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Zhai K, Dong J, Zeng J, Cheng P, Wu X, Han W, Chen Y, Qiu Z, Zhou Y, Pu J, Jiang T, Du X. Global antigenic landscape and vaccine recommendation strategy for low pathogenic avian influenza A (H9N2) viruses. J Infect 2024; 89:106199. [PMID: 38901571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The sustained circulation of H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) poses a significant threat for contributing to a new pandemic. Given the temporal and spatial uncertainty in the antigenicity of H9N2 AIVs, the immune protection efficiency of vaccines remains challenging. By developing an antigenicity prediction method for H9N2 AIVs, named PREDAC-H9, the global antigenic landscape of H9N2 AIVs was mapped. PREDAC-H9 utilizes the XGBoost model with 14 well-designed features. The XGBoost model was built and evaluated to predict the antigenic relationship between any two viruses with high values of 81.1 %, 81.4 %, 81.3 %, 81.1 %, and 89.4 % in accuracy, precision, recall, F1 value, and area under curve (AUC), respectively. Then the antigenic correlation network (ACnet) was constructed based on the predicted antigenic relationship for H9N2 AIVs from 1966 to 2022, and ten major antigenic clusters were identified. Of these, four novel clusters were generated in China in the past decade, demonstrating the unique complex situation there. To help tackle this situation, we applied PREDAC-H9 to calculate the cluster-transition determining sites and screen out virus strains with the high cross-protective spectrum, thus providing an in silico reference for vaccine recommendation. The proposed model will reduce the clinical monitoring workload and provide a useful tool for surveillance and control of H9N2 AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhai
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Jinze Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Zeng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Peiwen Cheng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Xinsheng Wu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Wenjie Han
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Yilin Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Zekai Qiu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; Department of Molecular and Radiooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69047, Germany
| | - Yong Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Juan Pu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Taijiao Jiang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
| | - Xiangjun Du
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes & Biosecurity, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510030, PR China.
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2
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Wu J, Wan Z, Qian K, Shao H, Ye J, Qin A. The amino acid variation at hemagglutinin sites 145, 153, 164 and 200 modulate antigenicity andreplication of H9N2 avian influenza virus. Vet Microbiol 2024; 296:110188. [PMID: 39018942 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV), one of the predominant subtypes circulating in the poultry industry, inflicts substantial economic damage. Mutations in the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins of H9N2 frequently alter viral antigenicity and replication. In this paper, we analyzed the HA genetic sequences and antigenic properties of 26 H9N2 isolates obtained from chickens in China between 2012 and 2019. The results showed that these H9N2 viruses all belonged to h9.4.2.5, and were divided into two clades. We assessed the impact of amino acid substitutions at HA sites 145, 149, 153, 164, 167, 168, and 200 on antigenicity, and found that a mutation at site 164 significantly modified antigenic characteristics. Amino acid variations at sites 145, 153, 164 and 200 affected virus's hemagglutination and the growth kinetics in mammalian cells. These results underscore the critical need for ongoing surveillance of the H9N2 virus and provide valuable insights for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsen Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Zhimin Wan
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Kun Qian
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.
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3
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Wan Z, Gong J, Sang J, Jiang W, Zhao Z, Tang T, Li Y, Zhao Y, Kan Q, Xie Q, Li T, Shao H, Gao W, Qin A, Ye J. Identification of key residues of B cell epitopes in hemagglutinin of H6 influenza A virus. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0205923. [PMID: 37882566 PMCID: PMC10715104 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02059-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Since the escape immunity of influenza A viruses (IAVs) is mainly caused by the continuous antigenic variations in HA, the identification of key antigenic epitopes is crucial for better understanding of the escape immunity and vaccine development for IAVs. The antigenic sites of several HA subtypes, including H1, H3, H5, and H9, have been well characterized, whereas those of H6 subtype are poorly understood. Here, we mapped nine key residues of antigenic epitopes in H6 through escape mutants using a panel of MAbs. Moreover, MAbs 4C2 and 6E3, targeting 140 and 89 residues, respectively, could protect mice against lethal challenge of MA E-Teal/417. These key residues of antigenic epitopes identified here provide the molecular targets for further elucidating the antigenic evolution of H6 and better preparing the vaccine against H6 IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianxi Gong
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianjun Sang
- Sinopharm Yangzhou VAC Biological Engineering Co. Ltd, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhehong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ting Tang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yafeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yichao Zhao
- Sinopharm Yangzhou VAC Biological Engineering Co. Ltd, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiuqi Kan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Quan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tuofan Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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4
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Zhang N, Quan K, Chen Z, Hu Q, Nie M, Xu N, Gao R, Wang X, Qin T, Chen S, Peng D, Liu X. The emergence of new antigen branches of H9N2 avian influenza virus in China due to antigenic drift on hemagglutinin through antibody escape at immunodominant sites. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2246582. [PMID: 37550992 PMCID: PMC10444018 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2246582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is a crucial prevention and control measure against H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) that threaten poultry production and public health. However, H9N2 AIVs in China undergo continuous antigenic drift of hemagglutinin (HA) under antibody pressure, leading to the emergence of immune escape variants. In this study, we investigated the molecular basis of the current widespread antigenic drift of H9N2 AIVs. Specifically, the most prevalent h9.4.2.5-lineage in China was divided into two antigenic branches based on monoclonal antibody (mAb) hemagglutination inhibition (HI) profiling analysis, and 12 antibody escape residues were identified as molecular markers of these two branches. The 12 escape residues were mapped to antigenic sites A, B, and E (H3 was used as the reference). Among these, eight residues primarily increased 3`SLN preference and contributed to antigenicity drift, and four of the eight residues at sites A and B were positively selected. Moreover, the analysis of H9N2 strains over time and space has revealed the emergence of a new antigenic branch in China since 2015, which has replaced the previous branch. However, the old antigenic branch recirculated to several regions after 2018. Collectively, this study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms of antigenic drift and for developing vaccine candidates that contest with the current antigenicity of H9N2 AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keji Quan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qun Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Maoshun Nie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nuo Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruyi Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Wang X, Liu K, Guo Y, Pei Y, Chen X, Lu X, Gao R, Chen Y, Gu M, Hu J, Liu X, Hu S, Jiao XA, Liu X, Wang X. Emergence of a new designated clade 16 with significant antigenic drift in hemagglutinin gene of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus in eastern China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2249558. [PMID: 37585307 PMCID: PMC10467529 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2249558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) pose an increasing threat to the poultry industry worldwide and have pandemic potential. Vaccination has been principal prevention strategy to control H9N2 in China since 1998, but vaccine effectiveness is persistently challenged by the emergence of the genetic and/or antigenic variants. Here, we analysed the genetic and antigenic characteristics of H9N2 viruses in China, including 70 HA sequences of H9N2 isolates from poultry, 7358 from online databases during 2010-2020, and 15 from the early reference strains. Bayesian analyses based on hemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed that a new designated clade16 emerged in April 2012, and was prevalent and co-circulated