gammaherpesviruses might obtain direct access to T and B lymphocytes via the tonsillar crypts to establish latency. EHV-5 is associated with equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis, however, unlike with EHV-2 there is currently minimal evidence for its role in milder cases of respiratory disease and poor performance. Transmission is presumed to be via the upper respiratory tract with periodic reactivation of the latent virus in adult horses. Stress of transport has been identified as a risk factor for reactivation and shedding of equine gammaherpesviruses. There is currently a lack of evidence for the effectiveness of antiviral drugs in the treatment of equine gammaherpesvirus infections.
Collapse
|
8
|
Quentin-Froignant C, Kappler-Gratias S, Top S, Bertagnoli S, Gallardo F. ANCHOR-tagged equine herpesvirus 1: A new tool for monitoring viral infection and discovering new antiviral compounds. J Virol Methods 2021; 294:114194. [PMID: 34022301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is a causative agent of respiratory disorders, abortion and myeloencephalopathy in horses and has an important impact on equine health and economy. Several bacterial artificial chromosomes have already been developed and enabled identification and functional characterization of EHV-1 genes. Unfortunately, little is known about its replication. Here, the ANCHOR system was inserted by targeted homologous recombination into the equine herpesvirus genome. This insertion led to the conversion of EHV-1 DNA to auto-fluorescent spots easily detectable by fluorescence microscopy, and enabled production of an auto-fluorescent EHV-1 ANCHORGFP with tropism and replication kinetic like the parental strain. High resolution imaging allowed first visualization of EHV-1 replication from apparition of first viral genome to large replicative centers, in single cells or inside syncytia. Combined with high content microscopy, EHV-1 ANCHORGFP leads to identification of auranofin and azacytidine-5 as new potential antivirals to treat EHV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Quentin-Froignant
- NeoVirTech SAS, Centre Pierre Potier, Toulouse, France; IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France.
| | | | - Sokunthea Top
- NeoVirTech SAS, Centre Pierre Potier, Toulouse, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Oliveira DS, Medeiros NI, Gomes JAS. Immune response in COVID-19: What do we currently know? Microb Pathog 2020; 148:104484. [PMID: 32916246 PMCID: PMC7480770 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In 2002/2003 there was a pandemic denominate SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), caused by the SARS-CoV virus that belongs to the genera Betacoranavirus and the family Coronaviridae, generally responsible for influenza infections. In mid of 2019, a new disease by the coronavirus named by COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged, both infections have flu symptoms, however they are infections that variable intensity, being medium to severe. In medium infections individuals have the virus and exhibit symptoms, however hospitalization is not necessary, in severe infections, individuals are hospitalized, have high pathology and in some cases progress to death. The virus is formed by simple positive RNA, enveloped, non-segmented, and presenting the largest genome of viruses constituting 32 Kb, consisting of envelope proteins, membrane, nucleocapsid and spike protein, which is essential in the interaction with the host cells. As for the origin of this virus, research has been intensified to determine this paradox and although the similarity with SARS-CoV, this virus did not has necessarily the same place of origin. As for the immune system, it is currently unknown how this new virus interacts. In this brief review, we demonstrate important considerations about the responses to this infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Nayara I Medeiros
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana A S Gomes
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sutton G, Thieulent C, Fortier C, Hue ES, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Pléau A, Deslis A, Guitton E, Paillot R, Pronost S. Identification of a New Equid Herpesvirus 1 DNA Polymerase (ORF30) Genotype with the Isolation of a C 2254/H 752 Strain in French Horses Showing no Major Impact on the Strain Behaviour. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101160. [PMID: 33066315 PMCID: PMC7650556 DOI: 10.3390/v12101160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus 1 is one of the most common viral pathogens in the horse population and is associated with respiratory disease, abortion and still-birth, neonatal death and neurological disease. A single point mutation in the DNA polymerase gene (ORF30: A2254G, N752D) has been widely associated with neuropathogenicity of strains, although this association has not been exclusive. This study describes the fortuitous isolation of a strain carrying a new genotype C2254 (H752) from an outbreak in France that lasted several weeks in 2018 and involved 82 horses, two of which showed neurological signs of disease. The strain was characterised as UL clade 10 using the equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) classification but has not been identified or isolated since 2018. The retrospective screening of EHV-1 strains collected between 2016 and 2018 did not reveal the presence of the C2254 mutation. When cultured in vitro, the C2254 EHV-1 strain induced a typical EHV-1 syncytium and cytopathic effect but no significant difference was observed when compared with A2254 and G2254 EHV-1 strains. An experimental infection was carried out on four Welsh mountain ponies to confirm the infectious nature of the C2254 strain. A rapid onset of marked respiratory disease lasting at least 2 weeks, with significant virus shedding and cell-associated viraemia, was observed. Finally, an in vitro antiviral assay using impedance measurement and viral load quantification was performed with three antiviral molecules (ganciclovir (GCV), aciclovir (ACV) and aphidicolin (APD)) on the newly isolated C2254 strain and two other A/G2254 field strains. The three strains showed similar sensitivity to ganciclovir and aphidicolin but both C2254 and A2254 strains were more sensitive to aciclovir than the G2254 strain, based on viral load measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Sutton
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Côme Thieulent
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Christine Fortier
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
- ImpedanCELL, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Erika S. Hue
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
- ImpedanCELL, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | | | - Alexis Pléau
- INRAE, UE-1277 Plateforme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (A.P.); (A.D.); (E.G.)
| | - Alain Deslis
- INRAE, UE-1277 Plateforme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (A.P.); (A.D.); (E.G.)
| | - Edouard Guitton
- INRAE, UE-1277 Plateforme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (A.P.); (A.D.); (E.G.)
