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Magalhães TR, Corbee RJ, Queiroga FL, Lourenço AL. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids in the management of feline periodontal disease: What is the evidence? J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:1465-1472. [PMID: 37403250 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is an oral disorder with high prevalence in cats from 2 years of age, resulting from an inflammatory response against bacterial plaque. Treatment depends on the stage of the disease and may include dental scaling, local application of perioceutics, tissue regeneration and/or even tooth extraction and periodontal surgery. As multimodal therapy is often required, new strategies have been developed to improve the therapeutic response in these patients. Adjuvant use of omega-3 fatty acids has been reported in humans with periodontal disease, but the current evidence of its effect in companion animals, especially cats, is still considered to be scarce and conflicting. This review describes the state of the art regarding feline periodontal disease and seeks to clarify the potential effect of omega-3 fatty acids on its clinical management in light of the evidence available in the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás R Magalhães
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ronald J Corbee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Felisbina L Queiroga
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre for the Study of Animal Science, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana L Lourenço
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Animal Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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Differences in the Composition of Cultivable Aerobic and Facultative Anaerobic Oral Microbiota in Cats of Various Age Groups. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2021-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The feline oral cavity is naturally inhabited by various microorganisms contributing to the maintenance of its oral health. The imbalance of oral microbiota or the presence of pathogenic agents can lead to secondary oral diseases. Various factors such as sex, diet, breed, environment and even age, affect the composition of a healthy oral microbiota during the life of cats. The purpose of this study was to compare the composition of culturable aerobic and facultative anaerobic micro-biota in cats in terms of different age categories. We used conventional cultivation methods in conjunction with microscopic and biochemical methods to isolate and identify the micro organisms found in the oral cavity of cats. The examination of 76 samples confirmed the dominance of the phylum Proteobacteria in almost all groups. Commonly occurring bacteria have been identified, i. e. Streptococcus spp., Neisseria spp. and Pasteurella spp. Although aerobic and facultative anaerobic oral micro biota were examined, differences between age groups were noted. The microbial diversity of the oral microbiota significantly increased with age.
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Rodrigues MX, Fiani N, Bicalho RC, Peralta S. Preliminary functional analysis of the subgingival microbiota of cats with periodontitis and feline chronic gingivostomatitis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6896. [PMID: 33767308 PMCID: PMC7994850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The subgingival microbial communities of domestic cats remain incompletely characterized and it is unknown whether their functional profiles are associated with disease. In this study, we used a shotgun metagenomic approach to explore the functional potential of subgingival microbial communities in client-owned cats, comparing findings between periodontally healthy cats and cats with naturally occurring chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, and feline chronic gingivostomatitis. Subgingival samples were subjected to shotgun sequencing and the metagenomic datasets were analyzed using the MG-RAST metagenomic analysis server and STAMP v2.1.3 (Statistical Analysis of Metagenomic Profiles) software. The microbial composition was also described to better understand the predicted features of the communities. The Respiration category in the level 1 Subsystems database varied significantly among groups. In this category, the abundance of V-Type ATP-synthase and Biogenesis of cytochrome c oxidases were significantly enriched in the diseased and in the healthy groups, respectively. Both features have been previously described in periodontal studies in people and are in consonance with the microbial composition of feline subgingival sites. In addition, the narH (nitrate reductase) gene frequency, identified using the KEGG Orthology database, was significantly increased in the healthy group. The results of this study provide preliminary functional insights of the microbial communities associated with periodontitis in domestic cats and suggest that the ATP-synthase and nitrate-nitrite-NO pathways may represent appropriate targets for the treatment of this common disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjory Xavier Rodrigues
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Nadine Fiani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Rodrigo Carvalho Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Santiago Peralta
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Rodrigues MX, Bicalho RC, Fiani N, Lima SF, Peralta S. The subgingival microbial community of feline periodontitis and gingivostomatitis: characterization and comparison between diseased and healthy cats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12340. [PMID: 31451747 PMCID: PMC6710259 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48852-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common and important health problem in domestic cats. The subgingival microbiota of cats diagnosed with chronic periodontitis (CP), aggressive periodontitis (AP), and feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) are not well characterized. Thus, the aim of the present study was to characterize and compare the periodontal microbiota of periodontally healthy cats versus cats diagnosed with CP, AP, and FCGS by using next-generation sequencing. In total, 44 domestic cats were enrolled, and 139 subgingival samples were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing to investigate the microbiota composition of each periodontal group evaluated. Our results identified several key genera previously described in periodontal disease (e.g. Treponema and Filifactor) and in the oral microbiota (e.g. Moraxella and Capnocytophaga) of healthy cats. Phylogenetic beta diversity analysis showed that the microbiota of periodontally healthy cats were distinguishable from diseased cats. Even though most of the genera known to be associated with periodontal disease were also identified in healthy cats, they were present at significantly lower relative abundance. Remarkably, alpha diversity was found to be higher in the disease groups compared to healthy animals. These results suggest a pathological mechanism involving opportunistic behavior. Our findings corroborate those in the current literature regarding the complexity of the subgingival microbiota of the domestic cat and reveal both differences and similarities among periodontally healthy and diseased cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjory Xavier Rodrigues
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Rodrigo Carvalho Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Nadine Fiani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Svetlana Ferreira Lima
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Cornell University, New York City, NY, 10021, United States
| | - Santiago Peralta
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States.
