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Wang LC, Chen LH, Chiu YC, Liou CY, Chen HC, Lu CY, Chen JL. Teleost skin microbiome: An intimate interplay between the environment and the host immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 139:108869. [PMID: 37285875 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal microbiome plays a role in regulating host health. The research conducted in humans and mice has governed and detailed the information on microbiome-host immunity interactions. Teleost fish, different from humans and mice, lives in and relies on the aquatic environment and is subjected to environmental variation. The growth of teleost mucosal microbiome studies, the majority in the gastrointestinal tract, has emphasized the essential role of the teleost microbiome in growth and health. However, research in the teleost external surface microbiome, as the skin microbiome, has just started. In this review, we examine the general findings in the colonization of the skin microbiome, how the skin microbiome is subjected to environmental change and the reciprocal regulation with the host immune system, and the current challenges that potential study models can address. The information collected from teleost skin microbiome-host immunity research would help future teleost culturing from the potential parasitic infestation and bacterial infection as foreseeing growing threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Chun Wang
- Marine and Pathogenic Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, College of Marine Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Committee of Fisheries Extension Service, College of Marine Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Hsuan Chen
- Marine and Pathogenic Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, College of Marine Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Yu-Che Chiu
- Marine and Pathogenic Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, College of Marine Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Liou
- Marine and Pathogenic Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, College of Marine Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chung Chen
- Marine and Pathogenic Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, College of Marine Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yun Lu
- Marine and Pathogenic Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, College of Marine Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Lin Chen
- Marine and Pathogenic Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, College of Marine Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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Bunnoy A, Thompson KD, Thangsunan P, Chokmangmeepisarn P, Yata T, Pirarat N, Kitiyodom S, Thangsunan P, Sukkarun P, Prukbenjakul P, Panthukumphol N, Morishita M, Srisapoome P, Rodkhum C. Development of a bivalent mucoadhesive nanovaccine to prevent francisellosis and columnaris diseases in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 138:108813. [PMID: 37182796 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of francisellosis caused by Francisella orientalis sp. nov. (Fo) and columnaris disease caused by Flavobacterium oreochromis (For) is negatively impacting Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) production, especially when high stocking densities are used. A new and innovative bivalent mucoadhesive nanovaccine was developed in this study for immersion vaccination of tilapia against francisellosis and columnaris disease. It was shown to have the potential to improve both innate and adaptive immunity in vaccinated Nile tilapia. It increased innate immune parameters, such as lysozyme activity, bactericidal activity, phagocytosis, phagocytic index, and total serum IgM antibody levels. Additionally, the vaccine was effective in elevating specific adaptive immune responses, including IgM antibody levels against Fo and For vaccine antigens and upregulating immune-related genes IgM, IgT, CD4+, MHCIIα, and TCRβ in the head kidney, spleen, peripheral blood leukocytes, and gills of vaccinated fish. Furthermore, fish vaccinated with the mucoadhesive nanovaccine showed higher survival rates and relative percent survival after being challenged with either single or combined infections of Fo and For. This vaccine is anticipated to be beneficial for large-scale immersion vaccination of tilapia and may be a strategy for shortening vaccination times and increasing immune protection against francisellosis and columnaris diseases in tilapia aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurak Bunnoy
- Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Kim D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Patcharapong Thangsunan
- Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Putita Chokmangmeepisarn
- Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Teerapong Yata
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Nopadon Pirarat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Sirikorn Kitiyodom
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Pattanapong Thangsunan
- Division of Biochemistry and Biochemical Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Pimwarang Sukkarun
- Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Pochara Prukbenjakul
- Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Naphat Panthukumphol
- Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Manami Morishita
- Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Prapansak Srisapoome
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Rd, Ladyao, Chatuchak, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Channarong Rodkhum
- Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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3
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Shahin K, Pirezan F, Rogge M, LaFrentz BR, Shrestha RP, Hildebrand M, Lu F, HogenEsch H, Soto E. Development of IglC and GroEL recombinant vaccines for francisellosis in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:341-349. [PMID: 32712230 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Warm-water piscine francisellosis is a granulomatous bacterial disease caused by Francisella orientalis (Fo). The disease has been detected in a wide range of fish species globally, causing mortalities as high as 90% and significant economic losses. Currently there are no commercially available vaccines and few treatment options exist. In the current study, two novel recombinant vaccines were prepared using diatom-expressed IglC or bacterial-expressed GroEL proteins. The vaccine antigens were emulsified with either nanoparticles or a commercially available oil-based adjuvant. Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, fingerlings were immunized intracoelomically with the recombinant IglC or GroEL vaccines, diatoms alone or phosphate buffer saline. Approximately 840-degree days post-vaccination, fish were challenged via immersion with 106 CFU/mL of wild-type Fo. Twenty-one days post challenge (dpc), the highest relative percent survival was recorded in the IglC-Montanide group (75%), compared to 53%, 50%, 22%, 19% and 16% in the IglC-nanoparticles, GroEL-Montanide, GroEL-nanoparticles, diatoms-Montanide and diatoms-nanoparticles groups, respectively. Protection correlated with significantly higher specific antibody responses in the IglC-Montanide group. Moreover, a significantly lower bacterial load was detected in spleen samples from the IglC-Montanide survivor tilapia compared to the other experimental groups. This is the first report of recombinant vaccines against piscine francisellosis in tilapia. The Fo vaccines described in our study may facilitate development of a safe, cost-effective and highly protective vaccine against francisellosis in farmed tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Shahin
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 95616, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Felipe Pirezan
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Matt Rogge
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, WI, USA
| | | | - Roshan P Shrestha
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark Hildebrand
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fangjia Lu
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 95616, Davis, CA, USA.
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Pulpipat T, Maekawa S, Wang PC, Chen SC. Immune Responses and Protective Efficacy of a Formalin-Killed Francisella Noatunensis Subsp. Orientalis Vaccine Evaluated through Intraperitoneal and Immersion Challenge Methods in Oreochromis Niloticus. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020163. [PMID: 32260212 PMCID: PMC7348880 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno), an intracellular bacterium, causes systemic granulomatous diseases, resulting in high mortality and huge economic losses in Taiwanese tilapia farming. In this study, we tested the efficacy of a formalin-killed Fno vaccine in cultured tilapia. Fno was isolated from diseased tilapia, inactivated with formalin, and mixed with the mineral oil base adjuvant (MontanideTM ISA 763 AVG). A total of 300 tilapia were divided into two groups. The experimental group was intraperitoneally injected with 0.1 mL of vaccine, which was substituted with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) in the control group. A booster was administered at 2 weeks post-immunization. Tilapia were challenged at 6 weeks post primary immunization by intraperitoneal (IP) injection and immersion methods. Mortality was recorded at 21 and 60 days. The results revealed that the vaccine induced a greater antibody titer and led to 71% and 76% of relative percent survival (RPS) after the IP and immersion challenge. The transcripts of proinflammatory cytokines and immune-related genes, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), and interleukin-17C (IL-17C), were significantly upregulated after vaccination. Additionally, vaccinated fish had lower bacterial loads in the blood and lower granuloma intensities in the kidney, spleen, liver, and gill than control fish. The results in this study demonstrate that the inactivated Fno vaccine could be an essential resource in Taiwanese tilapia farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theeraporn Pulpipat
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (T.P.); (S.M.); (P.-C.W.)
| | - Shun Maekawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (T.P.); (S.M.); (P.-C.W.)
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Research Center for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (T.P.); (S.M.); (P.-C.W.)
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Research Center for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (T.P.); (S.M.); (P.-C.W.)