| | - Romain Paillot
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
- School of Equine and Veterinary Physiotherapy, Writtle University College, Lordship Road, Writtle, Chelmsford CM1 3RR, UK
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
- ImpedanCELL, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-3147-1919
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Thieulent C, Hue ES, Sutton G, Fortier C, Dallemagne P, Zientara S, Munier-Lehmann H, Hans A, Paillot R, Vidalain PO, Pronost S. Identification of antiviral compounds against equid herpesvirus-1 using real-time cell assay screening: Efficacy of decitabine and valganciclovir alone or in combination. Antiviral Res 2020; 183:104931. [PMID: 32926887 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus-1 infections cause respiratory, neurological and reproductive syndromes. Despite preventive treatments with vaccines, resurgence of EHV-1 infection still constitutes a major threat to equine industry. However, no antiviral compound is available to treat infected horses. In this study, 2891 compounds were screened against EHV-1 using impedance measurement. 22 compounds have been found to be effective in vitro against EHV-1. Valganciclovir, ganciclovir, decitabine, aphidicolin, idoxuridine and pritelivir (BAY 57-1293) are the most effective compounds identified, and their antiviral potency was further assessed on E. Derm, RK13 and EEK cells and against 3 different field strains of EHV-1 (ORF30 2254 A/G/C). We also provide evidences of synergistic interactions between valganciclovir and decitabine in our in vitro antiviral assay as determined by MacSynergy II, isobologramm and Chou-Talalay methods. Finally, we showed that deoxycytidine reverts the antiviral effect of decitabine, thus supporting some competition at the level of nucleoside phosphorylation by deoxycytidine kinase and/or DNA synthesis. Deoxycitidine analogues, like decitabine, is a family of compounds identified for the first time with promising antiviral efficacy against herpesviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Côme Thieulent
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280, Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Erika S Hue
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280, Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280, Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, ImpedanCELL, 14280, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Gabrielle Sutton
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280, Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Christine Fortier
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280, Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280, Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, ImpedanCELL, 14280, Saint-Contest, France
| | | | - Stephan Zientara
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Hélène Munier-Lehmann
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse, CNRS UMR 3523, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Aymeric Hans
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Site de Normandie, PhEED Unit, 14430, Goustranville, France
| | - Romain Paillot
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280, Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Vidalain
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; Equipe Chimie et Biologie, Modélisation et Immunologie pour La Thérapie (CBMIT), Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8601, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280, Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280, Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, ImpedanCELL, 14280, Saint-Contest, France.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Oladunni FS, Horohov DW, Chambers TM. EHV-1: A Constant Threat to the Horse Industry. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2668. [PMID: 31849857 PMCID: PMC6901505 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is one of the most important and prevalent viral pathogens of horses and a major threat to the equine industry throughout most of the world. EHV-1 primarily causes respiratory disease but viral spread to distant organs enables the development of more severe sequelae; abortion and neurologic disease. The virus can also undergo latency during which viral genes are minimally expressed, and reactivate to produce lytic infection at any time. Recently, there has been a trend of increasing numbers of outbreaks of a devastating form of EHV-1, equine herpesviral myeloencephalopathy. This review presents detailed information on EHV-1, from the discovery of the virus to latest developments on treatment and control of the diseases it causes. We also provide updates on recent EHV-1 research with particular emphasis on viral biology which enables pathogenesis in the natural host. The information presented herein will be useful in understanding EHV-1 and formulating policies that would help limit the spread of EHV-1 within horse populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatai S. Oladunni
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - David W. Horohov
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Thomas M. Chambers
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mortari APG, Amaral BP, Oliveira PSD, Dotto EK, Flores MM, Cargnelutti JF, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Ganciclovir attenuates the respiratory disease induced by Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 in rabbits. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is an important pathogen of horses, associated with respiratory, neurological disease and abortions. As vaccination is not always effective, anti-herpetic therapy may represent an alternative to prevent the losses caused by the infection. We herein investigated the activity of ganciclovir (GCV), an anti-herpetic human drug, in rabbits experimentally infected with EHV-1. Thirty-days-old New Zealand rabbits were allocated in three groups (6 animals each) and submitted to different treatments: G1 (non-infected controls), G2 (inoculated with EHV-1) - 107 TCID50 intranasally - IN) and G3 (inoculated IN with EHV-1 and treated with GCV - 5mg/kg/day for 7 days) and monitored thereafter. All animals of G2 developed systemic signs (moderate to severe apathy, anorexia), ocular discharge and respiratory signs (serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge), including mild to severe respiratory distress. Viremia was detected in all rabbits of G2 for up to 11 days (mean duration = 6.5 days). One animal died after severe respiratory distress and neurological signs (bruxism, opistotonus). In addition, these animals gained less weight than the control (G1) and GCV-treated rabbits (G3) from days 4 to 14pi (p<0.05). The clinical score of rabbits of G2 was statistically higher than the other groups from days 3 to 6pi (p<0.05), demonstrating a more severe disease. In contrast, G3 rabbits did not present systemic signs, presented only a mild and transient nasal secretion and gained more weight than G2 animals (p<0.05). In addition, viremia was detected in only 3 rabbits and was transient (average of 2.3 days). Thus, administration of GCV to rabbits inoculated IN with EHV-1 resulted in an important attenuation of the clinical disease as demonstrated by full prevention of systemic signs, maintenance of weight gain and by drastic reduction in viremia and in the magnitude of respiratory signs. These results are promising towards further testing of GCV as a potential drug for anti-herpetic therapy in horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula G. Mortari
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Bruna P. Amaral
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Pablo S.B. De Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Evelyn K. Dotto
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Mariana M. Flores
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Rudi Weiblen
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F. Flores
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Moore SE, Strang CL, Marr CM, Newton R, Cameron IJ. Management of an outbreak of multiple equine herpesvirus type 1 abortions among vaccinated mares on a large UK Thoroughbred stud farm. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Camilla L Strang
- Epidemiology UnitAnimal Health TrustNewmarketUK