with clade 15 since 2013 in China. Clade 16 viruses exhibited decreased cross-reactivity with those from clade 15. Antigenic Cartography analyses showed represent strains were classified into three antigenic groups named as Group1, Group2 and Group3, and most of the strains in Group 3 (15/17, 88.2%) were from Clade 16 while most of the strains in Group2 (26/29, 89.7%) were from Clade 15. The mean distance between Group 3 and Group 2 was 4.079 (95%CI 3.605-4.554), revealing that major switches to antigenic properties were observed over the emergence of clade 16. Genetic analysis indicated that 11 coevolving amino acid substitutions primarily at antigenic sites were associated with the antigenic differences between clade 15 and clade 16. These data highlight complexities of the genetic evolution and provide a framework for the genetic basis and antigenic characterization of emerging clade 16 of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaituo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaqian Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuru Pei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruyi Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiao Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-an Jiao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Wang Z, Li H, Li Y, Wu Z, Ai H, Zhang M, Rong L, Blinov ML, Tong Q, Liu L, Sun H, Pu J, Feng W, Liu J, Sun Y. Mixed selling of different poultry species facilitates emergence of public-health-threating avian influenza viruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2214255. [PMID: 37191631 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2214255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Live poultry markets (LPMs) are regarded as hubs for avian influenza virus (AIV) transmission in poultry and are a major risk factor in human AIV infections. We performed an AIV surveillance study at a wholesale LPM, where different poultry species were sold in separate stalls, and nine retail LPMs, which received poultry from the wholesale LPM but where different poultry species were sold in one stall, in Guangdong province from 2017 to 2019. A higher AIV isolation rate was observed at the retail LPMs than the wholesale LPM. H9N2 was the dominant AIV subtype and was mainly present in chickens and quails. The genetic diversity of H9N2 viruses was greater at the retail LPMs, where a complex system of two-way transmission between different poultry species had formed. The isolated H9N2 viruses could be classed into four genotypes: G57 and the three novel genotypes, NG164, NG165, and NG166. The H9N2 AIVs isolated from chickens and quails at the wholesale LPM only belonged to the G57 and NG164 genotypes, respectively. However, the G57, NG164, and NG165 genotypes were identified in both chickens and quails at the retail LPMs. We found that the replication and transmission of the NG165 genotype were more adaptive to both poultry and mammalian models than those of its precursor genotype, NG164. Our findings revealed that mixed poultry selling at retail LPMs has increased the genetic diversity of AIVs, which might facilitate the emergence of novel viruses that threaten public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongkui Li
- Liaoning Agricultural Development Service Center, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuanli Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Ai
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Libin Rong
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael L Blinov
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Qi Tong
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Litao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Pu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhai Feng
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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7
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Zhang H, Xie R, Zhang H, Sun R, Li S, Xia C, Li Z, Zhang L, Guo Y, Huang J. Recombinant Hemagglutinin protein and DNA-RNA-combined nucleic acid vaccines harbored by Yeast elicit protective immunity against H9N2 Avian Influenza infection. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102662. [PMID: 37043959 PMCID: PMC10140169 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A safe, convenience, and effective vaccine for controlling avian influenza virus infection is crucial in scale poultry production. Yeasts are considered useful vaccine vehicles for the delivery of antigens, which has been used to protect human and animal health. We report here the development of H9N2 strain hemagglutinin (HA)-based recombinant protein vaccines (rH9HA) and DNA-RNA-combined vaccine (rH9-DNA-RNA) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the first time. The immunogenicity assay indicated that both rH9HA and rH9-DNA-RNA could induce robust production of serum IgG, mucosal sIgA, and cellular immune responses. The reshape and diversification of gut microbiota and an enriched Lactobacillus, Debaryomyces were observed after oral immunization with rH9HA or rH9-DNA-RNA yeast vaccine, which might contribute to modulate the intestinal mucosal immunity and antiviral process. Oral immunized birds with either rH9HA or rH9-DNA-RNA were effectively protected from H9N2 virus challenge. Our findings suggested that yeast-derived H9N2 HA-based recombinant protein vaccines and DNA-RNA-combined nucleic acid vaccines are feasible and efficacious, opening up a new avenue for rapid and cost-effective production of avian influenza vaccines to achieve good protection effect.
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8
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Liu T, Xie S, Yang Z, Zha A, Shi Y, Xu L, Chen J, Qi W, Liao M, Jia W. That H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in different regions gather in the same live-poultry market poses a potential threat to public health. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1128286. [PMID: 36876085 PMCID: PMC9979309 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1128286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses are endemic and persistent in China, but those that are prevalent in different provinces are also causes of wide epidemics, related to the spread of wild birds and the cross-regional trade in live poultry. For the past 4 years, beginning in 2018, we have sampled a live-poultry market in Foshan, Guangdong, in this ongoing study. In addition to the prevalence of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in China during this period, we identified isolates from the same market belonging to clade A and clade B, which diverged in 2012-2013, and clade C, which diverged in 2014-2016, respectively. An analysis of population dynamics revealed that, after a critical divergence period from 2014 to 2016, the genetic diversity of H9N2 viruses peaked in 2017. Our spatiotemporal dynamics analysis found that clade A, B, and C, which maintain high rates of evolution, have different prevalence ranges and transmission paths. Clades A and B were mainly prevalent in East China in the early stage, and then spread to Southern China, becoming epidemic with clade C. Strains from different regions converge at the same live-poultry market to communicate, which may be one reasons the H9N2 viruses are difficult to eradicate and increasingly dominant throughout China. Selection pressure and molecular analysis have demonstrated that single amino acid polymorphisms at key receptor binding sites 156, 160, and 190 under positive selection pressure, suggesting that H9N2 viruses are undergoing mutations to adapt to new hosts. Live-poultry markets are important because people who visit them have frequent contact with poultry, H9N2 viruses from different regions converge at these markets and spread through contact between live birds and humans, generating increased risks of human exposure to these viruses and threatening public health safety. Thus, it is important to reducing the cross-regional trade of live poultry and strengthening the monitoring of avian influenza viruses in live-poultry markets to reduce the spread of avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liu
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shumin Xie
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyi Yang
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aimin Zha
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Shi
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingyu Xu
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhong Chen
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixin Jia
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Status and Challenges for Vaccination against Avian H9N2 Influenza Virus in China. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091326. [PMID: 36143363 PMCID: PMC9505450 DOI: 10.3390/life12091326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has become widely prevalent in poultry, causing huge economic losses after secondary infection with other pathogens. Importantly, H9N2 AIV continuously infects humans, and its six internal genes frequently reassort with other influenza viruses to generate novel influenza viruses that infect humans, threatening public health. Inactivated whole-virus vaccines have been used to control H9N2 AIV in China for more than 20 years, and they can alleviate clinical symptoms after immunization, greatly reducing economic losses. However, H9N2 AIVs can still be isolated from immunized chickens and have recently become the main epidemic subtype. A more effective vaccine prevention strategy might be able to address the current situation. Herein, we analyze the current status and vaccination strategy against H9N2 AIV and summarize the progress in vaccine development to provide insight for better H9N2 prevention and control.
