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Russo AG, Harding EF, Yan GJH, Selechnik D, Ducatez S, DeVore JL, Zhou J, Sarma RR, Lee YP, Richardson MF, Shine R, Rollins LA, White PA. Discovery of Novel Viruses Associated With the Invasive Cane Toad ( Rhinella marina) in Its Native and Introduced Ranges. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:733631. [PMID: 34552575 PMCID: PMC8450580 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.733631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cane toads (Rhinella marina) are notoriously successful invaders: from 101 individuals brought to Australia in 1935, poisonous toads now cover an area >1.2 million km2 with adverse effects on native fauna. Despite extensive research on the role of macroparasites in cane toad invasion, viral research is lagging. We compared viral prevalence and diversity between toads in their native range (French Guiana, n=25) and two introduced ranges: Australia (n=151) and Hawai'i (n=10) with a metatranscriptomic and metagenomic approach combined with PCR screening. Australian toads almost exclusively harbor one of seven viruses detected globally. Rhimavirus-A (Picornaviridae) exhibited low genetic diversity and likely actively infected 9% of sampled Australian toads extending across ~2,000km of Northern Australia and up to the current invasion front. In native range cane toads, we identified multiple phylogenetically distinct viruses (Iridoviridae, Picornaviridae, Papillomaviridae, and Nackedna-like virus). None of the same viruses was detected in both ranges, suggesting that Australian cane toads have largely escaped the viral infection experienced by their native range counterparts. The novel native range viruses described here are potential biocontrol agents, as Australian toads likely lack prior immunological exposure to these viruses. Overall, our evidence suggests that there may be differences between viruses infecting cane toads in their native vs. introduced ranges, which lays the groundwork for further studies on how these viruses have influenced the toads' invasion history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice G Russo
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emma F Harding
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Grace J H Yan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Selechnik
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences (SOLES), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon Ducatez
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences (SOLES), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jayna L DeVore
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences (SOLES), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jia Zhou
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Roshmi R Sarma
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yin Peng Lee
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark F Richardson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Shine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lee A Rollins
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter A White
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Purcell MK, Pearman-Gillman S, Thompson RL, Gregg JL, Hart LM, Winton JR, Emmenegger EJ, Hershberger PK. Identification of the major capsid protein of erythrocytic necrosis virus (ENV) and development of quantitative real-time PCR assays for quantification of ENV DNA. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:382-91. [PMID: 27154315 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716646411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral erythrocytic necrosis (VEN) is a disease of marine and anadromous fish that is caused by the erythrocytic necrosis virus (ENV), which was recently identified as a novel member of family Iridoviridae by next-generation sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of the ENV DNA polymerase grouped ENV with other erythrocytic iridoviruses from snakes and lizards. In the present study, we identified the gene encoding the ENV major capsid protein (MCP) and developed a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay targeting this gene. Phylogenetic analysis of the MCP gene sequence supported the conclusion that ENV does not group with any of the currently described iridovirus genera. Because there is no information regarding genetic variation of the MCP gene across the reported host and geographic range for ENV, we also developed a second qPCR assay for a more conserved ATPase-like gene region. The MCP and ATPase qPCR assays demonstrated good analytical and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity based on samples from laboratory challenges of Pacific herring Clupea pallasii The qPCR assays had similar diagnostic sensitivity and specificity as light microscopy of stained blood smears for the presence of intraerythrocytic inclusion bodies. However, the qPCR assays may detect viral DNA early in infection prior to the formation of inclusion bodies. Both qPCR assays appear suitable for viral surveillance or as a confirmatory test for ENV in Pacific herring from the Salish Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen K Purcell
- U.S. Geological Survey-Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA (Purcell, Pearman-Gillman, Thompson, Winton, Emmenegger)School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (Thompson)U.S. Geological Survey-Marrowstone Marine Field Station, Nordland, WA (Gregg, Hart, Hershberger)
| | - Schuyler Pearman-Gillman
- U.S. Geological Survey-Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA (Purcell, Pearman-Gillman, Thompson, Winton, Emmenegger)School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (Thompson)U.S. Geological Survey-Marrowstone Marine Field Station, Nordland, WA (Gregg, Hart, Hershberger)
| | - Rachel L Thompson
- U.S. Geological Survey-Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA (Purcell, Pearman-Gillman, Thompson, Winton, Emmenegger)School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (Thompson)U.S. Geological Survey-Marrowstone Marine Field Station, Nordland, WA (Gregg, Hart, Hershberger)
| | - Jacob L Gregg
- U.S. Geological Survey-Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA (Purcell, Pearman-Gillman, Thompson, Winton, Emmenegger)School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (Thompson)U.S. Geological Survey-Marrowstone Marine Field Station, Nordland, WA (Gregg, Hart, Hershberger)
| | - Lucas M Hart
- U.S. Geological Survey-Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA (Purcell, Pearman-Gillman, Thompson, Winton, Emmenegger)School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (Thompson)U.S. Geological Survey-Marrowstone Marine Field Station, Nordland, WA (Gregg, Hart, Hershberger)
| | - James R Winton
- U.S. Geological Survey-Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA (Purcell, Pearman-Gillman, Thompson, Winton, Emmenegger)School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (Thompson)U.S. Geological Survey-Marrowstone Marine Field Station, Nordland, WA (Gregg, Hart, Hershberger)
| | - Eveline J Emmenegger
