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Peters-Kennedy J, Löhr CV, Cossic B, Glaser AL, Duhamel GE. Association of equine gammaherpesvirus-5 with facial lymphohistiocytic interface dermatitis in seven adult horses from the United States. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:888-897. [PMID: 37688513 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231197830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-5 (EHV-5) is commonly found in healthy asymptomatic horses worldwide. Although a cause-and-effect relationship has not been thoroughly determined, this virus has been associated with several disease conditions including equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF) and 1 case of interface dermatitis. The authors searched the New York State Animal Health Diagnostic Center database for cases of equine interface dermatitis between 2007 and 2022. Ten cases were identified and scrutinized for viral inclusion bodies which were present in 5 of 10 cases. Two similar cases with interface dermatitis and viral inclusion bodies, which were not part of a retrospective search, were from the Oregon Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. The authors describe a total of 7 horses with dermatitis characterized by crusted, alopecic, non-pruritic, non-painful, irregular to annular areas over the face, most commonly the muzzle, for up to several years duration. Histologically, there was a CD3+ T lymphocyte-dominated lymphohistiocytic interface dermatitis with hydropic degeneration, apoptotic keratinocytes, and pigmentary incontinence. Keratinocytes within the upper stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum had glassy pale basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies consistent with herpesvirus. The presence of EHV-5 was confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and in situ hybridization in 7 horses and by electron microscopy in 1 horse. One horse later developed EMPF and was euthanized. EHV-5 was not detected with qPCR from 5 control horses and 5 horses with interface dermatitis without histologic evidence of viral inclusion bodies. These are the first cases of facial interface dermatitis associated with EHV-5 reported in the United States.
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2
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Affolter VK. Cytotoxic dermatitis: Review of the interface dermatitis pattern in veterinary skin diseases. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:770-782. [PMID: 37650259 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231195080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Interface dermatitis or lichenoid interface dermatitis refers to a cutaneous inflammatory pattern in which keratinocyte cell death is the essential feature. These terms have evolved from the originally described lichenoid tissue reaction. These lesions are the basis for an important group of skin diseases in animals and people where cytotoxic T-cell-mediated epidermal damage is a major pathomechanism. Yet, for largely historical reasons these commonly used morphological diagnostic terms do not reflect the essential nature of the lesion. An emphasis on subsidiary lesions, such as the presence of a lichenoid band, and definitions based on anatomical features, such as location at the dermo-epidermal location, may cause confusion and even misdiagnosis. This review covers historical aspects of the terminology, including the origin of terms such as "lichenoid." The types of cell death involved and the histopathologic lesions are described. Etiopathogenesis is discussed in terms of aberrations of immune/inflammatory mechanisms focusing on cutaneous lupus erythematosus, erythema multiforme, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis. Mechanisms have most extensively been studied in humans and laboratory animals and the discussion is centered on these species. As interface dermatitis is firmly entrenched in dermatological parlance, rather than using "cytotoxic" as its substitute, the terminologies "interface cytotoxic dermatitis" and "panepidermal cytotoxic dermatitis" are recommended, based on location and extent of epithelium affected.