- Pathobiology and Population SciencesRoyal Veterinary CollegeLondonUK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Troszok A, Kolek L, Szczygieł J, Wawrzeczko J, Borzym E, Reichert M, Kamińska T, Ostrowski T, Jurecka P, Adamek M, Rakus K, Irnazarow I. Acyclovir inhibits Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 multiplication in vitro. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1709-1718. [PMID: 30144085 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), also known as koi herpesvirus (KHV), is an aetiological agent of a virulent and lethal disease in common and koi carp. In this study, we examined in vitro the anti-CyHV-3 activity of acyclovir (ACV), nucleoside analogue commonly used against human herpesviruses, as well as acyclovir monophospate (ACV-MP). The cytotoxicity of the ACV and the ACV-MP for two common carp cell lines, CCB (Common carp brain) and KF1 (Koi carp fin 1), was determined by means of MTT and crystal violet assays. In subsequent studies, the concentration of 66.67 μM was applied. The ACV and the ACV-MP (66.67 μM) inhibited a cytopathic effect (CPE) induced by the CyHV-3 virus in the CCB (ACV by 66%, ACV-MP by 58%) and the KF1 (ACV by 25%, ACV-MP by 37%). The viral load measured by the means of TaqMan qPCR was reduced in a range of 67%-93% depending on the analogue, the cell line and the time of incubation. The expression of viral genes (ORF149, ORF3, ORF134 and ORF78) in CCB cells infected with the CyHV-3 was strongly downregulated within the range of 78%-91%. In summary, both the ACV and the ACV-MP can inhibit CyHV-3 replication in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Troszok
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Chybie, Poland
| | - Ludmiła Kolek
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Chybie, Poland
| | - Joanna Szczygieł
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Chybie, Poland
| | - Joanna Wawrzeczko
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Chybie, Poland
| | - Ewa Borzym
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Puławy, Puławy, Poland
| | - Michał Reichert
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Puławy, Puławy, Poland
| | - Teresa Kamińska
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Chybie, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ostrowski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Patrycja Jurecka
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Chybie, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ilgiz Irnazarow
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Chybie, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Thieulent CJ, Hue ES, Fortier CI, Dallemagne P, Zientara S, Munier-Lehmann H, Hans A, Fortier GD, Pitel PH, Vidalain PO, Pronost SL. Screening and evaluation of antiviral compounds against Equid alpha-herpesviruses using an impedance-based cellular assay. Virology 2018; 526:105-116. [PMID: 30388626 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Equid alpha-herpesviruses (EHV) are responsible for different diseases in equine population. EHV-1 causes respiratory diseases, abortions and nervous disorders, EHV-4 causes respiratory diseases and sporadic abortion, while EHV-3 is responsible of equine coital exanthema. In view of the lack of efficacy of vaccines against EHV-1 and EHV-4 and in the absence of vaccines against EHV-3, the use of antiviral treatment is of great interest. In this study, we documented the interest of the Real-Time Cell Analysis (RTCA) technology to monitor the cytopathic effects induced by these viruses on equine dermal cells, and established the efficacy of this method to evaluate the antiviral effect of aciclovir (ACV) and ganciclovir (GCV). In addition, the RTCA technology has also been found appropriate for the high-throughput screening of small molecules against EHV, allowing the identification of spironolactone as a novel antiviral against EHV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Côme J Thieulent
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Erika S Hue
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, ImpedanCELL core facility, SF 4206 ICORE, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Christine I Fortier
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, ImpedanCELL core facility, SF 4206 ICORE, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | | | - Stéphan Zientara
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Hélène Munier-Lehmann
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse, CNRS UMR 3523, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Aymeric Hans
- ANSES, Laboratoire de pathologie équine de Dozulé, Unité de virologie et parasitologie équine, 14430 Dozulé, France
| | - Guillaume D Fortier
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | | | - Pierre-Olivier Vidalain
- Equipe Chimie et Biologie, Modélisation et Immunologie pour la Thérapie (CBMIT), Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8601, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane L Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, ImpedanCELL core facility, SF 4206 ICORE, 14280 Saint-Contest, France.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ledbetter EC, Nicklin AM, Spertus CB, Pennington MR, Van de Walle GR, Mohammed HO. Evaluation of topical ophthalmic ganciclovir gel for the treatment of dogs with experimentally induced ocular canine herpesvirus-1 infection. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:762-769. [PMID: 29943639 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.7.762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the in vitro half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of ganciclovir for canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1) and to evaluate the efficacy of ganciclovir ophthalmic gel in dogs with experimentally induced ocular CHV-1 infection. ANIMALS 10 specific pathogen-free adult Beagles. PROCEDURES Cytotoxicity and EC50 of ganciclovir for CHV-1 were determined during in vitro experiments. During an in vivo experiment, dogs with experimentally induced ocular CHV-1 infections received 1 drop of 0.15% ganciclovir (ganciclovir group; n = 5) or artificial tear (control group; 5) ophthalmic gel in both eyes 5 times daily for 7 days, then 3 times daily for 7 days. For each dog, ophthalmic and confocal microscopic examinations were performed at predetermined times to determine severity of ocular disease and inflammation. Conjunctival swab specimens were collected at predetermined times for PCR assay analysis to determine CHV-1 shedding. RESULTS No in vitro cytotoxic effects were observed for ganciclovir concentrations ≤ 500μM. The EC50 of ganciclovir for CHV-1 was 37.7μM. No adverse effects associated with ganciclovir were observed during the in vivo experiment. Mean ocular disease and inflammation scores for the ganciclovir group were significantly lower than those for the control group. Mean duration of CHV-1 shedding for the ganciclovir group (0.4 days) was significantly shorter than that for the control group (6.2 days). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Topical administration of 0.15% ganciclovir ophthalmic gel was well tolerated and effective in decreasing clinical disease scores, ocular tissue inflammation, and duration of viral shedding in dogs with experimentally induced ocular CHV-1 infection.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ferreira CGT, Campos MG, Felix DM, Santos MR, Carvalho OVD, Diaz MAN, Fietto JLR, Bressan GC, Silva-Júnior A, Almeida MRD. Evaluation of the antiviral activities of Bacharis dracunculifolia and quercetin on Equid herpesvirus 1 in a murine model. Res Vet Sci 2018; 120:70-77. [PMID: 30267998 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is a pathogen of high economic importance in equine breeding operations around the world. EHV-1 infection causes respiratory, neurologic and reproductive disease. The absence of an efficient therapy has caught the attention of the scientific community and the therapeutic activities of natural products with its antivirals effects might be effective for the disease's treatment. Herein it was evaluated the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of quercetin and ethanolic extracts of Bacharis dracunculifolia formulations compared to Penciclovir® in an in vivo EHV-1 infection model. Six to seven-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were randomly organized into fifteen groups with six animals each. Ex-1 represents the treatment post-challenge groups to assess morbidity, mortality and weight variation. Ex-2 represents the animals that received treatment for 5 days post-challenge for lesion evaluation. In Ex-3 animals were treated prior to viral challenge to assess morbidity, mortality and weight variation. All mice in the treatment groups were challenged by intranasal inoculation of 3.0 × 105 TCID50 EHV-1. The quercetin and B. dracunculifolia treatment decreased morbimortality in post-challenge treatment (Ex-1) and EHV-1 related lesions (Ex-2). Treatment prior to viral challenge (Ex-3) did not show any significant results. Based on the results of the present study, both tested formulations are promising antiviral agents for the treatment of EHV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mateus Gandra Campos
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-700, Brazil
| | - Daniele Mendes Felix
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-700, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marisa Alves Nogueira Diaz
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-700, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lopes Rangel Fietto
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-700, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Costa Bressan
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-700, Brazil
| | - Abelardo Silva-Júnior
- Departament of Veterinary, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-700, Brazil.