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Research Center for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-8-770-3202 (ext. 5076 or 5095)
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Nguyen VV, Dong HT, Senapin S, Gangnonngiw W, Pirarat N, Kayansamruaj P, Rung-Ruangkijkrai T, Rodkhum C. Transmission of Francisella noatuensis subsp. orientalis from subclinically infected hybrid red tilapia broodstock (Oreochromis sp.) to their offspring. Microb Pathog 2019; 136:103670. [PMID: 31430526 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) has been reported as an important bacterial pathogen causing significant mortality (30-95%) in farmed tilapia in broad geographic areas. However, we found that there was a proportion of broodfish in our laboratory that appeared to be healthy but which tested positive for Fno. We therefore hypothesized that Fno might be able to be transmitted from subclinically infected tilapia mouthbrooders to their offspring through the current practice of fry production in tilapia hatcheries. To prove this, experimentally infected hybrid red tilapia broodstock were mated and their offspring were examined for the presence of Fno. In this study, three pairs of infected broodfish were mated for natural spawning and fertilized eggs from each couple were then collected from the female mouths for artificial incubation. The newly hatched larvae were cultured for 30 days and sample collection was performed at different developmental stages i.e. yolk-sac larvae, 5 and 30-day old fry. The results showed that the ovary and testis of all 3 pairs of the broodstock, as well as their fertilized eggs and offspring were Fno positive by Fno-specific PCR and in situ DNA hybridization. In summary, this study revealed that with the current practice in tilapia hatcheries, Fno might be able to transmit from subclinically infected tilapia mouthbrooders to their offspring. Therefore, using Fno-free broodfish in tilapia hatcheries should be considered in order to produce Fno-free tilapia fry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuong Viet Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Research Institute of Aquaculture No. 1 (RIA1), Dinh Bang, Tu Son, Bac Ninh, Viet Nam
| | - Ha Thanh Dong
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Warachin Gangnonngiw
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nopadon Pirarat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Tilladit Rung-Ruangkijkrai
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Channarong Rodkhum
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Fish Infectious Diseases Research Unit (FID RU), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Soto E, Shahin K, Talhami JJ, Griffin MJ, Adams A, Ramírez-Paredes JG. Characterization of Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis isolated from Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus farmed in Lake Yojoa, Honduras. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 133:141-145. [PMID: 31019138 DOI: 10.3354/dao03333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) is a Gram-negative, pleomorphic, facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen affecting a variety of cultured and wild fish species. Outbreaks of piscine francisellosis in warmwater fish have been documented worldwide; however, reports of Fno from Central America have been limited to a single documented outbreak in cultured tilapia in Costa Rica in 2007. From 2015 to 2017, Fno was consistently recovered from disease outbreaks in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus cultivated in floating cages in Lake Yojoa, Honduras. Mortality rates during these outbreaks ranged from 50 to 85%. Fno was isolated by aerobic culture on selective media and identity confirmed by Fno-specific PCR. Repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR analysis revealed that the case isolates were genetically homogeneous with archived strains recovered from epizootics in cultured tilapia from Costa Rica and Mexico, suggesting the same strain of Fno was responsible for these otherwise unrelated fish kills. The current study provides only the second report of Fno in Central America and characterizes the first Fno outbreak in cultured fish in Honduras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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7
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Lewis J, Soto E. Gene expression of putative type VI secretion system (T6SS) genes in the emergent fish pathogen Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis in different physiochemical conditions. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:21. [PMID: 30665355 PMCID: PMC6341738 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) is an emergent fish pathogen and the etiologic agent of piscine francisellosis. Besides persisting in the environment in both biofilm and planktonic forms, Fno is known to infect and replicate inside tilapia macrophages and endothelial-derived cells. However, the mechanism used by this emergent bacterium for intracellular survival is unknown. Additionally, the basis of virulence for Fno is still poorly understood. Several potential virulence determinants have been identified in Fno, including homologues of the recently described F. tularensis Type VI Secretion System (T6SS). In order to gain a better understanding of the role the putative Fno T6SS might play in the pathogenesis of piscine francisellosis, we performed transcriptional analysis of Fno T6SS gene-homologues under temperature, acidic, and oxidative stress conditions. Results Few transcriptional differences were observed at different temperatures, growth stages and pHs; however, a trend towards higher expression of Fno T6SS-homologue genes at 25 °C and under oxidative stress was detected when compared to those quantified at 30 °C and under no H2O2 (p < 0.05). Conclusions Results from this study suggest that several of the F. tularensis T6SS-homologues may play an important role in the virulence of Fno, particularly when the bacterium is exposed to low temperatures and oxidative stress. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1389-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jainee Lewis