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Lauteri E, Tortereau A, Peyrecave X, Pin D, Desjardins I. Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis and presumed corticosteroid‐induced side effects in a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Lauteri
- Vetagro‐sup University of Lyon 1 Avenue Bourgelat, Marcy l'Etoile Lyon 69280 France
| | - Antonin Tortereau
- Vetagro‐sup University of Lyon 1 Avenue Bourgelat, Marcy l'Etoile Lyon 69280 France
| | - Xavier Peyrecave
- Vetagro‐sup University of Lyon 1 Avenue Bourgelat, Marcy l'Etoile Lyon 69280 France
| | - Didier Pin
- Vetagro‐sup University of Lyon 1 Avenue Bourgelat, Marcy l'Etoile Lyon 69280 France
| | - Isabelle Desjardins
- Vetagro‐sup University of Lyon 1 Avenue Bourgelat, Marcy l'Etoile Lyon 69280 France
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Badr C, Souiai O, Arbi M, El Behi I, Essaied MS, Khosrof I, Benkahla A, Chabchoub A, Ghram A. Epidemiological and Phylogeographic Study of Equid Herpesviruses in Tunisia. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11091016. [PMID: 36145448 PMCID: PMC9504996 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11091016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus (EHV) is a contagious viral disease affecting horses, causing illness characterized by respiratory symptoms, abortion and neurological disorders. It is common worldwide and causes severe economic losses to the equine industry. The present study was aimed at investigating the incidence of EHVs, the genetic characterization of Tunisian isolates and a spatiotemporal study, using 298 collected samples from diseased and clinically healthy horses. The global incidence of EHV infection was found to be about 71.81%. EHV2 and EHV5 were detected in 146 (48.99%) and 159 (53.35%) sampled horses, respectively. EHV1 was detected in 11 samples (3.69%); EHV4 was not detected. Co-infections with EHV1-EHV2, EHV1-EHV5 and EHV2-EHV5 were observed in 0.33%, 1.34% and 31.54% of tested horses, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses showed that gB of EHV2 and EHV5 displays high genetic diversity with a nucleotide sequence identity ranging from 88 to 100% for EHV2 and 97.5 to 100% for EHV5. Phylogeography suggested Iceland and USA as the most likely countries of origin of the Tunisian EHV2 and EHV5 isolates. These viruses detected in Tunisia seemed to be introduced in the 2000s. This first epidemiological and phylogeographic study is important for better knowledge of the evolution of equid herpesvirus infections in Tunisia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaima Badr
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Microbiology Veterinary (LR19IPT03), Institute Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
- Correspondence:
| | - Oussama Souiai
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics (LR16IPT09), Institute Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Arbi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics (LR16IPT09), Institute Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Imen El Behi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Microbiology Veterinary (LR19IPT03), Institute Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed S. Essaied
- National School of Veterinary Medicine, Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, La Manouba 2010, Tunisia
| | - Ines Khosrof
- National School of Veterinary Medicine, Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, La Manouba 2010, Tunisia
| | - Alia Benkahla
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics (LR16IPT09), Institute Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Chabchoub
- National School of Veterinary Medicine, Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, La Manouba 2010, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Viruses, Vectors and Hosts (LR20IPT10), Institute Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Abdeljelil Ghram
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Microbiology Veterinary (LR19IPT03), Institute Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
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5
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Hobi S, Beatty JA, Sandy JR, Barrs VR. Successful management of feline pemphigus foliaceus with pentoxifylline and topical hydrocortisone aceponate. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:937-944. [PMID: 35212177 PMCID: PMC9122467 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment regimen for feline pemphigus foliaceus (PF), an autoimmune disease caused by auto-antibodies against proteins of the desmosome junction, usually includes high doses of oral or parenteral immunosuppressive drugs, typically glucocorticoids. This case adds to a growing body of evidence that topical hydrocortisone aceponate is effective for the treatment of feline PF, and demonstrates the practical use of a non-invasive diagnostic method for histopathology when owners refuse a biopsy to support a clinical diagnosis of PF. Finally, this case highlights an international trend of owner-initiated treatment of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) using unlicensed, unregistered drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hobi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Julia A Beatty
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jeanine R Sandy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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6
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Easton-Jones C. Recent advancements in our understanding of equid gammaherpesvirus infections. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:11-23. [PMID: 34519074 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Equid gammaherpesviruses are ubiquitous and widespread in the equine population. Despite their frequent detection, their contribution to immune system modulation and the pathogenesis of several diseases remains unclear. Genetic variability and the combination of equid gammaherpesvirus strains a horse is infected with might be clinically significant. Initial gammaherpesvirus infection occurs in foals peripartum with latency then established in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A novel EHV-5 study suggests that following inhalation equid gammaherpesviruses might obtain direct access to T and B lymphocytes via the tonsillar crypts to establish latency. EHV-5 is associated with equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis, however, unlike with EHV-2 there is currently minimal evidence for its role in milder cases of respiratory disease and poor performance. Transmission is presumed to be via the upper respiratory tract with periodic reactivation of the latent virus in adult horses. Stress of transport has been identified as a risk factor for reactivation and shedding of equine gammaherpesviruses. There is currently a lack of evidence for the effectiveness of antiviral drugs in the treatment of equine gammaherpesvirus infections.