| | - Márcia Rogéria de Almeida
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-700, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Vissani MA, Zabal O, Tordoya MS, Parreño V, Thiry E, Barrandeguy M. In vitro comparison of acyclovir, ganciclovir and cidofovir against equid alphaherpesvirus 3 and evaluation of their efficacy against six field isolates. Rev Argent Microbiol 2018; 50:380-390. [PMID: 29779880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid alphaherpesvirus 3 (EHV3) is the etiological agent of equine coital exanthema (ECE), which is a venereal, highly contagious disease, characterized by the formation of papules, vesicles, pustules and ulcers on the external genitalia of mares and stallions. EHV3 remains in a latent state after a successful infection and there are latently infected animals in which the virus is reactivated and generally re-excreted subclinically. There are no available vaccines for this condition and prevention is based on the clinical examination of mares prior to mating, which allows to segregate those showing clinical signs. As this approach does not eliminate the risk of contagion in stallions from subclinically infected mares, there is a need for a specific EHV3 treatment. Nowadays, there exist various antiviral compounds of proven effectiveness for other alphaherpesviruses affecting humans and animals. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of three antiviral compounds, acyclovir, ganciclovir and cidofovir against EHV3 in vitro, and to assess their efficacy against six EHV3 Argentinian field isolates. To determine the efficacy of these compounds in vitro, three parameters were analyzed: reduction of plaque number, reduction of plaque size and reduction of viral production. Additionally, the effectiveness of the three compounds at an optimum concentration previously determined in this study was investigated for the EHV3 field isolates. Based on our results, ganciclovir was the most potent antiviral compound to reduce EHV3 replication in vitro and may thus be a valuable candidate for treatment and prevention of ECE in mares and stallions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María A Vissani
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Castelar (1712), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Osvaldo Zabal
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Castelar (1712), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Champagnat 1599, Ruta Panamericana km54.5 (B1630AHU), Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María S Tordoya
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Castelar (1712), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Castelar (1712), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - María Barrandeguy
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Castelar (1712), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Champagnat 1599, Ruta Panamericana km54.5 (B1630AHU), Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tallmadge RL, Žygelytė E, Van de Walle GR, Kristie TM, Felippe MJB. Effect of a Histone Demethylase Inhibitor on Equine Herpesvirus-1 Activity In Vitro. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:34. [PMID: 29594155 PMCID: PMC5857540 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is a ubiquitous and highly contagious pathogen that causes a range of disease severities with outbreaks of notable economic impact. Given the limitations in immune protection of current vaccines and the limited effectiveness of antiviral drugs on EHV-1 infections in vivo, improved treatment measures are needed to control disease. The use of drugs that alter the epigenetic state of herpes simplex virus genome has been shown to limit viral primary infection and reactivation both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that maintaining a repressive epigenetic state on the EHV-1 genome in the host equine cell would decrease viral load during lytic infection. Equine fetal kidney cells (EFKCs) or isolated peripheral blood leukocytes were treated in vitro with (a) the nucleoside analog ganciclovir; (b) the histone demethylase inhibitor OG-L002; (c) both ganciclovir and OG-L002; or (d) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, vehicle control); and then infected with a clinical EHV-1 isolate. Treatment of EFKCs with ganciclovir (mean 22.3 DNA copies per cell, p = 0.0005), OG-L002 (mean 25.6, p = 0.005) or both ganciclovir and OG-L002 (mean 7.1, p = 0.0001) resulted in decreased EHV-1 viral load at 24 h post-infection (hpi) in comparison with DMSO (mean 42.0), with greater impact using the combined treatment. Further, EHV-1 gene expression at 3 hpi decreased when EFKCs were infected in the presence of ganciclovir (p = 0.04) and combined treatment of ganciclovir and OG-L002 (p = 0.0003). In contrast, under similar conditions, neither ganciclovir nor OG-L002 suppressed EHV-1 infection in leukocytes. Differences between cell types, drug penetrance, or drug turnover, may have contributed to the distinct effects observed in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Tallmadge
- Equine Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Emilija Žygelytė
- Equine Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | | | - Thomas M. Kristie
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA, United States
| | - M. Julia B. Felippe
- Equine Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Maxwell LK, Bentz BG, Gilliam LL, Ritchey JW, Pusterla N, Eberle R, Holbrook TC, McFarlane D, Rezabek GB, Meinkoth J, Whitfield C, Goad CL, Allen GP. Efficacy of the early administration of valacyclovir hydrochloride for the treatment of neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type-1 infection in horses. Am J Vet Res 2018; 78:1126-1139. [PMID: 28945127 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.10.1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether prophylactic administration of valacyclovir hydrochloride versus initiation of treatment at the onset of fever would differentially protect horses from viral replication and clinical disease attributable to equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1) infection. ANIMALS 18 aged mares. PROCEDURES Horses were randomly assigned to receive an oral placebo (control), treatment at detection of fever, or prophylactic treatment (initiated 1 day prior to viral challenge) and then inoculated intranasally with a neuropathogenic strain of EHV-1. Placebo or valacyclovir was administered orally for 7 or 14 days after EHV-1 inoculation or detection of fever (3 horses/group). Effects of treatment on viral replication and clinical disease were evaluated. Plasma acyclovir concentrations and viremia were assessed to determine inhibitory concentrations of valacyclovir. RESULTS Valacyclovir administration decreased shedding of virus and viremia, compared with findings for control horses. Rectal temperatures and clinical disease scores in horses that received valacyclovir prophylactically for 2 weeks were lower than those in control horses. The severity of but not the risk for ataxia was decreased by valacyclovir administration. Viremia was decreased when steady-state trough plasma acyclovir concentrations were > 0.8 μg/mL, supporting the time-dependent activity of acyclovir. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Valacyclovir treatment significantly decreased viral replication and signs of disease in EHV-1-infected horses; effects were greatest when treatment was initiated before viral inoculation, but treatment was also effective when initiated as late as 2 days after inoculation. During an outbreak of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy, antiviral treatment may be initiated in horses at various stages of infection, including horses that have not yet developed signs of viral disease.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Since vaccination may not prevent disease, antiherpetic drugs have been investigated for the therapy of several equine herpesviruses. Drug efficacy has been assessed in horses with disease, but most evidence is in vitro, in other species, or empirical. Oral valacyclovir is most often administered in the therapy of equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1) to protect adult horses from equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy, while oral acyclovir is frequently administered for EHV-5 infection in the therapy of equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis. Other antiherpetic drugs are promising but require further investigation. Several topical drugs are also empirically used in the therapy of equine viral keratitis.