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Sirimanapong W, Thompson KD, Shinn AP, Adams A, Withyachumnarnkul B. Streptococcus agalactiae infection kills red tilapia with chronic Francisella noatunensis infection more rapidly than the fish without the infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:221-232. [PMID: 30017930 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study we examined the effect that a Francisella noatunensis (Fno) infection had on hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis mossambicus) subsquently infected with Streptococcus agalactiae. A variety of hemato-immunological parameters (haematocrit, total red blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume, total white blood and differential cell counts, total plasma protein, plasma lysozyme and plasma peroxidase activities, and respiratory burst and phagocytic activities of head-kidney macrophages) were measured in hybrid red tilapia that had been previously exposed to an Fno outbreak in a tilapia grow-out farm. The head-kidneys of these apparently healthy survivors, when checked by PCR were found to be Fno-positive with hemato-immunological parameters that were similar to fish without an a priori infection. The only exception was the percentage lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood, which was slightly, but significantly, lower in the Fno-infected fish, compared to those without the infection. When experimentally infected with S. agalactiae, the Fno-infected fish died more rapidly and at a significantly higher rate than fish without the infection. During the challenge, the hemato-immunological parameters of both groups of fish were very similar, although the Fno-infected fish, challanged with S. agalactiae expressed significantly higher plasma lysozyme and peroxidase activities, and their head kidney macrophages had significantly higher respiratory burst activity compared to non-Fno-infected fish challanged with S. agalactiae. The only two parameters for which Fno-infected fish showed significantly lower expressions than that of their non-infected counterparts were haematocrit and total red blood cell count. The cause of the rapidity and higher rates of mortality observed in the Fno-infected fish when challenged with S. agalactiae is unknown; but it may be due to a reduced erythropoiesis capability within the head-kidney because of the presence of Fno.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanna Sirimanapong
- Veterinary Aquatic Animal Research Health Care Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon-pathom, 73170, Thailand.
| | - Kim D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan Penicuik, Scotland, UK
| | - Andrew P Shinn
- Fish Vet Group Asia Limited, 21/359 Premjairard Road, Saensook, Muang Chonburi, Chonburi, 20130, Thailand
| | - Alexandra Adams
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Boonsirm Withyachumnarnkul
- AquaAcademy Farm, Tha Chana, Surat Thani, 84170, Thailand; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkla, 90112, Thailand
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9
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Francisella marina sp. nov., Etiologic Agent of Systemic Disease in Cultured Spotted Rose Snapper (Lutjanus guttatus) in Central America. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.00144-18. [PMID: 29915103 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00144-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, piscine francisellosis in various warm-, temperate-, and cold-water fish hosts has been attributed to Francisella noatunensis From 2015 to 2016, an undescribed Francisella sp. was recovered during mortality events in cultured spotted rose snapper (Lutjanus guttatus) off the Pacific coast of Central America. Despite high mortality and emaciation, limited gross findings were observed in affected fish. Histological examination revealed multifocal granulomatous lesions, with the presence of numerous small, pleomorphic coccobacilli, predominantly in the peritoneum, spleen, kidneys, liver, pancreas, heart, and intestine. Sequencing of an ∼1,400-bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene demonstrated these isolates to be most similar (99.9% identity) to Francisella sp. isolate TX077308 cultured from seawater in the Gulf of Mexico, while sharing <99% similarity to other Fransicella spp. Biochemical analysis, multilocus sequence comparisons of select housekeeping genes, repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR fingerprinting, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, and fatty acid methyl ester analysis revealed marked differences between these isolates and other described members of the genus. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by experimental intracoelomic injection and immersion trials using Nile (Oreochromis niloticus) and blue (Oreochromis aureus) tilapia. Based on observed phenotypic and genotypic differences from recognized Francisella spp., the name Francisellamarina sp. nov. (NRRL B-65518) is proposed to accommodate these novel strains.IMPORTANCE Finfish aquaculture is the fastest growing global food production sector. Infectious disease, particularly emergent pathogens, pose a significant threat to established and nascent aquaculture industries worldwide. Herein, we characterize a novel pathogen isolated from mortality events in cultured spotted rose snapper in Central America. The bacteria recovered from these outbreaks were genetically and phenotypically dissimilar from other known Francisella spp. from fish, representing a previously unrecognized member of the genus Francisella, for which the name Francisella marina sp. nov. is proposed.