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7
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Nolte LC, Rosiak M, Baechlein C, Baumgärtner W, Allnoch L. Equine Idiopathic Systemic Granulomatous Disease With Manifestation in the Cerebellum Associated With Equid Gammaherpesvirus 2. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 94:103225. [PMID: 33077072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic systemic granulomatous disease (ISGD), also known as equine sarcoidosis is an uncommon disease of horses, manifesting in exfoliative dermatitis and granulomatous inflammation in various organs. The current report presents a case of a 15-year-old Hanoverian mare with a 4-month history of weight loss, recurrent fever, skin lesions, and movement disorders. Pathological examination revealed granulomatous and necrotizing inflammation in the skin, regional lymph nodes, and cerebellum. Based on histological, immunohistochemical, and microbiological findings, the diagnosis of ISGD was made. Sequencing of the polymerase chain reaction product of pooled brain tissue revealed the presence of equid gammaherpesvirus 2 DNA. This case is the first description of generalized ISGD with granulomatous dermatitis simultaneously affecting the skin and cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Caroline Nolte
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Małgorzata Rosiak
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Baechlein
- Institute of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Lisa Allnoch
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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8
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C Bergeron C, Allano M, Cluzel C, Doré M, Sauvé F. Equine herpesvirus 1-associated ulcerative dermatitis in a horse. Vet Dermatol 2020; 31:407-409. [PMID: 32479674 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This case report describes the clinical and histopathological findings of an infection caused by equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) in a horse showing respiratory signs and a papular, crusted and ulcerative dermatitis involving mucosae. This diagnosis was supported by real-time PCR positive for EHV-1 on nasal swabs and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camylle C Bergeron
- Department of, Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - Marion Allano
- Department of, Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - Caroline Cluzel
- Department of, Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - Monique Doré
- Department of, Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - Frédéric Sauvé
- Department of, Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada, J2S 2M2
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9
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Thorsteinsdóttir L, Jónsdóttir S, Stefánsdóttir SB, Andrésdóttir V, Wagner B, Marti E, Torsteinsdóttir S, Svansson V. The effect of maternal immunity on the equine gammaherpesvirus type 2 and 5 viral load and antibody response. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218576. [PMID: 31226153 PMCID: PMC6588279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Two types of gammaherpesviruses (γEHV) are known to infect horses, EHV-2 and EHV-5. Foals become infected early in life, probably via the upper respiratory tract, despite maternal antibodies. In this study, we analyzed samples from a herd of mares and their foals. The foals were followed from birth to 22 months of age and the dams during the first 6 months postpartum. Blood and nasal swab samples were taken regularly for evaluation of antibody responses, virus isolation and viral load by qPCR. EHV-2 was isolated on day 5, and EHV-5 on day 12, earlier than previously reported. γEHV specific antibodies were not detectable in serum of foals before colostrum intake but peaked a few days after colostrum. Overall, EHV-2 viral load peaked in nasal swab at three to four months of age, paralleled with decline in maternal antibodies, but EHV-5 viral load did not peak until month 12. Maternal antibodies had a notable effect on the viral load and induction of endogenous antibody production. Foals were grouped in two groups depending on the mare’s γEHV specific total IgG levels in serum at birth, group-high and group-low. Group-high had higher levels of maternal γEHV specific total IgG and IgG4/7 for the first 3 months, but when the endogenous production had superseded maternal antibodies, group-low was higher. The maternal antibodies had an effect on the γEHV viral load. Group-low peaked in EHV-2 viral load one month earlier than group-high. These effects were more evident for EHV-5, as there were seven months between the viral load peaks for the groups. The study provides information on how maternal antibody transfer affects γEHV shedding and antibody production in offspring. It also extends our knowledge on the occurrence of EHV-2 and EHV-5 infection in foals during the first two years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilja Thorsteinsdóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavík, Iceland
- * E-mail:
| | - Sigríður Jónsdóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Sara Björk Stefánsdóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Valgerður Andrésdóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Eliane Marti