Collapse
|
23
|
Stasiak K, Dunowska M, Hills SF, Rola J. Genetic characterization of equid herpesvirus type 1 from cases of abortion in Poland. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2329-2335. [PMID: 28451902 PMCID: PMC5506511 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is a common viral infection associated with varied clinical outcomes including respiratory disease, abortion and neurological disease. We have characterized EHV-1 sequences (n = 38) obtained from cases of equine abortion in Poland between 1999 and 2016, based on sequencing of PCR products from open reading frames (ORF) 30 and 68 of the EHV-1 genome. The majority (81.6%) of sequences were not classified into any of the previously described groups based on the ORF68 sequence. The remaining sequences belonged to ORF68 group III (7.9%) or IV (10.5%). A haplotype network analysis did not show any obvious structure within networks of local Polish sequences, nor within a global network of 215 EHV-1 sequences when these networks were coloured based on the geographical origin of viruses or date of detection. Our data suggest that ORF68 does not provide a reliable molecular marker for epidemiological studies of EHV-1, at least in a global sense. Its usefulness to aid local investigations of individual outbreaks remains to be established. All but two Polish EHV-1 sequences belonged to the ORF30 N752 genotype. The two ORF30 D752 viruses were obtained from abortion cases in 2009 and 2010. Hence, abortion cases that occurred in Poland between 1999 and 2016 were caused predominantly by EHV-1 with the ORF30 N752 genotype, with no indication of an increase in the prevalence of the ORF30 D752 variant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karol Stasiak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Magdalena Dunowska
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Simon F Hills
- Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jerzy Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Paola SCC, Shirley BDA, Natan MB, Thais DOF, Tamiris ASB, Carlos EDI, Fernando F, Maria JBF, Aline ODC. In vitro cytotoxicity and biological activities of Genipa americana (Rubiaceae) ethanolic extracts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2016.8418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
25
|
Diseases of the Nervous System. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7322266 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
26
|
Zouharova D, Lipenska I, Fojtikova M, Kulich P, Neca J, Slany M, Kovarcik K, Turanek-Knotigova P, Hubatka F, Celechovska H, Masek J, Koudelka S, Prochazka L, Eyer L, Plockova J, Bartheldyova E, Miller AD, Ruzek D, Raska M, Janeba Z, Turanek J. Antiviral activities of 2,6-diaminopurine-based acyclic nucleoside phosphonates against herpesviruses: In vitro study results with pseudorabies virus (PrV, SuHV-1). Vet Microbiol 2016; 184:84-93. [PMID: 26854349 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PrV), a causative agent of Aujeszky's disease, is deadly to most mammals with the exception of higher primates and men. This disease causes serious economic loses among farm animals, especially pigs, yet many European countries are today claimed to be Aujeszky's disease free because of the discovery of an efficient vaccination for pigs. In reality, the virus is still present in wild boar. Current vaccines are neither suitable for dogs nor are there anti-PrV drugs approved for veterinary use. Therefore, the disease still represents a high threat, particularly for expensive hunting dogs that can come into close contact with infected boars. Here we report on the anti-PrV activities of a series of synthetic diaminopurine-based acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (DAP-ANP) analogues. Initially, all synthetic DAP-ANPs under investigation are shown to exhibit minimal cytotoxicity by MTT and XTT tests (1-100μM range). Thereafter in vitro infection models are established using PrV virus SuHV-1, optimized on PK-15 and RK-13 cell lines. Out of the six DAP-ANP analogues tested, analogue VI functionalized with a cyclopropyl group on the 6-amino position of the purine ring proves the most effective antiviral DAP-ANP analogue against PrV infection, aided by sufficient hydrophobic character to enhance bioavailability to its cellular target viral DNA-polymerase. Four other DAP-ANP analogues with functional groups introduced to the C2'position are shown ineffective against PrV infection, even with favourable hydrophobic properties. Cidofovir(®), a drug approved against various herpesvirus infections, is found to exert only low activity against PrV in these same in vitro models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darina Zouharova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Lipenska
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Fojtikova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kulich
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Neca
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Slany
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kovarcik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Frantisek Hubatka
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Celechovska
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Masek
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stepan Koudelka
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Annés University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomir Prochazka
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ludek Eyer
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Plockova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eliska Bartheldyova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew D Miller
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, London, United Kingdom, and GlobalAcorn Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Ruzek
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Raska
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Brno, Czech Republic; Palacky University of Olomouc, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Turanek
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Vissani MA, Thiry E, Dal Pozzo F, Barrandeguy M. Antiviral agents against equid alphaherpesviruses: Current status and perspectives. Vet J 2015; 207:38-44. [PMID: 26654843 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus infections cause respiratory, neurological and reproductive syndromes. Despite preventive and control measures and the availability of vaccines and immunostimulants, herpesvirus infections still constitute a major threat to equine health and for the equine industry worldwide. Antiviral drugs, particularly nucleoside analogues and foscarnet, are successfully used for the treatment of human alphaherpesvirus infections. In equine medicine, the use of antiviral medications in alphaherpesvirus infections would decrease the excretion of virus and diminish the risk of contagion and the convalescent time in affected horses, and would also improve the clinical outcome of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy. The combined use of antiviral compounds, along with vaccines, immune modulators, and effective preventive and control measures, might be beneficial in diminishing the negative impact of alphaherpesvirus infections in horses. The purpose of this review is to analyse the available information regarding the use of antiviral agents against alphaherpesviruses, with particular emphasis on equine alphaherpesvirus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María A Vissani
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA, Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Castelar 1712, Argentina.
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases and UREAR, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Fabiana Dal Pozzo
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases and UREAR, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - María Barrandeguy
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA, Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Castelar 1712, Argentina; Carrera de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Champagnat 1599, Ruta Panamericana km 54.5 (B1630AHU), Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pusterla N, Hussey GS. Equine Herpesvirus 1 Myeloencephalopathy. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2014; 30:489-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
|
29
|
Potential applications for antiviral therapy and prophylaxis in bovine medicine. Anim Health Res Rev 2014; 15:102-17. [PMID: 24810855 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252314000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Viral disease is one of the major causes of financial loss and animal suffering in today's cattle industry. Increases in global commerce and average herd size, urbanization, vertical integration within the industry and alterations in global climate patterns have allowed the spread of pathogenic viruses, or the introduction of new viral species, into regions previously free of such pathogens, creating the potential for widespread morbidity and mortality in naïve cattle populations. Despite this, no antiviral products are currently commercially licensed for use in bovine medicine, although significant progress has been made in the development of antivirals for use against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) and bovine herpesvirus (BHV). BVDV is extensively studied as a model virus for human antiviral studies. Consequently, many compounds with efficacy have been identified and a few have been successfully used to prevent infection in vivo although commercial development is still lacking. FMDV is also the subject of extensive antiviral testing due to the importance of outbreak containment for maintenance of export markets. Thirdly, BHV presents an attractive target for antiviral development due to its worldwide presence. Antiviral studies for other bovine viral pathogens are largely limited to preliminary studies. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of antiviral compounds against several key bovine pathogens and the potential for commercial antiviral applications in the prevention and control of several selected bovine diseases.
