1
|
Eribe ERK, Olsen I. Leptotrichia species in human infections II. J Oral Microbiol 2017; 9:1368848. [PMID: 29081911 PMCID: PMC5646626 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2017.1368848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptotrichia species are non-motile facultative anaerobic/anaerobic bacteria that are found mostly in the oral cavity and some other parts of the human body, in animals, and even in ocean sediments. Valid species include L. buccalis, L. goodfellowii, L. hofstadii, L. honkongensis, L. shahii, L. trevisanii, and L. wadei. Some species require serum or blood for growth. All species ferment carbohydrates and produce lactic acid that may be involved with tooth decay. Acting as opportunistic pathogens, they are involved in a variety of diseases, and have been isolated from immunocompromised but also immunocompetent individuals. Mucositis, oral lesions, wounds, and abscesses may predispose to Leptotrichia septicemia. Because identification of Leptotrichia species by phenotypic features occasionally lead to misidentification, genetic techniques such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing is recommended. Early diagnosis and treatment of leptotrichia infections is important for positive outcomes. Over the last years, Leptotrichia species have been associated with several changes in taxonomy and new associations with clinical diseases. Such changes are reported in this updated review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emenike R K Eribe
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bemis DA, Johnson BH, Bryant MJ, Jones RD, McCleery BV, Greenacre CB, Perreten V, Kania SA. Isolation and identification of Caviibacter abscessus from cervical abscesses in a series of pet guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:763-769. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638716665660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An organism reported in the early literature to be a rare cause of cervical lymphadenitis in guinea pigs, Streptobacillus moniliformis, has been reclassified as Caviibacter abscessus. We describe a series of sequential cases of abscesses in guinea pigs that were presented to our clinic from which the only agent isolated was a unique, serum-requiring bacterium. Discrete colonies were not detected in 6.5% CO2 or anaerobically on routine primary isolation media containing up to 5% whole sheep blood, with and without cysteine, vitamin K, and hemin supplementation after 7 days of incubation at 37°C. Based on subsequently determined growth requirements, the organisms were best described as serum-requiring, aerotolerant anaerobes. Colonies were detectable within 24 h at 37°C in an anaerobic atmosphere on a mycoplasma agar–based medium containing 10% pig serum and reached 3 mm in diameter within 3–5 days. Microscopic appearance consisted of small gram-negative rods and coccobacilli with occasional filaments. However, in direct smears from clinical specimens and from weak or dysgonic growth on plates incubated under suboptimal growth conditions (e.g., in 6.5% CO2), irregular rods with occasional small bulbous forms or numerous long wavy filaments were observed. All of the isolates generated unique spectral profiles similar to that of C. abscessus when examined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Phylogenetic analysis of partial 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolates were identical to each other and shared 99.9% sequence identity with C. abscessus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Bemis
- Departments of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (Bemis, Johnson, Bryant, Jones, Kania), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences (McCleery, Greenacre), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland (Perreten)
| | - Brian H. Johnson
- Departments of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (Bemis, Johnson, Bryant, Jones, Kania), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences (McCleery, Greenacre), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland (Perreten)
| | - Mary Jean Bryant
- Departments of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (Bemis, Johnson, Bryant, Jones, Kania), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences (McCleery, Greenacre), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland (Perreten)
| | - Rebekah D. Jones
- Departments of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (Bemis, Johnson, Bryant, Jones, Kania), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences (McCleery, Greenacre), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland (Perreten)
| | - Brynn V. McCleery
- Departments of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (Bemis, Johnson, Bryant, Jones, Kania), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences (McCleery, Greenacre), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland (Perreten)
| | - Cheryl B. Greenacre
- Departments of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (Bemis, Johnson, Bryant, Jones, Kania), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences (McCleery, Greenacre), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland (Perreten)
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Departments of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (Bemis, Johnson, Bryant, Jones, Kania), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences (McCleery, Greenacre), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland (Perreten)
| | - Stephen A. Kania
- Departments of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (Bemis, Johnson, Bryant, Jones, Kania), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences (McCleery, Greenacre), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland (Perreten)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Eisenberg T, Ewers C, Rau J, Akimkin V, Nicklas W. Approved and novel strategies in diagnostics of rat bite fever and other Streptobacillus infections in humans and animals. Virulence 2016; 7:630-48. [PMID: 27088660 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1177694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat bite fever (RBF), a worldwide occurring and most likely under-diagnosed zoonosis caused by Streptobacillus moniliformis, represents the most prominent disease of Streptobacillus infections. Recently, novel members have been described, from which a reservoir in rats and other animal species and a zoonotic potential can be assumed. Despite regularly published case reports, diagnostics of RBF continues to represent a 'diagnostic dilemma', because the mostly applied 16S rRNA sequence analysis may be uncertain for proper pathogen identification. Virtually nothing is known regarding prevalence in humans and animal reservoirs. For a realistic assessment of the pathogen's spread, epidemiology and virulence traits, future studies should focus on the genomic background of Streptobacillus. Full genome sequence analyses of a representative collection of strains might facilitate to unequivocally identify and type isolates. Prevalence studies using selective enrichment mechanisms may also enable the isolation of novel strains and candidate species of this neglected group of microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christa Ewers
- b Institut für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten der Tiere, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen , Gießen , Germany
| | - Jörg Rau
- c Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart , Fellbach , Germany
| | - Valerij Akimkin
- c Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart , Fellbach , Germany
| | - Werner Nicklas
- d Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum , Heidelberg , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Eisenberg T, Glaeser SP, Ewers C, Semmler T, Drescher B, Kämpfer P. Caviibacter abscessus gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Leptotrichiaceae isolated from guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; 66:1652-1659. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.000922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefanie P. Glaeser
- Institut für Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christa Ewers
- Institut für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten der Tiere, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - Peter Kämpfer
- Institut für Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gaastra W, Boot R, Ho HTK, Lipman LJA. Rat bite fever. Vet Microbiol 2008; 133:211-28. [PMID: 19008054 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rat bite fever (RBF) is a bacterial zoonosis for which two causal bacterial species have been identified: Streptobacillis moniliformis and Spirillum minus. Haverhill fever (HF) is a form of S. moniliformis infection believed to develop after ingestion of contaminated food or water. Here the infectious agents, their host species, pathogenicity (virulence factors and host susceptibility), diagnostic methods, therapy, epidemiology, transmission and prevention are described. Special emphasis is given on information from the field of laboratory animal microbiology and suggestions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wim Gaastra
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|