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Sigurbjörg Torsteinsdóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Vilhjálmur Svansson
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavík, Iceland
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10
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Ochi A, Sekiguchi M, Tsujimura K, Kinoshita T, Ueno T, Katayama Y. Two Cases of Equine Multinodular Pulmonary Fibrosis in Japan. J Comp Pathol 2019; 170:46-52. [PMID: 31375158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF) is a recently described form of interstitial pneumonia associated with equine herpesvirus type 5 (EHV-5). This disease has been reported in North and South America, Europe and Oceania but not, to our knowledge, in horses in Japan. We diagnosed EMPF in two Thoroughbred horses in Japan on the basis of gross and histopathological findings. In both cases, significant gross lesions, restricted to the lungs, consisted of numerous firm and coalescing nodules widely distributed throughout the lung. The nodules were <3 cm in diameter and pale white to tan in colour. Microscopically, they showed severe interstitial fibrosis and infiltration of macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes and a few eosinophils. The residual alveoli were lined by cuboidal epithelial cells (type II pneumocytes) and filled with many macrophages, which rarely displayed oval eosinophilic to amphophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies. Polymerase chain reaction and sequence analyses identified the glycoprotein H gene of EHV-5, and in-situ hybridization detected EHV-5 in the alveolar macrophages in the lesions. In one case, electron microscopy revealed herpesvirus-like particles and EHV-5 was isolated from pulmonary lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ochi
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - M Sekiguchi
- Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Office of Chiba Prefecture, 497 Iwatomi-machi, Sakura, Chiba, Japan.
| | - K Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - T Kinoshita
- Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Office of Chiba Prefecture, 497 Iwatomi-machi, Sakura, Chiba, Japan
| | - T Ueno
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Y Katayama
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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11
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Van Cleemput J, Poelaert KCK, Laval K, Nauwynck HJ. Unravelling the first key steps in equine herpesvirus type 5 (EHV5) pathogenesis using ex vivo and in vitro equine models. Vet Res 2019; 50:13. [PMID: 30777128 PMCID: PMC6380010 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0630-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus type 5 (EHV5) is a ubiquitous, yet obscure pathogen in the horse population and is commonly associated with fatal equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF). To date, little is known about the precise pathogenesis of EHV5. Here, we evaluated the dynamics of EHV5 infection in representative ex vivo and in vitro equine models, using immunofluorescence staining and virus titration. EHV5 was unable to infect epithelial cells lining the mucosa of nasal and tracheal explants. Similarly, primary equine respiratory epithelial cells (EREC) were not susceptible to EHV5 following inoculation at the apical or basolateral surfaces. Upon direct delivery of EHV5 particles to lung explants, few EHV5-positive cell clusters were observed at 72 hours post-inoculation (hpi). These EHV5-positive cells were identified as cytokeratin-positive alveolar cells. Next, we examined the potential of EHV5 to infect three distinct equine PBMC populations (CD172a+ monocytes, CD3+ T lymphocytes and Ig light chain+ B lymphocytes). Monocytes did not support EHV5 replication. In contrast, up to 10% of inoculated equine T and B lymphocytes synthetized intracellular viral antigens 24 hpi and 72 hpi, respectively. Still, the production of mature virus particles was hampered, as we did not observe an increase in extracellular virus titer. After reaching a peak, the percentage of infected T and B lymphocytes decayed, which was partly due to the onset of apoptosis, but not necrosis. Based on these findings, we propose a model for EHV5 pathogenesis in the horse. Uncovering EHV5 pathogenesis is the corner step to finally contain or even eradicate the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Van Cleemput
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Katrien C K Poelaert
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kathlyn Laval
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 119 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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12
