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Freuling CM, Hlinak A, Schulze C, Sehl-Ewert J, Wysocki P, Szentiks CA, Schmitt K, Wohlsein P, Kluth G, Reinhardt I, Mettenleiter TC, Müller T. Suid alphaherpesvirus 1 of wild boar origin as a recent source of Aujeszky's disease in carnivores in Germany. Virol J 2023; 20:110. [PMID: 37264455 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high susceptibility of carnivores to Suid Alphaherpesvirus 1 [SuAHV1, synonymous pseudorabies virus (PrV)], renders them inadvertent sentinels for the possible occurrence of Aujeszky's disease (AD) in domestic and wild swine populations. The aim of this study was to epidemiologically analyse the occurrence of PrV infections in domestic and wild animals in Germany during the last three decades and to genetically characterise the causative PrV isolates. METHODS PrV in dogs was detected using standard virological techniques including conventional and real time PCR, virus isolation or by immunohistochemistry. Available PrV isolates were characterized by partial sequencing of the open gC reading frame and the genetic traits were compared with those of archived PrV isolates from carnivores and domestic pigs from Germany before the elimination of AD in the domestic pig population. RESULTS During 1995 and 2022, a total of 38 cases of AD in carnivores, e.g. dogs and red foxes, were laboratory confirmed. Sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analysis of PrV isolates established a strong connection between AD cases in carnivores and the occurrence of PrV infections in European wild boars in the end phase of and after elimination of AD from the domestic pig population. While PrV infections occur at low numbers but regularly in hunting dogs, interestingly, PrV was not observed in grey wolves in Germany. In none of 682 dead-found grey wolves and wolf-dog hybrids tested from Germany during 2006-2022 could PrV infection be detected by molecular means. CONCLUSIONS Although PrV has been eliminated from domestic pigs, spillover infections in domestic and wild carnivores should always be expected given the endemic presence of PrV in wild pig populations. Since detection of PrV DNA and virus in carnivores is sporadic even in areas with high seroprevalence of PrV in wild pigs, it may not reflect the full diversity of PrV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad M Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald- Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Andreas Hlinak
- Berlin-Brandenburg State Laboratory, 15236, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - Christoph Schulze
- Berlin-Brandenburg State Laboratory, 15236, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - Julia Sehl-Ewert
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald- Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Patrick Wysocki
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Epidemiology, 17493, Greifswald- Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Claudia A Szentiks
- IZW - Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Schmitt
- Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz Saarland, 66115, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Peter Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gesa Kluth
- LUPUS - German Institute for Wolf Monitoring and Research, 02826, Görlitz, Germany
| | - Ilka Reinhardt
- LUPUS - German Institute for Wolf Monitoring and Research, 02826, Görlitz, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald- Insel Riems, Germany.
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Cheng TY, Buckley A, Van Geelen A, Lager K, Henao-Díaz A, Poonsuk K, Piñeyro P, Baum D, Ji J, Wang C, Main R, Zimmerman J, Giménez-Lirola L. Detection of pseudorabies virus antibody in swine oral fluid using a serum whole-virus indirect ELISA. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:535-541. [PMID: 32450768 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720924386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the detection of pseudorabies virus (PRV) antibodies in swine oral fluid. Oral fluid and serum samples were obtained from 40 pigs allocated to 4 treatment groups (10 pigs/group): negative control (NC); wild-type PRV inoculation (PRV 3CR Ossabaw; hereafter PRV); PRV vaccination (Ingelvac Aujeszky MLV; Boehringer Ingelheim; hereafter MLV); and PRV vaccination followed by PRV inoculation at 21 d post-vaccination (MLV-PRV). Using a serum PRV whole-virus indirect IgG ELISA (Idexx Laboratories) adapted to the oral fluid matrix, PRV antibody was detected in oral fluid samples from treatment groups PRV, MLV, and MLV-PRV in a pattern similar to serum. Vaccination alone produced a low oral fluid antibody response (groups MLV and MLV-PRV), but a strong anamnestic response was observed following challenge with wild-type virus (group PRV). Analyses of the oral fluid PRV indirect IgG ELISA results showed good binary diagnostic performance (area under ROC curve = 93%) and excellent assay repeatability (intra-class correlation coefficient = 99.3%). The demonstrable presence of PRV antibodies in swine oral fluids suggests the possible use of oral fluids in pseudorabies surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine (Cheng, Henao-Díaz, Poonsuk, Piñeyro, Baum, Main, Zimmerman, Giménez-Lirola), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Ji, Wang), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA (Buckley, Van Geelen, Lager)
| | - Alexandra Buckley
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine (Cheng, Henao-Díaz, Poonsuk, Piñeyro, Baum, Main, Zimmerman, Giménez-Lirola), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Ji, Wang), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA (Buckley, Van Geelen, Lager)
| | - Albert Van Geelen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine (Cheng, Henao-Díaz, Poonsuk, Piñeyro, Baum, Main, Zimmerman, Giménez-Lirola), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Ji, Wang), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA (Buckley, Van Geelen, Lager)
| | - Kelly Lager
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine (Cheng, Henao-Díaz, Poonsuk, Piñeyro, Baum, Main, Zimmerman, Giménez-Lirola), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Ji, Wang), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA (Buckley, Van Geelen, Lager)
| | - Alexandra Henao-Díaz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine (Cheng, Henao-Díaz, Poonsuk, Piñeyro, Baum, Main, Zimmerman, Giménez-Lirola), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Ji, Wang), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA (Buckley, Van Geelen, Lager)
| | - Korakrit Poonsuk
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine (Cheng, Henao-Díaz, Poonsuk, Piñeyro, Baum, Main, Zimmerman, Giménez-Lirola), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Ji, Wang), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA (Buckley, Van Geelen, Lager)
| | - Pablo Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine (Cheng, Henao-Díaz, Poonsuk, Piñeyro, Baum, Main, Zimmerman, Giménez-Lirola), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Ji, Wang), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA (Buckley, Van Geelen, Lager)
| | - David Baum
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine (Cheng, Henao-Díaz, Poonsuk, Piñeyro, Baum, Main, Zimmerman, Giménez-Lirola), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Ji, Wang), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA (Buckley, Van Geelen, Lager)
| | - Ju Ji
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine (Cheng, Henao-Díaz, Poonsuk, Piñeyro, Baum, Main, Zimmerman, Giménez-Lirola), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Ji, Wang), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA (Buckley, Van Geelen, Lager)
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine (Cheng, Henao-Díaz, Poonsuk, Piñeyro, Baum, Main, Zimmerman, Giménez-Lirola), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Ji, Wang), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA (Buckley, Van Geelen, Lager)
| | - Rodger Main
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine (Cheng, Henao-Díaz, Poonsuk, Piñeyro, Baum, Main, Zimmerman, Giménez-Lirola), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Ji, Wang), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA (Buckley, Van Geelen, Lager)
| | - Jeffrey Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine (Cheng, Henao-Díaz, Poonsuk, Piñeyro, Baum, Main, Zimmerman, Giménez-Lirola), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Ji, Wang), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA (Buckley, Van Geelen, Lager)
| | - Luis Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine (Cheng, Henao-Díaz, Poonsuk, Piñeyro, Baum, Main, Zimmerman, Giménez-Lirola), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Ji, Wang), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA (Buckley, Van Geelen, Lager)
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