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Evaluation of Ultraviolet Type C Radiation in Inactivating Relevant Veterinary Viruses on Experimentally Contaminated Surfaces. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060686. [PMID: 35745540 PMCID: PMC9231353 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many swine farms employ UVC treatment in employees' personal belongings and small tools entering farms as part of the biosecurity protocol to decrease the risk of pathogen introduction into the operation. However, the UVC efficacy in some veterinary viruses is not fully evaluated. This study evaluated the efficacy of ultraviolet type C (UVC) radiation in inactivating seven relevant veterinary viruses: Swine Poxvirus (SwPV), Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV), Swine Influenza Virus (SIV), Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), Porcine Parvovirus (PPV), and Senecavirus A (SVA). The experimentally contaminated materials included polystyrene and filter paper. The samples were exposed to UVC for 5 min (total dose of 360 mJ/cm2). The UVC treatment caused a decrease over 4 log10 in SwPV titer on the polystyrene surface, whereas it consistently reduced about 5 log10 in PPV and SVA samples. No viable virus was recovered from PRRSV, PEDV, SIV, and BVDV samples. In filter paper, conversely, the efficacy was reduced. This study provides essential information on the inactivation effectiveness of a specific dose of UVC on important veterinary viruses, further supporting the rational application and strategic guidance for UVC radiation use to disinfect materials.
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Blázquez E, Rodríguez C, Ródenas J, Navarro N, Riquelme C, Rosell R, Campbell J, Crenshaw J, Segalés J, Pujols J, Polo J. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the SurePure Turbulator ultraviolet-C irradiation equipment on inactivation of different enveloped and non-enveloped viruses inoculated in commercially collected liquid animal plasma. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212332. [PMID: 30789926 PMCID: PMC6383881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the SurePure Turbulator ultraviolet-C (UV-C, 254 nm wavelength) irradiation equipment on inactivation of different enveloped and non-enveloped viruses in commercially collected liquid animal plasma. Specifically, Pseudorabies virus (PRV), Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), Swine influenza virus (SIV) as enveloped viruses and Porcine parvovirus (PPV), Swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV), Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) and Senecavirus A (SVA) as non-enveloped viruses, were inoculated in bovine or porcine plasma and subjected to different UV-C irradiation doses (0, 750, 1500, 3000, 6000 and 9000 J/L) using an UV-C device developed for opaque liquid working under turbulent flow. The enveloped viruses tested were inactivated at < 3000 J/L of UV-C, being the dose needed to inactivate 4 log TCID50 (4D) of 1612 J/L for PRV,1004 J/L for PRRSV, 1953 J/L for PEDV, 1639 J/L for SIV, 1641 J/L for CSFV and 1943 J/L for BVDV. The non-enveloped viruses tended to have higher 4D values: 2161 J/L for PPV, 3223 J/L for SVA and 3708 J/L for SVDV. Because the initial viral concentration was <4.0 Log for PCV-2, it was not possible to calculate the 4D value for this virus. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that the SurePure Turbulator UV-C treatment system is capable of inactivating significant levels of swine viruses inoculated in commercially collected porcine or bovine plasma. It was concluded that irradiation with UV-C can provide an additional redundant biosafety feature in the manufacturing process of spray-dried animal plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Blázquez
- APC EUROPE, S.L.U. Pol. Ind. El Congost, Granollers, Spain
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Ródenas
- APC EUROPE, S.L.U. Pol. Ind. El Congost, Granollers, Spain
| | - Núria Navarro
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Riquelme
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Rosell
- Departament d’Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca i Alimentació (DARP) Generalitat de Catalunya, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Joaquim Segalés
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Pujols
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Polo
- APC EUROPE, S.L.U. Pol. Ind. El Congost, Granollers, Spain
- APC Inc, Ankeny, Iowa, United States of America
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Ultraviolet (UV-C) inactivation of Enterococcus faecium, Salmonella choleraesuis and Salmonella typhimurium in porcine plasma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175289. [PMID: 28399166 PMCID: PMC5388490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of an ultraviolet (UV-C, 254 nm) irradiation system on reducing the load of Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium), Salmonella choleraesuis (S. choleraesuis) resistant to streptomycin and Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) inoculated in sterile porcine plasma and then subjected to different UV-C irradiation doses (750, 1500, 3000, 6000 and 9000 J/L) using a pilot plant UV-C device working under turbulent flow. Results indicated that UV-C treatment induced a viability reduction of 0.38, 1.18, 3.59, 4.72 and 5.06 log10 S. typhimurium when irradiated at 750, 1500, 3000, 6000 and 9000 J/L, respectively. The observed log10 reduction of S. choleraesuis was 1.44, 2.68, 5.55, 7.07 and 7.97 at 750, 1500, 3000, 6000 and 9000 J/L, respectively. The best-fit inactivation for S. choleraesuis was the Weibull distribution curve, while the best-fit curve for S. typhimurium was the Weibull plus tail model, indicating that around 102 cfu/mL resistant S. typhimurium was detected when the liquid plasma was UV-C irradiated at doses up to 9000 J/L. Viability reduction for E. faecium was 0.44, 1.01, 3.70, 5.61 and 6.22 log10 when irradiated at 750, 1500, 3000, 6000 and 9000 J/L, respectively, with no bacterial resistance observed with UV-C doses of 6000 J/L or higher. The biphasic model was the best fit model for the inactivation curve for E. faecium. For the three microorganisms tested, about a 4 log-unit reduction was achieved when the liquid plasma was irradiated at 3000J/L. Overall results demonstrate the usefulness of the UV-C system to inactivate bacteria in liquid plasma before spray-drying. We conclude that the UV-C system can provide an additional biosafety feature that can be incorporated into the manufacturing process for spray-dried animal plasma.