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Development and application of a quantitative PCR assay to study equine herpesvirus 5 invasion and replication in equine tissues in vitro and in vivo. J Virol Methods 2017; 248:44-53. [PMID: 28455133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 5 (EHV-5) infection is associated with pulmonary fibrosis in horses, but further studies on EHV-5 persistence in equine cells are needed to fully understand viral and host contributions to disease pathogenesis. Our aim was to develop a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay to measure EHV-5 viral copy number in equine cell cultures, blood lymphocytes, and nasal swabs of horses. Furthermore, we used a recently developed equine primary respiratory cell culture system to study EHV-5 pathogenesis at the respiratory tract. PCR primers and a probe were designed to target gene E11 of the EHV-5 genome. Sensitivity and repeatability were established, and specificity was verified by testing multiple isolates of EHV-5, as well as DNA from other equine herpesviruses. Four-week old fully differentiated (mature), newly seeded (immature) primary equine respiratory epithelial cell (ERECs), and equine dermal cell cultures were inoculated with EHV-5 and the cells and supernatants collected daily for 14days. Blood lymphocytes and nasal swabs were collected from horses experimentally infected with equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1). The qPCR assay detected EHV-5 at stable concentrations throughout 14days in inoculated mature EREC and equine dermal cell cultures (peaking at 202 and 5861 viral genomes per 106 cellular β actin, respectively). EHV-5 copies detected in the immature EREC cultures increased over 14days and reached levels greater than 10,000 viral genomes per 106 cellular β actin. Moreover, EHV-5 was detected in the lymphocytes of 76% of horses and in the nasal swabs of 84% of horses experimentally infected with EHV-1 pre-inoculation with EHV-1. Post-inoculation with EHV-1, EHV-5 was detected in lymphocytes of 52% of horses while EHV-5 levels in nasal swabs were not significantly different from pre-inoculation levels. In conclusion, qPCR was a reliable technique to investigate viral load in in vivo and in vitro samples, and EHV-5 replication in equine epithelial cells may be influenced by cellular stages of differentiation.
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13
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Mekuria ZH, El-Hage C, Ficorilli NP, Washington EA, Gilkerson JR, Hartley CA. Mapping B lymphocytes as major reservoirs of naturally occurring latent equine herpesvirus 5 infection. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:461-470. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zelalem H Mekuria
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Centre, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA
| | - Charles El-Hage
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Nino P Ficorilli
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Washington
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - James R Gilkerson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Carol A Hartley
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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14
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Diseases of the Nervous System. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7322266 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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16
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Affolter VK. Dermatopathology - the link between ancillary techniques and clinical lesions. Vet Dermatol 2016; 28:134-e28. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena K. Affolter
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University California Davis; One Shields Avenue, VM3A, Room 4206 Davis CA 95616 USA
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Goodale EC, White SD, Outerbridge CA, Everett AD, Affolter VK. A retrospective review of hyperaesthetic leucotrichia in horses in the USA. Vet Dermatol 2016; 27:294-e72. [PMID: 27374470 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperaesthetic leucotrichia (HL) rarely affects horses and causes painful lesions on the dorsum that result in leucotrichia. This may be a variant of erythema multiforme (EM), but there are no studies investigating this condition. OBJECTIVES Describe the clinical and histological features of HL and compare them to the histological features of EM. METHODS A retrospective review of medical records from 1985 to 2015 identified 15 horses with HL. Thirteen biopsies of HL and five of EM were evaluated and compared. RESULTS Arabian horses and their crosses (χ(2) (1) = 8.56, P < 0.01) and American paint horses (χ(2) (1) = 6.64, P < 0.05) were over represented. The onset of clinical signs was between April and September (14 of 15). The most common clinical signs were pain (15 of 15), leucotrichia (11 of 15), crusting (10 of 15) and alopecia (8 of 15) limited to darkly pigmented skin. The lesions recurred seasonally in 6 of 12 horses and unpredictably in 1 of 12 horse. The most common histological features were the presence of large stellate cells (13 of 13) and oedema (12 of 13) in the superficial dermis, perivascular to diffuse lymphocytic inflammation (13 of 13), pigmentary incontinence (12 of 13), apoptotic keratinocytes (9 of 13) and vesicle formation (8 of 13). Horses with EM (n = 5) had significantly more acanthosis (z = -2.40, P < 0.02) and lymphocytic exocytosis (z = -3.1, P < 0.004), satellitosis (Fisher's exact P = 0.02) and inflammation (z = -2.91, P < 0.004). Horses with HL had significantly more pigmentary incontinence (z = 2.13, P < 0.04) and superficial dermal oedema (z = 2.56, P < 0.002). CONCLUSIONS HL affects primarily Arabian horses and American paint horses. It occurs mainly in summer and may recur. Histologically HL shares features with EM, but there are significant differences between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Goodale