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10
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Han M, Gao S, Hu W, Zhou Q, Li H, Lin W, Chen F. Inhibitory effects of cedar pine needle extract on H9N2 avian influenza virus in vitro and in vivo. Virology 2022; 574:25-36. [PMID: 35878455 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza virus causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry, due to its wide-spread prevalence and propensity to induce secondary and mixed infections. Antigenic drift limits vaccine efficacy. New anti-viral therapies are needed to complement existing control measures. At the maximum non-cytotoxic concentration (25 mg/mL), cedar pine needle extract inhibited H9N2 avian influenza virus proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Cedar pine needle extract reduced the haemagglutinin titre, inhibited H9N2 avian influenza virus nucleocapsid protein expression, and indirectly regulate type I and II interferon expression. Interleukin-6 expression increased during the pre-infection period but decreased during the mid-to-late stages of infection. Cedar pine needle extract may inhibit the proliferation of pathogens, regulate the immune response, and reduce host tissue damage and may serve as a potential target for drug development against H9N2 avian influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzheng Han
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Bioforte Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China; Wen's Research Institute, Yunfu, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Wen's Research Institute, Yunfu, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenfeng Hu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Bioforte Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China; Wen's Research Institute, Yunfu, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Hongxin Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wencheng Lin
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Bioforte Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China; Wen's Research Institute, Yunfu, Guangdong, China.
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11
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Shao G, Xie Z, Liang M, Liu Y, Song C, Feng K, Zhang X, Lin W, Fu J, Xie Q. Efficacy of recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing HA protein of H9N2 Avian influenza virus in respiratory and intestinal tract. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102078. [PMID: 36272233 PMCID: PMC9589208 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) is a low pathogenic AIV, which is widely prevalent all over the world. The infection of H9N2 AIV often leads to secondary infection with other pathogens, causing serious economic losses to poultry industry. Up to now, several recombinant Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) expressing H9N2 AIV hemagglutinin (HA) protein had been developed. However, the efficacy of recombinant virus on tracheal and intestinal injury caused by H9N2 AIV was rarely reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of recombinant NDV expressing H9N2 AIV HA protein in respiratory and intestinal tract. In this study, based on Red/ET homologous recombination technology, H9N2 AIV HA gene was embedded into the genome of NDV LaSota vaccine strain to obtain the recombinant virus rNDV-H9. The recombinant virus rNDV-H9 showed similar replication kinetic characteristics with the parent LaSota strain and had good genetic stability. The immunization result showed that rNDV-H9 induced high HI antibody titer against H9N2 AIV. In the H9N2 AIV challenge experiment, rNDV-H9 could significantly reduce the virus shedding in trachea and cloaca. In addition, rNDV-H9 protected the barrier function of chicken intestinal mucosal epithelial cells and reduced the virus-induced inflammatory response to a certain extent, so as to inhibit the abnormal proliferation of E. coli. This study suggests that rNDV-H9 is a promising vaccine candidate against H9N2 AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanming Shao
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Zi Xie
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Ming Liang
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Yaxin Liu
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Chaoyi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Keyu Feng
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Xinheng Zhang
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Wencheng Lin
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Jun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China.
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12
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Wang Y, Tang CY, Wan XF. Antigenic characterization of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2841-2881. [PMID: 34905077 PMCID: PMC8669429 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03806-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antigenic characterization of emerging and re-emerging viruses is necessary for the prevention of and response to outbreaks, evaluation of infection mechanisms, understanding of virus evolution, and selection of strains for vaccine development. Primary analytic methods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent/lectin assays, hemagglutination inhibition, neuraminidase inhibition, micro-neutralization assays, and antigenic cartography, have been widely used in the field of influenza research. These techniques have been improved upon over time for increased analytical capacity, and some have been mobilized for the rapid characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 virus as well as its variants, facilitating the development of highly effective vaccines within 1 year of the initially reported outbreak. While great strides have been made for evaluating the antigenic properties of these viruses, multiple challenges prevent efficient vaccine strain selection and accurate assessment. For influenza, these barriers include the requirement for a large virus quantity to perform the assays, more than what can typically be provided by the clinical samples alone, cell- or egg-adapted mutations that can cause antigenic mismatch between the vaccine strain and circulating viruses, and up to a 6-month duration of vaccine development after vaccine strain selection, which allows viruses to continue evolving with potential for antigenic drift and, thus, antigenic mismatch between the vaccine strain and the emerging epidemic strain. SARS-CoV-2 characterization has faced similar challenges with the additional barrier of the need for facilities with high biosafety levels due to its infectious nature. In this study, we review the primary analytic methods used for antigenic characterization of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 and discuss the barriers of these methods and current developments for addressing these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Cynthia Y Tang
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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13
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Antigenic Evolution Characteristics and Immunological Evaluation of H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses from 1994–2019 in China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040726. [DOI: 10.3390/v14040726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been circulating in China for more than 20 years, attracting more and more attention due to the potential threat of them. At present, vaccination is a common prevention and control strategy in poultry farms, but as virus antigenicity evolves, the immune protection efficiency of vaccines has constantly been challenged. In this study, we downloaded the hemagglutinin (HA) protein sequences of the H9N2 subtype AIVs from 1994 to 2019 in China—with a total of 5138 sequences. The above sequences were analyzed in terms of time and space, and it was found that h9.4.2.5 was the most popular in various regions of China. Furthermore, the prevalence of H9N2 subtype AIVs in China around 2006 was different. The domestic epidemic branch was relatively diversified from 1994 to 2006. After 2006, the epidemic branch each year was h9.4.2.5. We compared the sequences around 2006 as a whole and screened out 15 different amino acid positions. Based on the HA protein of A/chicken/Guangxi/55/2005 (GX55), the abovementioned amino acid mutations were completed. According to the 12-plasmid reverse genetic system, the rescue of the mutant virus was completed using A/PuertoRico/8/1934 (H1N1) (PR8) as the backbone. The cross hemagglutination inhibition test showed that these mutant sites could transform the parental strain from the old to the new antigenic region. Animal experiments indicated that the mutant virus provided significant protection against the virus from the new antigenic region. This study revealed the antigenic evolution of H9N2 subtype AIVs in China. At the same time, it provided an experimental basis for the development of new vaccines.
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14
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Abstract
The balance in the functions of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) plays an important role in influenza virus genesis. However, whether and how N2 neuraminidase-specific antibodies may affect the attributes of HA remains to be investigated. In this study, we examined the presence of amino acid mutations in the HA of mutants selected by incubation with N2-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and compared the HA properties to those of the wild-type (WT) A/Chicken/Jiangsu/XXM/1999 (XXM) H9N2 virus. The higher NA inhibition (NI) ability of N2-specific MAbs was found to result in greater proportions of mutations in the HA head. The HA mutations affected the thermal stability, switched the binding preferences from α2,6-linked sialic acid receptor to α2,3-linked sialic acid receptor, and promoted viral growth in mouse lungs. These mutations also caused significant HA antigenic drift as they decreased hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers. The evolutionary analysis also proved that some HA mutations were highly correlated with NA antibody pressure. Our data demonstrate that HA mutations caused by NA-specific antibodies affect HA properties and may contribute to HA evolution. IMPORTANCE HA binds with the sialic acid receptor on the host cell and initiates the infection mode of influenza virus. NA cleaves the connection between receptor and HA of newborn virus at the end of viral production. The HA-NA functional balance is crucial for viral production and interspecies transmission. Here, we identified mutations in the HA head of H9N2 virus caused by NA antibody pressure. These HA mutations changed the thermal stability and switched the receptor-binding preference of the mutant virus. The HI results indicated that these mutations resulted in significant antigenic drift in mutant HA. The evolutionary analysis also shows that some mutations in HA of H9N2 virus may be caused by NA antibody pressure and may correlate with the increase in H9N2 infections in humans. Our results provide new evidence for HA-NA balance and an effect of NA antibody pressure on HA evolution.
