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Mencía-Ares O, Ramos-Calvo E, González-Fernández A, Aguarón-Turrientes Á, Pastor-Calonge AI, Miguélez-Pérez R, Gutiérrez-Martín CB, Martínez-Martínez S. Insights into the Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus hyicus Isolates from Spanish Swine Farms. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:871. [PMID: 39335044 PMCID: PMC11428503 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13090871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus hyicus is a significant pathogen in swine, primarily causing exudative epidermitis. Addressing S. hyicus infections requires both the characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in farm-recovered isolates. This study aimed to characterize the virulence, AMR, and biofilm formation of S. hyicus isolates from Spanish swine farms. A total of 49 isolates were analyzed, originating from animals with cutaneous, reproductive, and systemic clinical signs. Half of the isolates (49.0%) were positive for at least one virulence factor (VF) gene, with SHETA being the most frequent (28.6%). A high frequency of multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates was observed (83.7%), with significant resistance to commonly used antimicrobials, including lincosamides (83.7%), pleuromutilins (81.6%), penicillins (75.5%), and tetracyclines (73.5%). All isolates exhibited robust in vitro biofilm formation capacity (DC = 15.6 ± 7.0). Significant associations were found between VFs, biofilm formation, and AMR patterns, highlighting the link between the resistance to lincosamides and pleuromutilins (p < 0.001; Φ = 0.57) and macrolides (p < 0.001; Φ = 0.48), and the association of AMR with the ExhC and ExhD VF genes. These findings underscore the need for targeted diagnostics to improve management and therapeutic strategies to mitigate the impact of S. hyicus on swine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Mencía-Ares
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de León, 24007 León, Spain
| | - Eva Ramos-Calvo
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de León, 24007 León, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Rubén Miguélez-Pérez
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de León, 24007 León, Spain
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Schwarz L, Hamar F, Bernreiter-Hofer T, Loncaric I, Arnold M, Voglmayr T, Ladinig A. Bleeding skin lesions in gestating sows of a piglet producing farm in Austria. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:52. [PMID: 37964382 PMCID: PMC10647148 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00348-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stomoxys calcitrans, the stable fly, occurs in pig producing countries worldwide. While in cattle the impact of this blood sucking insect is quite well described, its role in pig production is poorly investigated. Here we describe a case of a massive stable fly overpopulation in the gestation unit of a piglet producing farm in Austria that resulted in bleeding skin lesions in bitten sows. CASE PRESENTATION In October 2021, the responsible herd veterinarian of the case farm reported of sows in the gestation area presenting with bloody crusts on the whole skin surface of the body and of bleeding skin lesions. 33/55 sows were affected by moderate to severe skin lesions. Reproductive performance decreased during the time of massive stable fly overpopulation. Sows in the gestation unit showed defensive behaviour and at a certain time point resigned and accepted being bitten by stable flies. After controlling the fly population, reproductive performance improved and even exceeded the performance before the massive overgrowth of the stable fly population. CONCLUSIONS Stable flies are a serious harm to pigs and should be kept in mind for improved animal health and welfare. Knowledge about the determination of Stomoxys calcitrans and early recognition of an increasing stable fly population in pig farming systems followed by proper insect control measures have to be performed to reduce losses caused by this harming insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schwarz
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Flora Hamar
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja Bernreiter-Hofer
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Tierarztpraxis an der Nordbahn, Strasshof, Austria
| | - Igor Loncaric
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mirjam Arnold
- Clinic for Swine, Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute for Animal Health I, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Cheung GYC, Otto M. Virulence Mechanisms of Staphylococcal Animal Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14587. [PMID: 37834035 PMCID: PMC10572719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci are major causes of infections in mammals. Mammals are colonized by diverse staphylococcal species, often with moderate to strong host specificity, and colonization is a common source of infection. Staphylococcal infections of animals not only are of major importance for animal well-being but have considerable economic consequences, such as in the case of staphylococcal mastitis, which costs billions of dollars annually. Furthermore, pet animals can be temporary carriers of strains infectious to humans. Moreover, antimicrobial resistance is a great concern in livestock infections, as there is considerable antibiotic overuse, and resistant strains can be transferred to humans. With the number of working antibiotics continuously becoming smaller due to the concomitant spread of resistant strains, alternative approaches, such as anti-virulence, are increasingly being investigated to treat staphylococcal infections. For this, understanding the virulence mechanisms of animal staphylococcal pathogens is crucial. While many virulence factors have similar functions in humans as animals, there are increasingly frequent reports of host-specific virulence factors and mechanisms. Furthermore, we are only beginning to understand virulence mechanisms in animal-specific staphylococcal pathogens. This review gives an overview of animal infections caused by staphylococci and our knowledge about the virulence mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