Collapse
|
30
|
Russo E, Gaglianone N, Baldassari S, Parodi B, Cafaggi S, Zibana C, Donalisio M, Cagno V, Lembo D, Caviglioli G. Preparation, characterization and in vitro antiviral activity evaluation of foscarnet-chitosan nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 118:117-25. [PMID: 24742953 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A new nanoparticulate system for foscarnet delivery was prepared and evaluated. Nanoparticles were obtained by ionotropic gelation of chitosan induced by foscarnet itself, acting as an ionotropic agent in a manner similar to tripolyphosphate anion. A Doehlert design allowed finding the suitable experimental conditions. Nanoparticles were between 200 and 300nm in diameter (around 450nm after redispersion). Nanoparticle size increased after 5h, but no size increase was observed after 48h when nanoparticles were crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. Zeta potential values of noncrosslinked and crosslinked nanoparticles were between 20 and 25mV, while drug loading of noncrosslinked nanoparticles was about 40% w/w (55% w/w for crosslinked nanoparticles). Nanoparticle yield was around 25% w/w. Crosslinked nanoparticles showed a controlled drug release. Foscarnet released from nanoparticles maintained the antiviral activity of the free drug when tested in vitro against lung fibroblasts (HELF) cells infected with HCMV strain AD-169. Moreover, nanoparticles showed no toxicity on non-infected HELF cells. These nanoparticles may represent a delivery system that could improve the therapeutic effect of foscarnet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy.
| | - N Gaglianone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - S Baldassari
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - B Parodi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - S Cafaggi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - C Zibana
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - M Donalisio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Ospedale San Luigi Gonzaga Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - V Cagno
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Ospedale San Luigi Gonzaga Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - D Lembo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Ospedale San Luigi Gonzaga Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - G Caviglioli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Perkins GA, Van de Walle GR, Pusterla N, Erb HN, Osterrieder N. Evaluation of metaphylactic RNA interference to prevent equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in experimental herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in horses. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:248-56. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.2.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
32
|
Carmichael RJ, Whitfield C, Maxwell LK. Pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir and valganciclovir in the adult horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2013; 36:441-9. [PMID: 23301502 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpes myeloencephalopathy, resulting from equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) infection, is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality in the horse. As compared to other antiviral drugs, such as acyclovir, ganciclovir has enhanced potency against EHV-1. This study investigated the pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir and its oral prodrug, valganciclovir, in six adult horses in a randomized cross-over design. Ganciclovir sodium was administered intravenously as a slow bolus at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg, and valganciclovir was administered orally at a dose of 1800 mg per horse. Intravenously administered ganciclovir disposition was best described by a three-compartment model with a prolonged terminal half-life of 72 ± 9 h. Following the oral administration of valganciclovir, the mean observed maximum serum ganciclovir concentration was 0.58 ± 0.37 μg/mL, and bioavailability of ganciclovir from oral valganciclovir was 41 ± 20%. Superposition predicted that oral dosing of 1800-mg valganciclovir two times daily would fail to produce and maintain effective plasma concentrations of ganciclovir. However, superposition suggested that i.v. administration of ganciclovir at 2.5 mg/kg every 8 h for 24 h followed by maintenance dosing of 2.5 mg/kg every 12 h would maintain effective ganciclovir serum concentrations in most horses throughout the dosing interval.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Carmichael
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Glorieux S, Vandekerckhove AP, Goris N, Yang XY, Steukers L, Van de Walle GR, Croubels S, Neyts J, Nauwynck HJ. Evaluation of the antiviral activity of (1'S,2'R)-9-[[1',2'-bis(hydroxymethyl)cycloprop-1'-yl]methyl]guanine (A-5021) against equine herpesvirus type 1 in cell monolayers and equine nasal mucosal explants. Antiviral Res 2011; 93:234-238. [PMID: 22178244 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1) is a ubiquitous equine alphaherpesvirus that causes respiratory disease, neurological symptoms and abortions. Current vaccines are not fully protective and effective therapeutics are lacking. A-5021 [(1'S,2'R)-9-[[1',2'-bis(hydroxymethyl)cycloprop-1'-yl]methyl]guanine], previously shown to possess potent anti-herpetic activity against most human herpesviruses, was evaluated for its potential to inhibit EHV1 replication. In equine embryonic lung (EEL) cells, infected with either a non-neurovirulent (97P70) or a neurovirulent (03P37) EHV1 isolate, A-5021 proved to be about 15-fold more potent than acyclovir in inhibiting viral replication. Moreover, in equine nasal mucosal explants, A-5021 (at 8 and 32μM) was able to completely inhibit viral plaque formation whereas acyclovir did not exert an antiviral effect at these concentrations. Our data demonstrate that A-5021 is a potent inhibitor of EHV1 replication and may have potential for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of infections with this virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Glorieux
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | - Nesya Goris
- Okapi Sciences NV, Ambachtenlaan 1, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Xiao-Yun Yang
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Lennert Steukers
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Department of Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroederstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gravina H, Tafuri N, Silva Júnior A, Fietto J, Oliveira T, Diaz M, Almeida M. In vitro assessment of the antiviral potential of trans-cinnamic acid, quercetin and morin against equid herpesvirus 1. Res Vet Sci 2011; 91:e158-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
35
|