- U.S. Geological Survey-Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA (Purcell, Pearman-Gillman, Thompson, Winton, Emmenegger)School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (Thompson)U.S. Geological Survey-Marrowstone Marine Field Station, Nordland, WA (Gregg, Hart, Hershberger)
| | - Paul K Hershberger
- U.S. Geological Survey-Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA (Purcell, Pearman-Gillman, Thompson, Winton, Emmenegger)School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (Thompson)U.S. Geological Survey-Marrowstone Marine Field Station, Nordland, WA (Gregg, Hart, Hershberger)
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Grosset C, Wellehan JFX, Owens SD, McGraw S, Gaffney PM, Foley J, Childress AL, Yun S, Malm K, Groff JM, Paul-Murphy J, Weber ES. Intraerythrocytic iridovirus in central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:354-364. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638714534851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Three adult central bearded dragons ( Pogona vitticeps) originating from a commercial breeding facility presented with clinical signs, including anorexia, dehydration, white multifocal lesions on the dorsal aspect of the tongue, blepharospasm, and weight loss. In 1 of 3 lizards, a marked regenerative anemia was noted, and all 3 bearded dragons had erythrocytic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Nine bearded dragons housed in contact also had identical, but fewer intraerythrocytic inclusions. Inclusion bodies examined by electron microscopy had particles consistent with iridoviruses. Attempts to culture the virus were unsuccessful; however, amplification and sequencing of regions of the viral DNA polymerase by polymerase chain reaction confirmed the presence of an iridovirus. One of the bearded dragons died, while the 2 others showing clinical signs were euthanized. The remaining 9 infected bearded dragons of the teaching colony were also euthanized. Postmortem examination revealed a moderate, multifocal, lymphoplasmacytic or mononuclear adenitis of the tongue in the 3 bearded dragons, and a lymphohistiocytic hepatitis with bacterial granulomas in 2 lizards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Grosset
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Grosset, McGraw, Groff), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Weber, Paul-Murphy, Foley, Yun, Malm), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Owens, Gaffney), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences of the University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Wellehan, Childress)
| | - James F. X. Wellehan
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Grosset, McGraw, Groff), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Weber, Paul-Murphy, Foley, Yun, Malm), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Owens, Gaffney), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences of the University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Wellehan, Childress)
| | - Sean D. Owens
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Grosset, McGraw, Groff), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Weber, Paul-Murphy, Foley, Yun, Malm), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Owens, Gaffney), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences of the University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Wellehan, Childress)
| | - Sabrina McGraw
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Grosset, McGraw, Groff), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Weber, Paul-Murphy, Foley, Yun, Malm), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Owens, Gaffney), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences of the University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Wellehan, Childress)
| | - Patricia M. Gaffney
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Grosset, McGraw, Groff), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Weber, Paul-Murphy, Foley, Yun, Malm), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Owens, Gaffney), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences of the University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Wellehan, Childress)
| | - Janet Foley
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Grosset, McGraw, Groff), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Weber, Paul-Murphy, Foley, Yun, Malm), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Owens, Gaffney), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences of the University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Wellehan, Childress)
| | - April L. Childress
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Grosset, McGraw, Groff), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Weber, Paul-Murphy, Foley, Yun, Malm), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Owens, Gaffney), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences of the University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Wellehan, Childress)
| | - Susan Yun
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Grosset, McGraw, Groff), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Weber, Paul-Murphy, Foley, Yun, Malm), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Owens, Gaffney), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences of the University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Wellehan, Childress)
| | - Kirsten Malm
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Grosset, McGraw, Groff), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Weber, Paul-Murphy, Foley, Yun, Malm), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Owens, Gaffney), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences of the University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Wellehan, Childress)
| | - Joseph M. Groff
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Grosset, McGraw, Groff), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Weber, Paul-Murphy, Foley, Yun, Malm), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Owens, Gaffney), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences of the University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Wellehan, Childress)
| | - Joanne Paul-Murphy
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Grosset, McGraw, Groff), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Weber, Paul-Murphy, Foley, Yun, Malm), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Owens, Gaffney), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences of the University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Wellehan, Childress)
| | - E. Scott Weber
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Grosset, McGraw, Groff), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Weber, Paul-Murphy, Foley, Yun, Malm), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Owens, Gaffney), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences of the University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Wellehan, Childress)
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