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15
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Cáceres CJ, Rajao DS, Perez DR. Airborne Transmission of Avian Origin H9N2 Influenza A Viruses in Mammals. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101919. [PMID: 34696349 PMCID: PMC8540072 DOI: 10.3390/v13101919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) are widespread viruses affecting avian and mammalian species worldwide. IAVs from avian species can be transmitted to mammals including humans and, thus, they are of inherent pandemic concern. Most of the efforts to understand the pathogenicity and transmission of avian origin IAVs have been focused on H5 and H7 subtypes due to their highly pathogenic phenotype in poultry. However, IAV of the H9 subtype, which circulate endemically in poultry flocks in some regions of the world, have also been associated with cases of zoonotic infections. In this review, we discuss the mammalian transmission of H9N2 and the molecular factors that are thought relevant for this spillover, focusing on the HA segment. Additionally, we discuss factors that have been associated with the ability of these viruses to transmit through the respiratory route in mammalian species. The summarized information shows that minimal amino acid changes in the HA and/or the combination of H9N2 surface genes with internal genes of human influenza viruses are enough for the generation of H9N2 viruses with the ability to transmit via aerosol.
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16
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Reassortment with dominant chicken H9N2 influenza virus contributed to the fifth H7N9 virus human epidemic. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01578-20. [PMID: 33731452 PMCID: PMC8139711 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01578-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 Avian influenza virus (AIV) is regarded as a principal donor of viral genes through reassortment to co-circulating influenza viruses that can result in zoonotic reassortants. Whether H9N2 virus can maintain sustained evolutionary impact on such reassortants is unclear. Since 2013, avian H7N9 virus had caused five sequential human epidemics in China; the fifth wave in 2016-2017 was by far the largest but the mechanistic explanation behind the scale of infection is not clear. Here, we found that, just prior to the fifth H7N9 virus epidemic, H9N2 viruses had phylogenetically mutated into new sub-clades, changed antigenicity and increased its prevalence in chickens vaccinated with existing H9N2 vaccines. In turn, the new H9N2 virus sub-clades of PB2 and PA genes, housing mammalian adaptive mutations, were reassorted into co-circulating H7N9 virus to create a novel dominant H7N9 virus genotype that was responsible for the fifth H7N9 virus epidemic. H9N2-derived PB2 and PA genes in H7N9 virus conferred enhanced polymerase activity in human cells at 33°C and 37°C, and increased viral replication in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of infected mice which could account for the sharp increase in human cases of H7N9 virus infection in the 2016-2017 epidemic. The role of H9N2 virus in the continual mutation of H7N9 virus highlights the public health significance of H9N2 virus in the generation of variant reassortants of increasing zoonotic potential.IMPORTANCEAvian H9N2 influenza virus, although primarily restricted to chicken populations, is a major threat to human public health by acting as a donor of variant viral genes through reassortment to co-circulating influenza viruses. We established that the high prevalence of evolving H9N2 virus in vaccinated flocks played a key role, as donor of new sub-clade PB2 and PA genes in the generation of a dominant H7N9 virus genotype (G72) with enhanced infectivity in humans during the 2016-2017 N7N9 virus epidemic. Our findings emphasize that the ongoing evolution of prevalent H9N2 virus in chickens is an important source, via reassortment, of mammalian adaptive genes for other influenza virus subtypes. Thus, close monitoring of prevalence and variants of H9N2 virus in chicken flocks is necessary in the detection of zoonotic mutations.
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17
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Liu W, Cai H, Zhang J, Wang J, Sui L. Effects of immediate and delayed loading protocols on marginal bone loss around implants in unsplinted mandibular implant-retained overdentures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:122. [PMID: 33731092 PMCID: PMC7968211 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immediate loading has recently been introduced into unsplinted mandibular implant-retained overdentures for the management of edentulous patients due to their increasing demand on immediate aesthetics and function. However, there is still a scarcity of meta-analytical evidence on the efficacy of immediate loading compared to delayed loading in unsplinted mandibular implant-retained overdentures. The purpose of this study was to compare the marginal bone loss (MBL) around implants between immediate and delayed loading of unsplinted mandibular implant-retained overdentures. METHODS Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), controlled clinical trials (CCTs), and cohort studies quantitatively comparing the MBL around implants between immediate loading protocol (ILP) and delayed loading protocol (DLP) of unsplinted mandibular overdentures were included. A systematic search was carried out in PubMed, EMBASE, and CENTRAL databases on December 02, 2020. "Grey" literature was also searched. A meta-analysis was conducted to compare the pooled MBL of two different loading protocols of unsplinted mandibular overdentures through weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). The subgroup analysis was performed between different attachment types (i.e. Locator attachment vs. ball anchor). The risk of bias within and across studies were assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool, the Newcastle-Ottawa scale, and Egger's test. RESULTS Of 328 records, five RCTs and two cohort studies were included and evaluated, which totally contained 191 participants with 400 implants. The MBL of ILP group showed no significant difference with that of DLP group (WMD 0.04, CI - 0.13 to 0.21, P > .05). The subgroup analysis revealed similar results with Locator attachments or ball anchors (P > .05). Apart from one RCT (20%) with a high risk of bias, four RCTs (80%) showed a moderate risk of bias. Two prospective cohort studies were proved with acceptable quality. Seven included studies have reported 5.03% implant failure rate (10 of 199 implants) in ILP group and 1.00% failure rate (2 of 201 implants) in DLP group in total. CONCLUSIONS For unsplinted mandibular implant-retained overdentures, the MBL around implants after ILP seems comparable to that of implants after DLP. Immediate loading may be a promising alternative to delayed loading for the management of unsplinted mandibular implant-retained overdentures. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020159124.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - He Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Junjiang Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lei Sui
- Department of Prosthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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18
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Chen S, Quan K, Wang H, Li S, Xue J, Qin T, Chu D, Fan G, Du Y, Peng D. A Live Attenuated H9N2 Avian Influenza Vaccine Prevents the Viral Reassortment by Exchanging the HA and NS1 Packaging Signals. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:613437. [PMID: 33613465 PMCID: PMC7890077 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.613437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The H9N2 avian influenza virus is not only an important zoonotic pathogen, it can also easily recombine with other subtypes to generate novel reassortments, such as the H7N9 virus. Although H9N2 live attenuated vaccines can provide good multiple immunities, including humoral, cellular, and mucosal immunity, the risk of reassortment between the vaccine strain and wild-type virus is still a concern. Here, we successfully rescued an H9N2 live attenuated strain [rTX-NS1-128 (mut)] that can interdict reassortment, which was developed by exchanging the mutual packaging signals of HA and truncated NS1 genes and confirmed by RT-PCR and sequencing. The dynamic growth results showed that rTX-NS1-128 (mut) replication ability in chick embryos was not significantly affected by our construction strategy compared to the parent virus rTX strain. Moreover, rTX-NS1-128 (mut) had good genetic stability after 15 generations and possessed low pathogenicity and no contact transmission characteristics in chickens. Furthermore, chickens were intranasally immunized by rTX-NS1-128 (mut) with a single dose, and the results showed that the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers peaked at 3 weeks after vaccination and lasted at least until 11 weeks. The cellular immunity (IL-6 and IL-12) and mucosal immunity (IgA and IgG) in the nasal and trachea samples were significantly increased compared to inactivated rTX. Recombinant virus provided a good cross-protection against homologous TX strain (100%) and heterologous F98 strain (80%) challenge. Collectively, these data indicated that rTX-NS1-128(mut) lost the ability for independent reassortment of HA and NS1-128 and will be expected to be used as a potential live attenuated vaccine against H9N2 subtype avian influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China
| | - Keji Quan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jing Xue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dianfeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetically Engineered Veterinary Vaccines, Qingdao Yibang Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Gencheng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetically Engineered Veterinary Vaccines, Qingdao Yibang Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Yuanzhao Du
- State Key Laboratory of Genetically Engineered Veterinary Vaccines, Qingdao Yibang Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China
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19
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A D200N hemagglutinin substitution contributes to antigenic changes and increased replication of avian H9N2 influenza virus. Vet Microbiol 2020; 245:108669. [PMID: 32456831 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) plays an important role in viral antigenicity, replication and host range. However, few amino acid positions in HA were reported to play multiple functions in both viral antigenicity and replication. In the present study, through analyzing the amino acid sequences of H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) isolated from China, we identified a multi-functional substitution of D200N in HA1 protein. Firstly, the substitution of D200N changed the antigenicity of H9N2 AIVs. Secondly, the D200N increased the HA cleavage efficiency and reduced acid and thermal stability of HA protein, which triggered viral-endosomal membrane fusion whereby promoted the release of viral genome into the host cytoplasm. Finally, residue 200-N increased the replication of H9N2 viruses in both chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells and chicken embryonated eggs. In summary, the D200N substitution is a newly identified antigenicity and replication determinant of H9N2 AIVs, which should be paid more attention during surveillance.