Azab W, Kato K, Abdel-Gawad A, Tohya Y, Akashi H. Equine herpesvirus 4: recent advances using BAC technology. Vet Microbiol 2011; 150:1-14. [PMID: 21292410 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The equine herpesviruses are major infectious pathogens that threaten equine health. Equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) is an important equine pathogen that causes respiratory tract disease, known as rhinopneumonitis, among horses worldwide. EHV-4 genome manipulation with subsequent understanding of the viral gene functions has always been difficult due to the limited number of susceptible cell lines and the absence of small-animal models of the infection. Efficient generation of mutants of EHV-4 would significantly contribute to the rapid and accurate characterization of the viral genes. This problem has been solved recently by the cloning of the genome of EHV-4 as a stable and infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) without any deletions of the viral genes. Very low copy BAC vectors are the mainstay of present genomic research because of the high stability of inserted clones and the possibility of mutating any gene target in a relatively short time. Manipulation of EHV-4 genome is now feasible using the power of BAC technology, and should aid greatly in assessing the role of viral genes in the virus-host interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walid Azab
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Palma VD, Ayala M, Gobello C, Echeverria M, Galosi C. An atypical clinical presentation for the first isolation of Canid herpesvirus 1 in Argentina. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352010000500034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
37
|
Dezengrini R, Silva SCD, Weiss M, Kreutz LC, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Atividade de três drogas antivirais sobre os herpesvírus bovino tipos 1, 2 e 5 em cultivo celular. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2010001000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A atividade de três fármacos antivirais (Aciclovir [ACV], Ganciclovir [GCV] e Foscarnet [PFA]) foi testada in vitro frente aos herpesvírus bovino tipos 1 (BoHV-1), 2 (BoHV-2) e 5 (BoHV-5). Para isso, utilizou-se o teste de reducao de placas virais em cultivo celular, testando-se diferentes concentracoes dos farmacos frente a 100 doses infectantes para 50% dos cultivos celulares (DICC50) dos respectivos virus. Pelo teste de MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), verificou-se que concentracoes inferiores a 200ƒÊg/mL dos tres antivirais resultaram em indices de viabilidade de celulas MDBK e Hep2 superiores a 80%. Com base na concentracao citotoxica para 50% das celulas (CC50) e na concentracao dos farmacos efetiva para inibir em 50% o numero de placas virais (EC50), calculou-se o indice de seletividade (IS) dos antivirais para os tres herpesvirus. Assim, o ACV demonstrou ser moderadamente ativo frente ao BoHV-1 (EC50: 112,9ƒÊg/mL e IS: 4,5), ao BoHV-2 (EC50: 114,2 ƒÊg/mL e IS: 4,5) e BoHV-5 (EC50: 96,9ƒÊg/mL e IS: 5,3). O GCV apresentou atividade moderada frente ao BoHV-2 (EC50: 33,5ƒÊg/mL e IS: 16,6) e, em menor grau, contra o BoHV-5 (EC50: 123,2ƒÊg/mL e IS: 4,5), sendo ineficaz frente ao BoHV-1 (EC50: 335,8ƒÊg/mL e IS: 1,7). O PFA apresentou atividade antiviral mais pronunciada, sendo o unico farmaco que, na concentracao de 100ƒÊg/mL, inibiu completamente a producao de placas pelos tres virus testados. O PFA foi o mais efetivo in vitro frente ao BoHV-1 (EC50: 29,5ƒÊg/mL e IS: 42,2), ao BoHV-2 (EC50: 45,2ƒÊg/mL e IS: 27,6) e ao BoHV-5 (EC50: 7,8ƒÊg/mL e IS: 160,6). Portanto, os resultados obtidos indicam que o PFA pode se constituir em um candidato para terapia experimental de infeccoes pelos herpesvirus de bovinos in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcelo Weiss
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM),, Brasil; Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
De Clercq E. Yet another ten stories on antiviral drug discovery (part D): paradigms, paradoxes, and paraductions. Med Res Rev 2010; 30:667-707. [PMID: 19626594 DOI: 10.1002/med.20173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This review article presents the fourth part (part D) in the series of stories on antiviral drug discovery. The stories told in part D focus on: (i) the cyclotriazadisulfonamide compounds; (ii) the {5-[(4-bromophenylmethyl]-2-phenyl-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine} compounds; (iii) (1H,3H-thiazolo[3,4-a]benzimidazole) derivatives; (iv) T-705 (6-fluoro-3-hydroxy-2-pyrazinecarboxamide) and (v) its structurally closely related analogue pyrazine 2-carboxamide (pyrazinamide); (vi) new strategies for the treatment of hemorrhagic fever virus infections, including, as the most imminent, (vii) dengue fever, (viii) the veterinary use of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates; (ix) the potential (off-label) use of cidofovir in the treatment of papillomatosis, particularly RRP (recurrent respiratory papillomatosis); and (x) finally, the prophylactic use of tenofovir to prevent HIV infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Dezengrini R, Silva SCD, Weiss M, Oliveira MSD, Traesel CK, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Efeitos do Foscarnet sobre a infecção pelos herpesvírus bovino tipos 1 e 5 em coelhos. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2010000800003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
O efeito antiviral do Foscarnet (PFA) foi demonstrado anteriormente em células de cultivo infectadas com três herpesvírus bovino (BoHV). No presente estudo, investigaram-se os seus efeitos sobre a infecção e doença causadas pelo BoHV-1 e BoHV-5 em coelhos infectados experimentalmente. Coelhos inoculados com o BoHV-5 pela via intraconjuntival (IC) e tratados com o PFA (100mg/kg/dia) a partir do dia 1 pós-inoculação (pi) apresentaram uma redução nos títulos de vírus excretados entre os dias 2 e 6 pi em comparação com o grupo não-tratado; essa diferença foi significativa no dia 3 pi [F(9,108) = 2,23; P<0,03)]. Os coelhos inoculados com o BoHV-5 e tratados com o PFA apresentaram uma redução significativa nos índices de morbidade e mortalidade (95,4% [21/22] nos controles; 50% [11/22] nos tratados; [P<0,0008]). Em coelhos inoculados com o BoHV-1 pela via IC, o tratamento com o PFA resultou em redução nos títulos de vírus excretados, entre os dias 1 e 4, e 6 e 7 pi. Esses animais apresentaram um período de incubação mais curto e um curso clínico mais longo comparando-se com o grupo controle não tratado (P<0,005 e P<0,04, respectivamente). O PFA também reduziu a freqüência e severidade da doença ocular nos coelhos inoculados com o BoHV-1. Esses resultados demonstram que o PFA possui atividade frente ao BoHV-1 e BoHV-5 in vivo e são promissores para o uso desse fármaco em terapias experimentais das infecções herpéticas dos animais domésticos.