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Pileri E, Mateu E. Review on the transmission porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus between pigs and farms and impact on vaccination. Vet Res 2016; 47:108. [PMID: 27793195 PMCID: PMC5086057 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0391-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is considered to be one of the most costly diseases affecting intensive pig production worldwide. Control of PRRS is a complex issue and involves a combination of measures including monitoring, diagnosis, biosecurity, herd management, and immunization. In spite of the numerous studies dealing with PRRS virus epidemiology, transmission of the infection is still not fully understood. The present article reviews the current knowledge on PRRSV transmission between and within farm, and the impact of vaccination on virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Pileri
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)-IRTA. Edifici CReSA, Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)-IRTA. Edifici CReSA, Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Polo J, Rodríguez C, Ródenas J, Russell LE, Campbell JM, Crenshaw JD, Torrallardona D, Pujols J. Ultraviolet Light (UV) Inactivation of Porcine Parvovirus in Liquid Plasma and Effect of UV Irradiated Spray Dried Porcine Plasma on Performance of Weaned Pigs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133008. [PMID: 26171968 PMCID: PMC4501813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel ultraviolet light irradiation (UV-C, 254 nm) process was designed as an additional safety feature for manufacturing of spray dried porcine plasma (SDPP). In Exp. 1, three 10-L batches of bovine plasma were inoculated with 105.2±0.12 tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50) of porcine parvovirus (PPV) per mL of plasma and subjected to UV-C ranging from 0 to 9180 J/L. No viable PPV was detected in bovine plasma by micro-titer assay in SK6 cell culture after UV-C at 2295 J/L. In Exp. 2, porcine plasma was subjected to UV-C (3672 J/L), then spray dried and mixed in complete mash diets. Diets were a control without SDPP (Control), UV-C SDPP either at 3% (UVSDPP3) or 6% (UVSDPP6) and non-UV-C SDPP at 3% (SDPP3) or 6% (SDPP6). Diets were fed ad libitum to 320 weaned pigs (26 d of age; 16 pens/diet; 4 pigs/pen) for 14 d after weaning and a common diet was fed d 15 to 28. During d 0 to 14, pigs fed UVSDPP3, UVSDPP6, or SDPP6 had higher (P < 0.05) weight gain and feed intake than control. During d 0 to 28, pigs fed UVSDPP3 and UVSDPP6 had higher (P < 0.05) weight gain and feed intake than control and SDPP3, and SDPP6 had higher (P < 0.05) feed intake than control. Also, pigs fed UVSDPP had higher (P < 0.05) weight gain than pigs fed SDPP. In conclusion, UV-C inactivated PPV in liquid plasma and UVSDPP used in pig feed had no detrimental effects on pig performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Polo
- APC EUROPE, S.A. Avda. Sant Julià 246-258. Pol. Ind. El Congost. E-08403 Granollers, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Carmen Rodríguez
- APC EUROPE, S.A. Avda. Sant Julià 246-258. Pol. Ind. El Congost. E-08403 Granollers, Spain
| | - Jesús Ródenas
- APC EUROPE, S.A. Avda. Sant Julià 246-258. Pol. Ind. El Congost. E-08403 Granollers, Spain
| | - Louis E. Russell
- APC Inc. 2425 SE Oak Tree Court, Ankeny, IA 50021, United States of America
| | - Joy M. Campbell
- APC Inc. 2425 SE Oak Tree Court, Ankeny, IA 50021, United States of America
| | - Joe D. Crenshaw
- APC Inc. 2425 SE Oak Tree Court, Ankeny, IA 50021, United States of America
| | - David Torrallardona
- Monogastric Nutrition, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Mas de Bover, Ctra. Reus—El Morell, km 3.8, 43120 Constantí, Spain
| | - Joan Pujols