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Stephen D White
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Catherine A Outerbridge
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Angela D Everett
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Verena K Affolter
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Marenzoni ML, Stefanetti V, Danzetta ML, Timoney PJ. Gammaherpesvirus infections in equids: a review. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2015; 6:91-101. [PMID: 30155436 PMCID: PMC6065615 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s39473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the first equine gammaherpesvirus was identified over 50 years ago, the isolation and characterization of other members of this virus group has been relatively recent. Even so, numerous clinical syndromes have been identified in equid species in association with these viruses. Equid gammaherpesviruses are a genetically heterogeneous viral subfamily, the function of which in host immune modulation and disease pathogenesis has not yet been elucidated. While they share similarities with gammaherpesviruses in humans, the role they play in their relationship with the host is the subject of continued interest and research. Their widespread presence in horses and other equid species provides a considerable challenge in linking them with particular clinical and pathological conditions and in defining their significance from a diagnostic and therapeutic viewpoint. The present review provides an update on the taxonomy, epidemiology, and clinical syndromes, especially respiratory, reported in association with gammaherpesvirus infection in horses, donkeys, and other equid species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter Joseph Timoney
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, KY, USA
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Gilkerson JR, Bailey KE, Diaz-Méndez A, Hartley CA. Update on Viral Diseases of the Equine Respiratory Tract. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2015; 31:91-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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20
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Marenzoni ML, Sforna M, Stefanetti V, Casagrande Proietti P, Brignone L, Del Sero A, Falcioni F, Orvieto S, Tamantini C, Tiburzi A, Valentini S, Coletti M, Timoney PJ, Passamonti F. Detection of Equid herpesvirus type 2 and 5 DNA in uterine flushings of mares with reproductive disorders. Vet Microbiol 2014; 174:570-576. [PMID: 25455084 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been increasing evidence of the potential pathogenic significance of equine gammaherpesviruses in the horse. In humans, cattle and mice, gammaherpesviruses have already been associated with uterine infection. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of gammaherpesviruses in uterine flushings of mares with reproductive problems and to evaluate if there was a possible statistical association with clinical and laboratory findings in these cases. A total of 80 uterine flushings were collected from 61 mares with different reproductive problems and these were tested for equine herpesviruses (EHV) 1-5 by PCR. In the case of each mare in the study, the age, history of infertility, presence of anatomical defects in the reproductive tract, presence of systemic or local disease at time of sampling, phase in the oestrous cycle, post-partum interval, nature of uterine lavage performed (low versus large volume lavage), cytological and bacteriological examination results from the uterine flushing, and PCR herpesvirus results were recorded. Univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify possible statistical associations and risk factors. Nine out of 61 mares (14.7%) had EHV-5 DNA in their uterine flushings. Co-infections with EHV-1 and EHV-2 were present in two cases. Of all the variables analyzed, only the cytological examination findings were associated with EHV-5 PCR positive results, both on univariate and multivariable analysis, especially in cases with an inflammation score of 3. It is postulated that presence of EHV-5 infection in the non-pregnant uterus may have a role to play in reproductive dysfunction and have a negative consequence on the pregnant uterus. Additional studies involving both healthy mares and mares with reproductive problems need to be performed, however, to elucidate whatever role equine gammaherpesviruses may play in the reproductive tract. This would be very worthwhile, since reproductive problems can have a significant impact on the equine breeding industry. Gaining a greater understanding of its causes could lead to new approaches for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Marenzoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Monica Sforna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Valentina Stefanetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Luca Brignone
- Private Practitioner, Central Italy, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Del Sero
- Private Practitioner, Central Italy, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabio Falcioni
- Private Practitioner, Central Italy, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Simona Orvieto
- Private Practitioner, Central Italy, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristina Tamantini