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Brimmers L, Buch J, Harlizius J, Kuczka A, Kleinmans M, Ladinig A, Kreutzmann H. [Increased piglet losses upon exudative epidermitis - a case report]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2023; 51:248-256. [PMID: 37553072 PMCID: PMC11321271 DOI: 10.1055/a-2088-6163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
A massive outbreak of exudative epidermitis (EE) occurred on a Western German piglet producing farm with 350 productive sows. Gilts are produced on site. In one group of piglets, more than 50% of suckling and nursery piglets were clinically affected; furthermore, gilts as well as sows showed localized blackish-squamous skin lesions in the neck area. Generalized infection in suckling and nursery piglets resulted in mortality rates of up to 10% per weaning group. Swabs of moist, affected areas of skin taken on the farm in addition to swab and organ samples collected during necropsy were examined via bacterial cultivation. Both Staphylococcus (St.) hyicus and St. chromogenes strains were detected in affected skin lesions, with St. hyicus also present in systemic localizations. Further characterization of the St. hyicus strains identified ExhA and SHETA as toxins involved, and isolates showed resistance to penicillin and aminopenicillin. In the short term, antibiotic treatment with trimethoprim-sulfadiazine of the whole age group combined with individual treatment of severely affected animals as well as washing with an iodine-containing solution improved the clinical signs. In order to reduce the antibiotic use, an autogenous vaccine against the isolated St. hyicus and St. chromogenes strains for gilts and sows was produced and applied as a basic immunization twice before farrowing. In addition, external and internal biosecurity was evaluated and adjusted using an objective questionnaire (Bio-check.UGentTM). The combination of taken measures resulted in a long-term improvement of the overall health status. Several months after the severe EE outbreak, the sporadic occurrence of new EE cases in individual piglets could be controlled by the adjustment of the autogenous vaccine with an additional St. hyicus isolate. The case report illustrates how the combination of continuous monitoring, individual and group antibiotic treatment, biosecurity evaluation, and the use of appropriate immune prophylaxis can improve the clinical picture of EE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jürgen Harlizius
- Schweinegesundheitsdienst der Landwirtschaftskammer Nordrhein-Westfalen, Haus
Düsse, Bad Sassendorf
| | - Annette Kuczka
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Rhein-Ruhr-Wupper (CVUA-RRW),
Krefeld
| | | | - Andrea Ladinig
- Universitätsklinik für Schweine, Department für Nutztiere und öffentliches
Gesundheitswesen in der Veterinärmedizin, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien,
Österreich
| | - Heinrich Kreutzmann
- Universitätsklinik für Schweine, Department für Nutztiere und öffentliches
Gesundheitswesen in der Veterinärmedizin, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien,
Österreich
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Moreno AM, Moreno LZ, Poor AP, Matajira CEC, Moreno M, Gomes VTDM, da Silva GFR, Takeuti KL, Barcellos DE. Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Staphylococcus hyicus Strains Isolated from Brazilian Swine Herds. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020205. [PMID: 35203808 PMCID: PMC8868439 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus hyicus is the causative agent of porcine exudative epidermitis. This disorder affects animals in all producing countries and presents a widespread occurrence in Brazil. This study evaluated strains from a historical collection in order to detect the presence of exfoliative-toxin-encoding genes (SHETB, ExhA, ExhB, ExhC, ExhD), characterize the strains using PFGE, and determine their respective antimicrobial resistance profiles. The results obtained from the evaluation of 77 strains from 1982 to 1987 and 103 strains from 2012 reveal a significant change in resistance profiles between the two periods, especially regarding the antimicrobial classes of fluoroquinolones, amphenicols, lincosamides, and pleuromutilins. The levels of multidrug resistance observed in 2012 were significantly higher than those detected in the 1980s. It was not possible to correlate the resistance profiles and presence of genes encoding toxins with the groups obtained via PFGE. Only 10.5% of the strains were negative for exfoliative toxins, and different combinations of toxins genes were identified. The changes observed in the resistance pattern of this bacterial species over the 30-year period analyzed indicate that S. hyicus could be a useful indicator in resistance monitoring programs in swine production. In a country with animal protein production such as Brazil, the results of this study reinforce the need to establish consistent monitoring programs of antimicrobial resistance in animals, as already implemented in various countries of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Micke Moreno
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (L.Z.M.); (A.P.P.); (M.M.); (V.T.d.M.G.); (G.F.R.d.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3091-1377
| | - Luisa Zanolli Moreno
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (L.Z.M.); (A.P.P.); (M.M.); (V.T.d.M.G.); (G.F.R.d.S.)