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)—Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Park SY, Kim AN, Lee KH, Ha SD. Ultraviolet-C efficacy against a norovirus surrogate and hepatitis A virus on a stainless steel surface. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 211:73-8. [PMID: 26184763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of 10-300 mWs/cm(2) of ultraviolet radiation (UV-C) at 260 nm were investigated for the inactivation of two foodborne viruses: murine norovirus-1 (MNV-1; a human norovirus [NoV] surrogate) and hepatitis A virus (HAV). We used an experimentally contaminated stainless steel surface, a common food-contact surface, to examine the effects of low doses of UV-C radiation on MNV-1 and HAV titers. The modified Gompertz equation was used to generate non-linear survival curves and calculate dR-values as the UV-C dose of 90% reduction for MNV-1 (R(2)=0.95, RMSE=0.038) and HAV (R(2)=0.97, RMSE=0.016). Total MNV-1 and HAV titers significantly decreased (p<0.05) with higher doses of UV-C. MNV-1 and HAV were reduced to 0.0-4.4 and 0.0-2.6 log10PFU/ml, respectively, on the stainless steel surfaces by low-dose UV-C treatment. The dR-value, 33.3 mWs/cm(2) for MNV-1 was significantly (p<0.05) lower than 55.4 mWs/cm(2) of HAV. Therefore, the present study shows that HAV is more resistant to UV-C radiation than MNV-1. These data suggest that low doses of UV-C light on food contact surfaces could be effective to inactivate human NoV and HAV in restaurant, institutional, and industrial kitchens and facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Young Park
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 72-1 Nae-Ri, Daeduck-Myun, Ansung, Kyunggido 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - An-Na Kim
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 72-1 Nae-Ri, Daeduck-Myun, Ansung, Kyunggido 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hoon Lee
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 72-1 Nae-Ri, Daeduck-Myun, Ansung, Kyunggido 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 72-1 Nae-Ri, Daeduck-Myun, Ansung, Kyunggido 456-756, Republic of Korea.
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Wang Y, Zhao H, Ma Z, Wang Y, Feng WH. CTLA4 mediated targeting enhances immunogenicity against PRRSV in a DNA prime/killed virus boost strategy. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 154:121-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lambert MÈ, Arsenault J, Poljak Z, D'Allaire S. Correlation among genetic, Euclidean, temporal, and herd ownership distances of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strains in Quebec, Canada. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:76. [PMID: 22676411 PMCID: PMC3436738 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a viral disease that has a major economic impact for the swine industry. Its control is mostly directed towards preventing its spread which requires a better understanding of the mechanisms of transmission of the virus between herds. The objectives of this study were to describe the genetic diversity and to assess the correlation among genetic, Euclidean and temporal distances and ownership to better understand pathways of transmission. RESULTS A cross-sectional study was conducted on sites located in a high density area of swine production in Quebec. Geographical coordinates (longitude/latitude), date of submission and ownership were obtained for each site. ORF5 sequencing was attempted on PRRSV positive sites. Proportion of pairwise combinations of strains having ≥98% genetic homology were analysed according to Euclidean distances and ownership. Correlations between genetic, Euclidean and temporal distances and ownership were assessed using Mantel tests on continuous and binary matrices. Sensitivity of the correlations between genetic and Euclidean as well as temporal distances was evaluated for different Euclidean and temporal distance thresholds. An ORF5 sequence was identified for 132 of the 176 (75%) PRRSV positive sites; 122 were wild-type strains. The mean (min-max) genetic, Euclidean and temporal pairwise distances were 11.6% (0-18.7), 15.0 km (0.04-45.7) and 218 days (0-852), respectively. Significant positive correlations were observed between genetic and ownership, genetic and Euclidean and between genetic and temporal binary distances. The relationship between genetic and ownership suggests either common sources of animals or semen, employees, technical services or vehicles, whereas that between genetic and Euclidean binary distances is compatible with area spread of the virus. The latter correlation was observed only up to 5 km. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that transmission of PRRSV is likely to occur between sites belonging to the same owner or through area spread within a 5 km distance. Both should be considered in the perspective of prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Ève Lambert
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St, Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.
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