- Private Practitioner, Central Italy, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tiburzi
- Private Practitioner, Central Italy, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Valentini
- Private Practitioner, Central Italy, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Mauro Coletti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Peter J Timoney
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, United States
| | - Fabrizio Passamonti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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Herder V, Kummrow M, Leeb T, Sewell AC, Hansmann F, Lehmbecker A, Wohlsein P, Baumgärtner W. Polycystic kidneys and GM2 gangliosidosis-like disease in neonatal springboks (Antidorcas marsupialis). Vet Pathol 2014; 52:543-52. [PMID: 25232033 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814549210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Clinical, gross, histopathologic, electron microscopic findings and enzymatic analysis of 4 captive, juvenile springboks (Antidorcas marsupialis) showing both polycystic kidneys and a storage disease are described. Springbok offspring (4 of 34; 12%) were affected by either one or both disorders in a German zoo within a period of 5 years (2008-2013). Macroscopic findings included bilaterally severely enlarged kidneys displaying numerous cysts in 4 animals and superior brachygnathism in 2 animals. Histopathologically, kidneys of 4 animals displayed cystic dilation of the renal tubules. In addition, abundant cytoplasmic vacuoles with a diameter ranging from 2 to 10 μm in neurons of the central and peripheral nervous system, hepatocytes, thyroid follicular epithelial cells, pancreatic islets of Langerhans and renal tubular cells were found in 2 springbok neonates indicative of an additional storage disease. Ultrastructurally, round electron-lucent vacuoles, up to 4 μm in diameter, were present in neurons. Enzymatic analysis of liver and kidney tissue of 1 affected springbok revealed a reduced activity of total hexosaminidase (Hex) with relatively increased HexA activity at the same level of total Hex, suggesting a hexosaminidase defect. Pedigree analysis suggested a monogenic autosomal recessive inheritance for both diseases. In summary, related springboks showed 2 different changes resembling both polycystic kidney and a GM2 gangliosidosis similar to the human Sandhoff disease. Whether the simultaneous occurrence of these 2 entities represents an incidental finding or has a genetic link needs to be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Herder
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - M Kummrow
- Erlebnis-Zoo Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - T Leeb
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A C Sewell
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - F Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Lehmbecker
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - P Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - W Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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Akkutay AZ, Osterrieder N, Damiani A, Tischer BK, Borchers K, Alkan F. Prevalence of equine gammaherpesviruses on breeding farms in Turkey and development of a TaqMan MGB real-time PCR to detect equine herpesvirus 5 (EHV-5). Arch Virol 2014; 159:2989-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Pemphigus foliaceus is the most common autoimmune skin disease in horses and is associated with the production of autoantibodies directed against surface proteins of the keratinocyte. Pemphigus vulgaris is a rare autoimmune skin disease in horses. Systemic lupus erythematosus and cutaneous lupus erythematosus are recognized in horses and both are rare. Bullous pemphigoid is a rare autoimmune disease in horses caused by immunologic attack of the basement membrane zone by autoantibodies. Erythema muliforme is an immunologic reaction in the skin in which keratinocyte cell death is the prominent change seen on biopsy. Purpura hemorrhagica is thought analogous to nonthrombocytopenic purpura in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Rosenkrantz
- Animal Dermatology Clinic, 2965 Edinger Avenue, Tustin, CA 92780, USA.
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24
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Equine gammaherpesviruses: perfect parasites? Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:86-92. [PMID: 23845734 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary success of the equine gammaherpesviruses (GHVs) is demonstrated by their consistent and widespread presence in horse populations worldwide. Equine GHVs establish infection in young foals and can be continually detected over the lifetime of the host either by recrudescence of latent infections or by re-infection. A definitive diagnosis of clinical disease in horses due to GHV infection remains challenging given the ubiquitous nature of the GHVs in horses without clinical signs, as well as in horses with clinical signs ranging from mild respiratory disease to severe equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis. This review aims to examine what is known about equine GHV and explore the balance of the relationship that has evolved over millions of years between these viruses and their host.
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