Collapse
|
40
|
Wong DM, Maxwell LK, Wilkins PA. Use of antiviral medications against equine herpes virus associated disorders. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
41
|
Garré B, Baert K, Nauwynck H, Deprez P, De Backer P, Croubels S. Multiple oral dosing of valacyclovir in horses and ponies. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32:207-12. [PMID: 19646083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.01025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate whether multiple oral dosing of valacyclovir could result in plasma concentrations exceeding the EC(50)-value of acyclovir against equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1) during the majority of the treatment period. Additionally, we wanted to determine the concentration of acyclovir in nasal mucus and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Valacyclovir was administered to four horses and two ponies, three times daily, at a dosage of 40 mg/kg, for four consecutive days. Blood was collected prior to each administration and 1 h after dosing. Nasal mucus samples and CSF were collected once during treatment; 1 h after the last administration. This dosage regimen resulted in plasma concentrations that were higher than the EC(50)-value of 1.7 microg/mL, i.e. EC(50) of an isolate highly susceptible to acyclovir, for 80% of the treatment period; and higher than the EC(50)-value of 3.0 microg/mL, i.e. EC(50) of an isolate less susceptible to acyclovir, for 60% of the treatment period. Concentration in nasal mucus samples and CSF was 0.36-1.17 microg/mL and 0.11-0.23 microg/mL, respectively. This study illustrates that multiple dosing of valacyclovir may result in a therapeutic benefit as plasma concentrations could be maintained above the EC(50)-value of acyclovir against EHV1 for more than 50% of the treatment period. Acyclovir could be detected in both nasal mucus samples and CSF. However, these concentrations were lower than the EC(50).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Garré
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Characterization of a thymidine kinase-deficient mutant of equine herpesvirus 4 and in vitro susceptibility of the virus to antiviral agents. Antiviral Res 2010; 85:389-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
43
|
TSUJIMURA K, YAMADA M, NAGATA SI, YAMANAKA T, NEMOTO M, KONDO T, KUROSAWA M, MATSUMURA T. Pharmacokinetics of Penciclovir after Oral Administration of its Prodrug Famciclovir to Horses. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:357-61. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Koji TSUJIMURA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | | | | | - Takashi YAMANAKA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Manabu NEMOTO
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Takashi KONDO
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | | | - Tomio MATSUMURA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lunn DP, Davis-Poynter N, Flaminio MJBF, Horohov DW, Osterrieder K, Pusterla N, Townsend HGG. Equine herpesvirus-1 consensus statement. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:450-61. [PMID: 19645832 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 is a highly prevalent and frequently pathogenic infection of equids. The most serious clinical consequences of infection are abortion and equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). In recent years, there has been an apparent increase in the incidence of EHM in North America, with serious consequences for horses and the horse industry. This consensus statement draws together current knowledge in the areas of pathogenesis, strain variation, epidemiology, diagnostic testing, vaccination, outbreak prevention and control, and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D P Lunn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, James L Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1620, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
The effect of siRNA treatment on experimental equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection in horses. Virus Res 2009; 147:176-81. [PMID: 19896512 PMCID: PMC7114471 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Available vaccines fail to induce lasting and protective immunity to equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) associated diseases. RNA interference is a novel approach showing promise for therapeutic use in outbreak situations. This study examined the effect of small interfering RNA (siRNA) on clinical signs as well as the presence of live virus and viral DNA in nasal secretions and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in horses experimentally infected with EHV-1. siRNA targeting two EHV-1 genes (glycoprotein B and the origin binding protein) was administered 12 h before and 12 h after intranasal infection with EHV-1. Control horses received siRNA targeting firefly luciferase. A significantly smaller proportion (0/10) of horses receiving siRNA targeting viral genes required euthanasia due to intractable neurologic disease as compared to horses in the control group (3/4; p = 0.01). There was no significant difference in the presence of live virus or viral DNA in the nasal secretions or PBMCs between the two groups. Future studies are necessary to define the relative contributions of host and virus factors in the development of the neurological form of the infection and to determine an optimal dosing regimen for metaphylactic or therapeutic use of siRNA for treating EHV-1 infection.
Collapse
|
46
|
Claro C, Ruiz R, Cordero E, Pastor MT, López-Cortés LF, Jiménez-Castellanos MR, Lucero MJ. Determination and pharmacokinetic profile of liposomal foscarnet in rabbit ocular tissues after intravitreal administration. Exp Eye Res 2009; 88:528-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
47
|
Garré B, Gryspeerdt A, Croubels S, De Backer P, Nauwynck H. Evaluation of orally administered valacyclovir in experimentally EHV1-infected ponies. Vet Microbiol 2009; 135:214-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
48
|
Fulton A, Peters ST, Perkins GA, Jarosinski KW, Damiani A, Brosnahan M, Buckles EL, Osterrieder N, Van de Walle GR. Effective treatment of respiratory alphaherpesvirus infection using RNA interference. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4118. [PMID: 19122813 PMCID: PMC2606062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), a member of the Alphaherpesvirinae, is spread via nasal secretions and causes respiratory disease, neurological disorders and abortions. The virus is a significant equine pathogen, but current EHV-1 vaccines are only partially protective and effective metaphylactic and therapeutic agents are not available. Small interfering RNAs (siRNA's), delivered intranasally, could prove a valuable alternative for infection control. siRNA's against two essential EHV-1 genes, encoding the viral helicase (Ori) and glycoprotein B, were evaluated for their potential to decrease EHV-1 infection in a mouse model. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FNDINGS: siRNA therapy in vitro significantly reduced virus production and plaque size. Viral titers were reduced 80-fold with 37.5 pmol of a single siRNA or with as little as 6.25 pmol of each siRNA when used in combination. siRNA therapy in vivo significantly reduced viral replication and clinical signs. Intranasal treatment did not require a transport vehicle and proved effective when given up to 12 h before or after infection. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE siRNA treatment has potential for both prevention and early treatment of EHV-1 infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Fulton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Sarah T. Peters
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Gillian A. Perkins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Keith W. Jarosinski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Armando Damiani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Margaret Brosnahan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth L. Buckles
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Gerlinde R. Van de Walle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencephalopathy: a review of recent developments. Vet J 2008; 180:279-89. [PMID: 18805030 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpes myeloencephalopathy (EHM), although a relatively uncommon manifestation of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection, can cause devastating losses on individual farms or boarding stables. Although outbreaks of EHM have been recognized for centuries in domestic horse populations, many aspects of this disease remained poorly characterized. In recent years, an improved understanding of EHM has emerged from experimental studies and from data collected during field outbreaks at riding schools, racetracks and veterinary hospitals throughout North America and Europe. These outbreaks have highlighted the contagious nature of EHV-1 and have prompted a re-evaluation of diagnostic procedures, treatment modalities, preventative measures and biosecurity protocols for the disease. This review concentrates on these and other selected, clinically relevant aspects of EHM.
Collapse
|
50
|
Assessing the efficacy of cidofovir against herpesvirus-induced genital lesions in goats using different therapeutic regimens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:4064-8. [PMID: 18765685 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00725-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1) infection in goats induces genital vesicular-ulcerative lesions that strictly resemble those produced by human herpesvirus 2 in humans. In previous studies, the potent inhibition of CpHV-1 by cidofovir was demonstrated. Cidofovir antiherpetic activity was evaluated in goats infected experimentally by the vaginal route with CpHV-1 and then treated locally at different times after infection. The administration of 1% cidofovir cream onto vaginal mucosa was able to prevent the onset of genital lesions and to decrease significantly the titers of the virus shed by the infected animals, notably in the groups treated shortly after infection (24 and 48 h). The efficacy of cidofovir against caprine herpesvirus infection was higher when the treatment was started shortly after infection than when lesions were already present and advanced. Herpesvirus genital infection of goats is a useful animal model to study the activity of antiviral drugs against human herpesvirus infections.
Collapse
|