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20
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Song Y, Zhang Y, Chen L, Zhang B, Zhang M, Wang J, Jiang Y, Yang C, Jiang T. Genetic Characteristics and Pathogenicity Analysis in Chickens and Mice of Three H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121127. [PMID: 31817585 PMCID: PMC6950319 DOI: 10.3390/v11121127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza is a remarkable disease that has circulated in domestic poultry in large regions of China and posed a serious threat to the poultry industry. The H9N2 virus can not only infect mammals directly, but also provide gene segments to generate novel, but lethal human reassortants. Therefore, it is important to study the evolution, pathogenicity, and transmission of the H9N2 virus. In this study, three H9N2 viruses isolated from chickens in different layer farms were identified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these H9N2 viruses were all multiple genotype reassortants, with genes originating from Y280-like, F/98-like, and G1-like viruses. Animal studies indicated that the AV1535 and AV1548 viruses replicated efficiently in the lungs, tracheas, spleens, kidneys, and brains of chickens; the viruses shed for at least 11 days post-inoculation (DPI) and were transmitted efficiently among contact chickens. The AV1534 virus replicated poorly in chickens, shed for 7 DPI, and were not transmitted efficiently among contact chickens. The AV1534 virus replicated well in mice lungs and caused about 2% weight loss. The AV1535 and AV1548 viruses were not able to replicate in the lungs of mice. Our results indicate that we should pay attention to H9N2 avian influenza virus surveillance in poultry and changes in the pathogenicity of them to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Taozhen Jiang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-61203518; Fax: +86-010-61255380
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21
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Xu X, Xue C, Liu X, Li J, Fei Y, Liu Z, Mu J, Bi Y, Qian J, Yin R, Ding Z. A novel recombinant attenuated Newcastle disease virus expressing H9 subtype hemagglutinin protected chickens from challenge by genotype VII virulent Newcastle disease virus and H9N2 avian influenza virus. Vet Microbiol 2018; 228:173-180. [PMID: 30593364 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and H9 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) are two avian pathogens across the globe. Inasmuch as most poultry flocks worldwide are vaccinated with a live low-virulence or attenuated NDV vaccine, we embarked on the development of vaccine prototypes that would have dual specificities and would allow a single immunization against both avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND). Therefore, in the present work, a cloned full-length copy of the genome of the lentogenic NDV strain rmNA-1 was selected as a backbone vector to construct three chimeric NDVs that expressed (i) the ORF encoding the HA, (ii) the ectodomain of HA fused with the transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail regions derived from the NDV F protein and (iii) the ectodomain of HA fused with a short GS linker and the GCN4 sequences, and designated as rmNA-H9, rmNA-H9F, and rmNA-H9 (ECTO), respectively. rmNA-H9, rmNA-H9F, and rmNA-H9 (ECTO) stably expressed the modified HA gene for 10 egg passages and the three recombinants were found innocuous to chickens. The insertion of the chimeric HA-F, rather than HA-ECTO or ORF of HA, resulted in a recombinant virus with enhanced incorporation of the HA protein into the viral surface. A single immunization of SPF chickens with the three recombinants induced NDV- and AIV H9-specific antibodies, and protected chickens against a challenge with a lethal dose of velogenic NDV or AIV H9N2. Remarkably, non-shedding of influenza virus and higher levels of H9 subtype HI titers were observed 7 days post challenge (dpc) in rmNA-H9F vaccinated chickens, than other recombinants. Furthermore, a prime-boost vaccination of chickens with rmNA-H9F induced higher levels of NDV- and H9- HI and secretory IgA, as well as reduced viral shedding and virus-induced gross lesions, compared with the commercial vaccine. Therefore, the recombinant rmNA-H9F is a promising bivalent vaccine candidate against NDV and H9 subtype AIV in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Xu
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Cong Xue
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Shuangling Road, Linyi City, 276005, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China
| | - Junjiao Li
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Yidong Fei
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Jiaqi Mu
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Qian
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Renfu Yin
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Zhuang Ding
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China.
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22
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Peacock TP, Harvey WT, Sadeyen JR, Reeve R, Iqbal M. The molecular basis of antigenic variation among A(H9N2) avian influenza viruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:176. [PMID: 30401826 PMCID: PMC6220119 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses are an increasing threat to global poultry production and, through zoonotic infection, to human health where they are considered viruses with pandemic potential. Vaccination of poultry is a key element of disease control in endemic countries, but vaccine effectiveness is persistently challenged by the emergence of antigenic variants. Here we employed a combination of techniques to investigate the genetic basis of H9N2 antigenic variability and evaluate the role of different molecular mechanisms of immune escape. We systematically tested the influence of published H9N2 monoclonal antibody escape mutants on chicken antisera binding, determining that many have no significant effect. Substitutions introducing additional glycosylation sites were a notable exception, though these are relatively rare among circulating viruses. To identify substitutions responsible for antigenic variation in circulating viruses, we performed an integrated meta-analysis of all published H9 haemagglutinin sequences and antigenic data. We validated this statistical analysis experimentally and allocated several new residues to H9N2 antigenic sites, providing molecular markers that will help explain vaccine breakdown in the field and inform vaccine selection decisions. We find evidence for the importance of alternative mechanisms of immune escape, beyond simple modulation of epitope structure, with substitutions increasing glycosylation or receptor-binding avidity, exhibiting the largest impacts on chicken antisera binding. Of these, meta-analysis indicates avidity regulation to be more relevant to the evolution of circulating viruses, suggesting that a specific focus on avidity regulation is required to fully understand the molecular basis of immune escape by influenza, and potentially other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Peacock
- Avian Influenza Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK, GU24 0NF.,Department of Virology, Imperial College, London, UK, W2 1NY
| | - William T Harvey
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, G12 8QQ
| | - Jean-Remy Sadeyen
- Avian Influenza Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK, GU24 0NF
| | - Richard Reeve
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, G12 8QQ.