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10
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Shahin K, Thompson KD, Inglis NF, Mclean K, Ramirez-Paredes JG, Monaghan SJ, Hoare R, Fontaine M, Metselaar M, Adams A. Characterization of the outer membrane proteome of Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:686-699. [PMID: 29777634 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of the current study were to characterize the outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) STIR-GUS-F2f7, and identify proteins recognized by sera from tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, (L) that survived experimental challenge with Fno. METHODS AND RESULTS The composition of the OMPs of a virulent strain of Fno (STIR-GUS-F2f7), isolated from diseased red Nile tilapia in the United Kingdom, was examined. The sarcosine-insoluble OMPs fraction was screened with tilapia hyperimmune sera by western blot analysis following separation of the proteins by 1D SDS-PAGE. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was used to identify the various proteins present in the OMP profile. Two hundred and thirty-nine proteins were identified, of which 44 were found in the immunogenic band recognized by the tilapia hyperimmune serum. In silico analysis was performed to predict the function and location of the OMPs identified by MS. CONCLUSIONS Using a powerful proteomic-based approach in conjugation with western immunoblotting, proteins comprising the outer membrane fraction of Fno STIR-GUS-F2f7 were identified, catalogued and screened for immune recognition by tilapia sera. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The current study is the first report on the characterization of Fno-OMPs. The findings here provide preliminary data on bacterial surface proteins that exist in direct contact with the host's immune defences during infection and offer an insight into the pathogenesis of Fno.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shahin
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK.,Aquatic Animals Diseases Lab, Aquaculture Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Suez, Egypt
| | - K D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | - N F Inglis
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | - K Mclean
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | - J G Ramirez-Paredes
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - S J Monaghan
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - R Hoare
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - M Fontaine
- Benchmark Animal Health, Bush House, Edinburgh Technopole, Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - M Metselaar
- Benchmark Animal Health, Bush House, Edinburgh Technopole, Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - A Adams
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
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11
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Choe Y, Yu JE, Park J, Park D, Oh JI, Kim S, Moon KH, Kang HY. Goldfish, Carassius auratus, as an infection model for studying the pathogenesis of Edwardsiella piscicida. Vet Res Commun 2017; 41:289-297. [PMID: 29119302 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-017-9700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the feasibility of using goldfish as an infection model to investigate the pathogenesis of Edwardsiella piscicida. Goldfish were found to be susceptible to acute E. piscicida-induced disease and died in a dose-dependent manner. E. piscicida was further shown to replicate rapidly in the head kidneys and livers of infected goldfish from 1 d post-injection, and bacteria numbers were significantly decreased 5 d post-injection. Immune responses were successfully induced in goldfish injected with E. piscicida strains and 60% of goldfish inoculated with an attenuated E. piscicida strain were found to survive subsequent injection with a pathogenic strain. The results of differential leukocyte count experiments suggested that leukocytes were immediately recruited as an innate immune response against the infection. Thus, this well-characterized goldfish species is a suitable infection model for studying E. piscicida pathogenesis, and might be applicable to research on other fish diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjeong Choe
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
| | - Jong Earn Yu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
| | - Junmo Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
| | - Dongchul Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Il Oh
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
| | - Ki Hwan Moon
- Division of Marine Bioscience, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, South Korea
| | - Ho Young Kang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea.