| | - André Pegoraro Poor
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (L.Z.M.); (A.P.P.); (M.M.); (V.T.d.M.G.); (G.F.R.d.S.)
| | | | - Marina Moreno
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (L.Z.M.); (A.P.P.); (M.M.); (V.T.d.M.G.); (G.F.R.d.S.)
| | - Vasco Túlio de Moura Gomes
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (L.Z.M.); (A.P.P.); (M.M.); (V.T.d.M.G.); (G.F.R.d.S.)
| | - Givago Faria Ribeiro da Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (L.Z.M.); (A.P.P.); (M.M.); (V.T.d.M.G.); (G.F.R.d.S.)
| | - Karine Ludwig Takeuti
- Setor de Suínos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil; (K.L.T.); (D.E.B.)
| | - David Emilio Barcellos
- Setor de Suínos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil; (K.L.T.); (D.E.B.)
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González-Martín M, Corbera JA, Suárez-Bonnet A, Tejedor-Junco MT. Virulence factors in coagulase-positive staphylococci of veterinary interest other than Staphylococcus aureus. Vet Q 2021; 40:118-131. [PMID: 32223696 PMCID: PMC7178840 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1748253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-positive Staphylococci (CoPS) can exist as commensals in humans, companion and food-producing animals, but can cause severe or even lethal diseases. Exchange of these bacteria between humans and animals has been described. Special attention has been focused on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, but other CoPS can also represent an important threat. In addition to significant antimicrobial resistance, these bacteria may carry a plethora of virulence factors - molecules that allow bacteria to establish on or within a host and increase their ability to cause disease. These virulence factors have been widely described in S. aureus but information about other species of CoPS is scarce. The aim of this paper is to review the recent literature about the virulence factors of non-aureus CoPS of animal origin. Their possible effects on human health are also described. The role and prevalence of different virulence factors including leukocidins, hemolysins, adhesins, enterotoxins, exfoliative and toxic shock syndrome toxins as well as superantigen-like proteins are addressed. The effect of these virulence factors on human health is also described. The possibility of misdiagnosis of species of CoPS has been demonstrated in human clinical samples. Prevalence of zoonotic infections could be higher than thought and medical laboratories should be aware of these other staphylococcal species. In keeping with the ‘One Health’ approach to animal and human disease, medical professionals, veterinarians and health workers should be aware of the risks derived from exposure to these bacteria in people in close contact with animals, including pet owners, farmers and veterinarians themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita González-Martín
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Juan Alberto Corbera
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Alejandro Suárez-Bonnet
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - María Teresa Tejedor-Junco
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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Kalai S, Roychoudhury P, Dutta TK, Subudhi PK, Chakraborty S, Barman NN, Sen A. Multidrug resistant staphylococci isolated from pigs with exudative epidermitis in North eastern Region of India. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 72:535-541. [PMID: 33421175 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exudative epidermatitis or greasy pig disease (GPD) is a contagious disease of pig and endemic worldwide caused by toxigenic strains under genus Staphylococcus. The present study reported an outbreak of GPD in Champhai district of Mizoram adjoining to the southern border of Myanmar. A total of 60 samples were collected from 22 clinically affected animals and processed for isolation and identification of Staphylococcus spp. All the isolates were subjected to antimicrobial sensitivity assay, biofilm production assay and detection of virulence genes, biofilm genes and mec genes followed by cloning and sequencing for phylogenetic analysis. A total of 44 staphylococci belonged to four species (S. sciuri, S. aureus,S. lentus, and S. hyicus) were isolated. Majority of the isolates were multidrug resistant with maximum resistance against ampicillin, penicillin including vancomycin. None of the S. hyicus isolates was methicillin resistant (MRSH) but 66·67% isolates were MRSA. By PCR, mecA gene was detected in S. aureus (n = 2), S. sciuri (n = 4) and S. lentus (n = 3). Biofilm associated gene icaD was detected in S. aureus (n = 3), S. sciuri (n = 5), S. hyicus (n = 4) and S. lentus (n = 6). The exfoliative toxin genes (ehxB, shetA and tsst1) were detected in S. hyicus (n = 3) and S. aureus (n = 1) isolates. All the isolates were closely related with the isolates from pigs of China, Germany, Japan and USA. The pathogens might be transmitted through illegal migration of pigs from Myanmar to India.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kalai
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, CVSc&AH, Central Agricultural University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - P Roychoudhury
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, CVSc&AH, Central Agricultural University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - T K Dutta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, CVSc&AH, Central Agricultural University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - P K Subudhi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, CVSc&AH, Central Agricultural University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - S Chakraborty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, CVSc&AH, Central Agricultural University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - N N Barman
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - A Sen
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-RCNEH, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
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