| | - Munir Iqbal
- Avian Influenza Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK, GU24 0NF
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23
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Xu C, Ye H, Qiu W, Lin H, Chen Y, Zhang H, Liao M. Phylogenetic classification of hemagglutinin gene of H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated in China during 2012-2016 and evaluation of selected candidate vaccine strains. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3023-3030. [PMID: 29931183 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) was the highly contagious pathogen which has caused severe losses in the poultry industry throughout China in recent years. Using current epidemic viruses as vaccine was an effective way to prevent infection of H9N2 subtype AIV. In this study, a total of 23 H9N2 subtype AIV strains were isolated in 200 samples from 13 provinces of China during 2012-2016. The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin gene sequence of the isolation strains showed that 22 isolation strains were clustered to h9.4.2.5 lineage, while only 1 belonged to h9.4.2.6. The data of cross-HI, neutralization and cross-immune protection shown that the A/chicken/Hunan/HN/2015 (HN) and A/chicken/Shandong/SD/2014 (SD) strains as vaccine could effectively protect present viruses infection compared with other strains. These results indicated that current epidemic viruses were mainly belong to h9.4.2.5 lineage and HN and SD strains as candidate vaccine strains were potentiality for the protection of present H9N2 subtype AIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Xu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangzhou Province, China
| | - H Ye
- Guangzhou South China Biological Medicine Co., Ltd., Zengcheng, China
| | - W Qiu
- Guangzhou South China Biological Medicine Co., Ltd., Zengcheng, China
| | - H Lin
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Chen
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - H Zhang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - M Liao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangzhou Province, China
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24
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Morin CW, Stoner-Duncan B, Winker K, Scotch M, Hess JJ, Meschke JS, Ebi KL, Rabinowitz PM. Avian influenza virus ecology and evolution through a climatic lens. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 119:241-249. [PMID: 29980049 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) is a major health threat to both avian and human populations. The ecology of the virus is driven by numerous factors, including climate and avian migration patterns, yet relatively little is known about these drivers. Long-distance transport of the virus is tied to inter- and intra-continental bird migration, while enhanced viral reassortment is linked to breeding habitats in Beringia shared by migrant species from North America and Asia. Furthermore, water temperature, pH, salinity, and co-existing biota all impact the viability and persistence of the virus in the environment. Changes in climate can potentially alter the ecology of AIV through multiple pathways. Warming temperatures can change the timing and patterns of bird migration, creating novel assemblages of species and new opportunities for viral transport and reassortment. Water temperature and chemistry may also be altered, resulting in changes in virus survival. In this review, we explain how these shifts have the potential to increase viral persistence, pathogenicity, and transmissibility and amplify the threat of pandemic disease in animal and human hosts. Better understanding of climatic influences on viral ecology is essential to developing strategies to limit adverse health effects in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory W Morin
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | | | - Kevin Winker
- Department of Biology & Wildlife and University of Alaska Museum, Fairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Matthew Scotch
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, AZ, United States; Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Jeremy J Hess
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - John S Meschke
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kristie L Ebi
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Peter M Rabinowitz
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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25
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Cross- immunity of a H9N2 live attenuated influenza vaccine against H5N2 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2018; 220:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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26
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Lee DW, Whittaker GR. Use of AAScatterPlot tool for monitoring the evolution of the hemagglutinin cleavage site in H9 avian influenza viruses. Bioinformatics 2018; 33:2431-2435. [PMID: 28383669 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation Viruses rapidly evolve due to their error-prone genome replication, and identifying which mutations are selected for during evolution is critical for virus surveillance efforts. Here we introduce a scatter plot tool (AAScatterPlot) that easily shows the selection and avoidance of certain protein mutations based on biochemical properties. We demonstrate its utility for monitoring the evolution of H9 avian influenza viruses from China between 2005 and 2015, particularly at the hemagglutinin (HA) proteolytic cleavage site (PCS) that can affect virus activation and pathogenicity. Results Given genome sequences, the AAScatterPlot tool compacts into a single plot, information about the hydropathy index, Van der Waals volume, chemical property and occurrence frequency of amino acid residues. The tool also shows the range of residues that could arise from a single point mutation in the genome, which can then be compared against the observed residues to identify mutation constraints. Through this approach, we found that the 2nd position towards the N-terminus side of the HA PCS (P2 position) avoided hydrophobic residues, whereas the P3 position avoided hydrophilic residues. Availability and Implementation AAScatterPlot is available at https://github.com/WhittakerLab/AAScatterPlot. Contact gary.whittaker@cornell.edu. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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27
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Recombinant influenza H9N2 virus with a substitution of H3 hemagglutinin transmembrane domain showed enhanced immunogenicity in mice and chicken. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17923. [PMID: 29263359 PMCID: PMC5738434 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, avian influenza virus H9N2 undergoing antigenic drift represents a threat to poultry farming as well as public health. Current vaccines are restricted to inactivated vaccine strains and their related variants. In this study, a recombinant H9N2 (H9N2-TM) strain with a replaced H3 hemagglutinin (HA) transmembrane (TM) domain was generated. Virus assembly and viral protein composition were not affected by the transmembrane domain replacement. Further, the recombinant TM-replaced H9N2-TM virus could provide better inter-clade protection in both mice and chickens against H9N2, suggesting that the H3-TM-replacement could be considered as a strategy to develop efficient subtype-specific H9N2 influenza vaccines.
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Surveillance of Live Poultry Markets for Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Guangxi Province, Southern China, from 2012-2015. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17577. [PMID: 29242521 PMCID: PMC5730573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) can be mild or asymptomatic in poultry; however, in humans, LPAIVs can cause severe infections and death, as demonstrated by the H7N9 and H10N8 human infection outbreaks in 2013 in China. In this study, we conducted an epidemiological survey of LPAIVs at live poultry markets (LPMs) in Guangxi Province, Southern China, which is near several Southeast Asian countries. From January 2012 to December 2015, we collected 3,813 swab samples from poultry at LPMs in Guangxi. Viral isolation, hemagglutination inhibition assay and viral sequencing were utilized to identify LPAIVs in the collected samples. Among the samples, 622 (16.3%) were positive for LPAIVs. Six subtypes (H1, H3, H4, H6, H9 and H11) were individually isolated and identified. Of these subtypes, H3, H6 and H9 were predominant in ducks, geese and chickens, respectively. Among the 622 positive samples, 160 (25.7%) contained more than one subtype, and H8, H10, H12, H13, and H16 were identified among them, which highlights the continuous need for enhanced surveillance of AIVs. These results provide detailed information regarding the epidemic situation of LPAIVs in the area, which can aid efforts to prevent and control AIV transmission in humans and animals.