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12
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Dong HT, Gangnonngiw W, Phiwsaiya K, Charoensapsri W, Nguyen VV, Nilsen P, Pradeep PJ, Withyachumnarnkul B, Senapin S, Rodkhum C. Duplex PCR assay and in situ hybridization for detection of Francisella spp. and Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis in red tilapia. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2016; 120:39-47. [PMID: 27304869 DOI: 10.3354/dao03021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Conventional isolation and identification based on phenotypic characteristics is challenging with the highly fastidious, intracellular bacterium Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno). Here, we developed a duplex PCR method for simultaneous detection of the Francisella genus and Fno in one PCR reaction and an in situ hybridization method for paraffin section based diagnosis of Fno. The PCR results showed genus- and species-specific bands (1140 and 203 bp) from Fno but only one genus-specific band (1140 bp) from F. noatunensis subsp. noatunensis. Sensitivity of the duplex PCR assay revealed a detection limit of 20 to 200 fg genomic DNA (~10 to 100 genome equivalents) depending on DNA template extraction methods. The newly developed duplex PCR assay could be used to detect Fno from clinically sick fish exhibiting signs of visceral granulomas and would also be able to detect Fno infection in naturally diseased fish without symptoms of francisellosis, indicating potential application for diagnosis of field samples. The in situ hybridization assay using Fno species-specific probe revealed positive signals in multiple organs including the spleen, liver, kidney, gills and intestine of infected fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha T Dong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Gonçalves LA, de Castro Soares S, Pereira FL, Dorella FA, de Carvalho AF, de Freitas Almeida GM, Leal CAG, Azevedo V, Figueiredo HCP. Complete genome sequences of Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis strains FNO12, FNO24 and FNO190: a fish pathogen with genomic clonal behavior. Stand Genomic Sci 2016; 11:30. [PMID: 27073591 PMCID: PMC4828924 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-016-0151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Francisella is composed of Gram-negative, pleomorphic, strictly aerobic and non-motile bacteria, which are capable of infecting a variety of terrestrial and aquatic animals, among which Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis stands out as the causative agent of pyogranulomatous and granulomatous infections in fish. Accordingly, F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis is responsible for high mortality rates in freshwater fish, especially Nile Tilapia. In the current study, we present the genome sequences of F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis strains FNO12, FNO24 and FNO190. The genomes include one circular chromosome of 1,859,720 bp, consisting of 32 % GC content, 1538 coded proteins and 363 pseudogenes for FNO12; one circular chromosome of 1,862,322 bp, consisting of 32 % GC content, 1537 coded proteins and 365 pseudogenes for FNO24; and one circular chromosome of 1,859,595 bp, consisting of 32 % GC content, 1539 coded proteins and 362 pseudogenes for FNO190. All genomes have similar genetic content, implicating a clonal-like behavior for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Amorim Gonçalves
- National Reference Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases (AQUACEN), Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil ; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics (LGCM), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Siomar de Castro Soares
- National Reference Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases (AQUACEN), Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Felipe Luiz Pereira
- National Reference Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases (AQUACEN), Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Alves Dorella
- National Reference Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases (AQUACEN), Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alex Fiorini de Carvalho
- National Reference Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases (AQUACEN), Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Magno de Freitas Almeida
- National Reference Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases (AQUACEN), Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Gomes Leal
- National Reference Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases (AQUACEN), Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics (LGCM), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Henrique César Pereira Figueiredo
- National Reference Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases (AQUACEN), Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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14
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Soto E, Brown N, Gardenfors ZO, Yount S, Revan F, Francis S, Kearney MT, Camus A. Effect of size and temperature at vaccination on immunization and protection conferred by a live attenuated Francisella noatunensis immersion vaccine in red hybrid tilapia. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:593-599. [PMID: 25462454 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) is a pleomorphic, facultative intracellular, Gram-negative, emerging bacterial pathogen of marine and fresh water fish with worldwide distribution. In this study, the efficacy of an attenuated Fno intracellular growth locus C (iglC) mutant was evaluated for use as a live immersion vaccine, when administered to hybrid tilapia at two different stages of growth (5 g fry and 10 g fingerlings) and at two temperatures (25 °C and 30 °C). To determine vaccine efficacy, mortality, days to first death, and Fno genome equivalents (GE) in the spleens of survivors, as well as serum and mucus antibody levels, were evaluated after 30 d in fish challenged with a wild type virulent strain. Both size and temperature at vaccination played an important role in immunization and protection. Fry vaccinated at 25 °C were not protected when compared to non-vaccinated fry at 25 °C (p = 0.870). In contrast, 5 g fry vaccinated at 30 °C were significantly protected compared to non-vaccinated fry at 30 °C (p = 0.038). Although lower mortalities occurred, 10 g fingerlings vaccinated at 25 °C were not protected, compared to non-vaccinated fingerlings at 25 °C (p = 0.328), while, 10 g fingerlings vaccinated at 30 °C were significantly protected, compared to non-vaccinated fingerlings at 30 °C (p = 0.038). Additionally, overall mortality of 5 g fish was significantly higher than in 10 g fish. Mortality was also significantly higher in fish subjected to a 30 to 25 °C temperature change one week prior to challenge, than in fish maintained at the same temperature during vaccination and challenge. This information demonstrates that both temperature and size at vaccination are important factors when implementing immunization prophylaxis in cultured tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Soto
- Center for Conservation Medicine and Ecosystem Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, Main Island Road, West Farm, Saint Kitts and Nevis.
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