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Iwashita N, Nomura R, Shirai M, Kato Y, Murakami M, Matayoshi S, Kadota T, Shirahata S, Ohzeki L, Arai N, Yasuda J, Yasuda H, Inaba H, Matsumoto-Nakano M, Nakano K, Asai F. Identification and molecular characterization of Porphyromonas gulae fimA types among cat isolates. Vet Microbiol 2019; 229:100-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Whyte A, Gracia A, Bonastre C, Tejedor MT, Whyte J, Monteagudo LV, Simón C. Oral Disease and Microbiota in Free-Roaming Cats. Top Companion Anim Med 2017; 32:91-95. [DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Pérez-Salcedo L, Laguna E, Sánchez MC, Marín MJ, O'Connor A, González I, Sanz M, Herrera D. Molecular identification of black-pigmented bacteria from subgingival samples of cats suffering from periodontal disease. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 56:270-5. [PMID: 25819443 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterise the black-pigmented bacterial species found in the subgingival samples of cats with periodontal disease using molecular-based microbiological techniques. METHODS Sixty-five subgingival samples obtained from 50 cats with periodontal disease were analysed by polymerase chain reaction amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis and cloning and sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes. RESULTS Among the 65 subgingival samples, eight phylogenetic profiles were obtained, of which the most prevalent species were: Porphyromonas gulae (40%), P. gingivalis/P. gulae (36 · 9%), P. gulae/Porphyromonas sp. UQD 406 (9 · 2%), Odoribacter denticanis (6 · 2%), P. gulae/Porphyromonas sp. UQD 348 (1 · 5%) and P. circumdentaria (1 · 5%). When compared with the species resulting from biochemical diagnosis, the identification of P. gulae was congruent in 70% of the cases, while colonies identified as P. intermedia-like corresponded in 80% of cases to P. gulae. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The use of molecular-based microbiological diagnostic techniques resulted in a predominance of Porphyromonas spp. in the subgingival plaque of cats suffering from periodontal disease. Further characterisation of these bacteria identified P. gulae, O. denticanis and P. circumdentaria. The more frequently detected phylogenetic profiles corresponded to P. gingivalis and P. gulae.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pérez-Salcedo
- Research Laboratory, Faculty of Odontology, University Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Pérez-Salcedo L, Herrera D, Esteban-Saltiveri D, León R, Jeusette I, Torre C, O'Connor A, González I, González I. Isolation and identification of Porphyromonas spp. and other putative pathogens from cats with periodontal disease. J Vet Dent 2014; 30:208-13. [PMID: 24660305 DOI: 10.1177/089875641303000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the subgingival microbiota and determine the most prevalent periodontal pathogens implicated in feline periodontal disease and to correlate these findings with the clinical periodontal status. Subgingival microbiological samples were taken under sedation from 50 cats with clinical signs of periodontal disease. Pooled paper point samples from 4 selected subgingival sites were cultured on blood agar and on Dentaid-1 medium. Suspected pathogens were identified, subcultured, and preserved. The association between the microbiological findings and the clinical status was studied using correlation coefficients (CC). In addition, cats were stratified in subgroups according to presence of putative pathogens, and comparisons were carried out using unpaired t-test. Three bacterial species were frequently detected including Porphyromonas gulae (86%), Porphyromonas circumdentaria (70%) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (90%). The mean proportion of total flora was high for P. gulae (32.54%), moderate for P. circundentaria (8.82%), and low for F. nucleatum (3.96%). Among the clinical variables, tooth mobility was correlated (CC > 0.50, p < 0.001) with recession, pocket depth, attachment level, gingival index, and calculus index (CC = 0.29, p = 0.04) as well as with total bacterial counts (CC = 0.38, p = 0.006). Cats with more than 10% of P. gulae showed significantly more mobility (p = 0.014) and recession (p = 0.038), and a tendency for deeper probing pocket depths (p = 0.084) and attachment loss (p = 0.087). The results from this cross-sectional study confirmed that P. gulae is the most relevant pathogen in periodontal disease in cats.
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Antiabong JF, Boardman W, Moore RB, Brown MH, Ball AS. The oral microbial community of gingivitis and lumpy jaw in captive macropods. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:996-1005. [PMID: 24012349 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gingivitis and lumpy jaw are diseases of polymicrobial aetiology. Although Fusobacterium necrophorum has been associated with these diseases in macropods, little is known about other organisms associated with these diseases in this animal species. PCR-DGGE analysis revealed the potential pathogens associated with gingivitis and lumpy jaw in macropods. PCR-DGGE profile comparison between the healthy and disease groups indicated a shift in the oral bacterial community structures with similarity coefficients of 48% and 35% for gingivitis and lumpy jaw respectively. Moreover, gingivitis was associated with increase in bacterial diversity (Shannon index = 2.87; PL curve = 45%) while lumpy jaw resulted in a decline in bacterial diversity (Shannon index = 2.47; PL curve = 74%). This study suggest that the establishment of gingivitis and lumpy jaw diseases follows the ecological plaque hypothesis. This forms the basis for an expanded investigation in an epidemiological scale and suggests the need for the appropriate choice of antimicrobial agent(s) and for the effective management and control of polymicrobial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Antiabong
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia; School of Applied Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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