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Gu M, Xu L, Wang X, Liu X. Current situation of H9N2 subtype avian influenza in China. Vet Res 2017; 48:49. [PMID: 28915920 PMCID: PMC5603032 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0453-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, H9N2 subtype avian influenza outbreak is firstly reported in Guangdong province in 1992. Subsequently, the disease spreads into vast majority regions nationwide and has currently become endemic there. Over vicennial genetic evolution, the viral pathogenicity and transmissibility have showed an increasing trend as year goes by, posing serious threat to poultry industry. In addition, H9N2 has demonstrated significance to public health as it could not only directly infect mankind, but also donate partial or even whole cassette of internal genes to generate novel human-lethal reassortants like H5N1, H7N9, H10N8 and H5N6 viruses. In this review, we mainly focused on the epidemiological dynamics, biological characteristics, molecular phylogeny and vaccine strategy of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus in China to present an overview of the situation of H9N2 in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Yangzhou Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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Liu YF, Lai HZ, Li L, Liu YP, Zhang WY, Gao R, Huang WK, Luo QF, Gao Y, Luo Q, Xie XY, Xu JH, Chen RA. Endemic Variation of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus in China. Avian Dis 2017; 60:817-825. [PMID: 27902899 DOI: 10.1637/11452-061616-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Forty-two H9N2 subtype AIV strains were isolated from vaccinated commercial chickens in China from 2012 to 2015. Their HA genes had nucleotide sequence homology from 86.7% to 99.7%, and similarity to the classic vaccine strain was 88.6%-92.6%. A comparison was carried out with published HA genes (410 H9 strains) and whole genomes (306 strains) isolated in China during 2012-2015. Interestingly, 99.1% (448/452) of Chinese H9N2 AIV belonged to lineage h9.4.2, and 98.5% (445/452) of the viruses belonged to h9.4.2.5. Meanwhile, 99.6% (443/445) of lineage 9.4.2.5 viruses had PSRSSR↓GLF instead of PARSSR↓GLF motifs in the HA cleavage sites; 98.2% (444/452) of HA genes showed human receptor binding associated mutation Q226L. A total of 96.8% (337/348) of the viruses had three amino-acid deletions at 63-65 in the NA stalk, associated with enhanced virulence in chickens and mice; 97.1% (338/348) of M2 proteins had the S31N mutation associated with adamantane resistance in humans. Two H9 viruses isolated in this study were highly homologous to the human-origin H9N2 virus reported in 2013. The isolates were divided into four different genotypes (U, S, V, and W). Genotype S was the major one, accounting for 94.8% (330/348). Genotypes V and W were new reassortment genotypes, with genotype W recombined with the PB2 gene originating from the new wild waterfowl-like lineage. According to the cross-HI antibody titer data, HA gene evolution, and isolation history, the isolates were divided into A, B, and C antigenic groups successively. All the antigenic group viruses were found to circulate throughout China. This study emphasizes the importance of updated vaccine and strengthened veterinary biosecurity on poultry farms and trade markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fu Liu
- A College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, China
| | - Han-Zhang Lai
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China.,C Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory of Biotechnology R&D of Veterinary Biological Products, Zhaoqing Dahuanong Biological Medicine Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing High-Tech Development Zone, Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province 526238, China
| | - Lin Li
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Yu-Peng Liu
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China.,C Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory of Biotechnology R&D of Veterinary Biological Products, Zhaoqing Dahuanong Biological Medicine Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing High-Tech Development Zone, Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province 526238, China
| | - Wen-Yan Zhang
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Ren Gao
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Wen-Ke Huang
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Qin-Fang Luo
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Yan Gao
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Qiong Luo
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Xie
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Jia-Hua Xu
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China.,C Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory of Biotechnology R&D of Veterinary Biological Products, Zhaoqing Dahuanong Biological Medicine Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing High-Tech Development Zone, Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province 526238, China
| | - Rui-Ai Chen
- A College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, China
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Chen S, Zhu Y, Yang D, Yang Y, Shi S, Qin T, Peng D, Liu X. Efficacy of Live-Attenuated H9N2 Influenza Vaccine Candidates Containing NS1 Truncations against H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1086. [PMID: 28659900 PMCID: PMC5469905 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza virus is a zoonotic agent with a broad host range that can contribute genetic information to H5 or H7N9 subtype viruses, which are significant threats to both humans and birds. Thus, there is a great need for a vaccine to control H9N2 avian influenza. Three mutant viruses of an H9N2 virus A/chicken/Taixing/10/2010 (rTX-NS1-73, rTX-NS1-100, and rTX-NS1-128) were constructed with different NS1 gene truncations and confirmed by western blot analysis. The genetic stability, pathogenicity, transmissibility, and host immune responses toward these mutants were evaluated. The mutant virus rTX-NS1-128 exhibited the most attenuated phenotype and lost transmissibility. The expression levels of interleukin 12 in the nasal and tracheal tissues from chickens immunized with rTX-NS1-128 were significantly upregulated on day 3 post-immunization and the IgA and IgG antibody levels were significantly increased on days 7, 14, and 21 post-immunization when compared to chickens that received an inactivated vaccine. rTX-NS1-128 also protected chickens from challenge by homologous and heterologous H9N2 avian influenza viruses. The results indicate that rTX-NS1-128 can be used as a potential live-attenuated vaccine against H9N2 avian influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry DiseaseYangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Yinbiao Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry DiseaseYangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosesYangzhou, China.,Yangzhou Vac Biological Engineering Co., Ltd.Yangzhou, China
| | - Da Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry DiseaseYangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry DiseaseYangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry DiseaseYangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry DiseaseYangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry DiseaseYangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry DiseaseYangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
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Zhao J, Yang H, Xu H, Ma Z, Zhang G. Efficacy of an inactivated bivalent vaccine against the prevalent strains of Newcastle disease and H9N2 avian influenza. Virol J 2017; 14:56. [PMID: 28302119 PMCID: PMC5356287 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0723-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Newcastle disease (ND) and avian influenza subtype H9N2 (H9N2 AI) are two of the most important diseases of poultry, causing severe economic losses in the global poultry industry. Vaccination is an effective way to prevent and control the spread of ND virus (NDV) and H9N2 AI virus (AIV), but the antigenic differences between the current circulating strains and the vaccine strains might account for recent ND and H9N2 AI outbreaks in vaccinated poultry flocks. Methods We developed an inactivated bivalent H9N2 and NDV vaccine based on the current prevalent strains of H9N2 AIV and NDV in China and evaluated its efficacy in chickens in this study. Results The results indicated that the inactivated bivalent vaccine could induce a fast antibody response in vaccinated chickens. The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer in the sera increased rapidly, and the highest HI titer was observed at 4 weeks post-vaccination (wpv) with a mean titre of 8.6 log2 for NDV and 9.5 log2 for H9N2. Up until 15 wpv, HI titers were still detectable at a high level of over 6 log2. The immunized chickens showed no signs of disease after challenge at 3 wpv with the prevalent strains of NDV and H9N2 AIV isolated in 2012–2014. Moreover, viral shedding was completely inhibited in vaccinated chickens after challenge with H9N2 AIV and inhibited by at least 90% with NDV compared to the controls at 5dpc. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the inactivated NDV and H9N2 vaccine induces a fast and strong antibody response in vaccinated chickens and is efficacious in poultry against NDVs and H9N2 AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses;, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses;, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjun Xu
- Chengdu Tecbond Biological Products Co., Ltd, Sichuan, 610100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengbin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses;, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses;, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Xia J, Cui JQ, He X, Liu YY, Yao KC, Cao SJ, Han XF, Huang Y. Genetic and antigenic evolution of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus in domestic chickens in southwestern China, 2013-2016. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171564. [PMID: 28158271 PMCID: PMC5291408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has caused significant losses in chicken flocks throughout china in recent years. There is a limited understanding of the genetic and antigenic characteristics of the H9N2 virus isolated in chickens in southwestern China. In this study a total of 12 field strains were isolated from tissue samples from diseased chickens between 2013 and 2016. Phylogenetic analysis of the Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) nucleotide sequences from the 12 field isolates and other reference strains showed that most of the isolates in the past four years could be clustered into a major branch (HA-branch A and NA-branch I) in the Clade h9.4.2 lineages. These sequences are accompanied by nine and seven new amino acids mutations in the HA and NA proteins, respectively, when compared with those previous to 2013. In addition, four new isolates were grouped into a minor branch (HA-branch B) in the Clade h9.4.2 lineages and two potential N-glycosylation sites were observed due to amino acid mutations in the HA protein. Three antigenic groups (1-3), which had low antigenic relatedness with two commonly used vaccines in China, were identified among the 12 isolates by antigenMap analysis. Immunoprotection testing showed that those two vaccines could efficiently prevent the shedding of branch A viruses but not branch B viruses. In conclusion, these results indicate the genotype of branch B may become epidemic in the next few years and that a new vaccine should be developed for the prevention of H9N2 AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. CHINA
| | - Jia-Qi Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. CHINA
| | - Xiao He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. CHINA
| | - Yue-Yue Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. CHINA
| | - Ke-Chang Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. CHINA
| | - San-Jie Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. CHINA
| | - Xin-Feng Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. CHINA
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. CHINA
- * E-mail:
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Rauff D, Strydom C, Abolnik C. Evolutionary consequences of a decade of vaccination against subtype H6N2 influenza. Virology 2016; 498:226-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Wei Y, Qi L, Gao H, Sun H, Pu J, Sun Y, Liu J. Generation and protective efficacy of a cold-adapted attenuated avian H9N2 influenza vaccine. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30382. [PMID: 27457755 PMCID: PMC4960571 DOI: 10.1038/srep30382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To prevent H9N2 avian influenza virus infection in chickens, a long-term vaccination program using inactivated vaccines has been implemented in China. However, the protective efficacy of inactivated vaccines against antigenic drift variants is limited, and H9N2 influenza virus continues to circulate in vaccinated chicken flocks in China. Therefore, developing a cross-reactive vaccine to control the impact of H9N2 influenza in the poultry industry remains a high priority. In the present study, we developed a live cold-adapted H9N2 influenza vaccine candidate (SD/01/10-ca) by serial passages in embryonated eggs at successively lower temperatures. A total of 13 amino acid mutations occurred during the cold-adaptation of this H9N2 virus. The candidate was safe in chickens and induced robust hemagglutination-inhibition antibody responses and influenza virus–specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immune responses in chickens immunized intranasally. Importantly, the candidate could confer protection of chickens from homologous and heterogenous H9N2 viruses. These results demonstrated that the cold-adapted attenuated H9N2 virus would be selected as a vaccine to control the infection of prevalent H9N2 influenza viruses in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huijie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Honglei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Thuy DM, Peacock TP, Bich VTN, Fabrizio T, Hoang DN, Tho ND, Diep NT, Nguyen M, Hoa LNM, Trang HTT, Choisy M, Inui K, Newman S, Trung NV, van Doorn R, To TL, Iqbal M, Bryant JE. Prevalence and diversity of H9N2 avian influenza in chickens of Northern Vietnam, 2014. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 44:530-540. [PMID: 27340015 PMCID: PMC5036934 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite their classification as low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIV), A/H9N2 viruses cause significant losses in poultry in many countries throughout Asia, the Middle East and North Africa. To date, poultry surveillance in Vietnam has focused on detection of influenza H5 viruses, and there is limited understanding of influenza H9 epidemiology and transmission dynamics. We determined prevalence and diversity of influenza A viruses in chickens from live bird markets (LBM) of 7 northern Vietnamese provinces, using pooled oropharyngeal swabs collected from October to December 2014. Screening by real time RT-PCR revealed 1207/4900 (24.6%) of pooled swabs to be influenza A virus positive; overall prevalence estimates after accounting for pooling (5 swabs/pools) were 5.8% (CI 5.4–6.0). Subtyping was performed on 468 pooled swabs with M gene Ct < 26. No influenza H7 was detected; 422 (90.1%) were H9 positive; and 22 (4.7%) were H5 positive. There was no evidence was of interaction between H9 and H5 virus detection rates. We sequenced 17 whole genomes of A/H9N2, 2 of A/H5N6, and 11 partial genomes. All H9N2 viruses had internal genes that clustered with genotype 57 and were closely related to Chinese human isolates of A/H7N9 and A/H10N8. Using a nucleotide divergence cutoff of 98%, we identified 9 distinct H9 genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis suggested multiple introductions of H9 viruses to northern Vietnam rather than in-situ transmission. Further investigations of H9 prevalence and diversity in other regions of Vietnam are warranted to assess H9 endemicity elsewhere in the country. We report detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) from healthy chickens in Live Bird Markets of Vietnam. Because all breeds of domestic chickens are extremely susceptible to HPAI, we speculate that HPAI detections from market chickens may reflect infections that occur after arrival in the market. Alternatively, shedding of HPAI from healthy birds may reflect vaccine-induced protective immunity that mitigates disease but does not block viral infection. As many as 49% of all pooled surveillance swabs were positive for influenza A virus, corresponding to an overall Influenza A prevalence of 5.45% (95% Confidence Interval 5.4-6.0%). Low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 accounted for the vast majority of all influenza A detections in market chickens sampled from 9 northern provinces. To date there is no evidence to suggest an interaction effect between circulation of H5 and H9 viruses; however sampling strategies that involve pooling of surveillance swabs from multiple birds greatly complicates the assessment of co-infection rates or evaluation of epidemiological associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong Mai Thuy
- National Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Department of Animal Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thomas P Peacock
- Avian Viral Diseases programme, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK; St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Vu Thi Ngoc Bich
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thomas Fabrizio
- St Jude's Center for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Dang Nguyen Hoang
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Animal Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Dang Tho
- MIVEGEC (UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), Centre de Recherche IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Nguyen Thi Diep
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Animal Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Minh Nguyen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Nguyen Minh Hoa
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hau Thi Thu Trang
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Marc Choisy
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam; MIVEGEC (UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), Centre de Recherche IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Ken Inui
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Scott Newman
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam; Center for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thanh Long To
- National Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Department of Animal Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Munir Iqbal
- Avian Viral Diseases programme, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Juliet E Bryant
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam; Center for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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