1
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Zhang P, Yang T, Sun Y, Qiao H, Hu N, Li X, Wang W, Zhang L, Cong Y. Development and Immunoprotection of Bacterium-like Particle Vaccine against Infectious Bronchitis in Chickens. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1292. [PMID: 37631859 PMCID: PMC10457988 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a major threat to the global poultry industry. Despite the availability of commercial vaccines, the IB epidemic has not been effectively controlled. The exploration of novel IBV vaccines may provide a new way to prevent and control IB. In this study, BLP-S1, a bacterium-like particle displaying the S1 subunit of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), was constructed using the GEM-PA surface display system. The immunoprotective efficacy results showed that BLP-S1 can effectively induce specific IgG and sIgA immune responses, providing a protection rate of 90% against IBV infection in 14-day-old commercial chickens. These results suggest that BLP-S1 has potential for the development of novel vaccines with good immunogenicity and immunoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengju Zhang
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (P.Z.)
| | - Tiantian Yang
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yixue Sun
- Department of Policies and Regulations, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Haiying Qiao
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (P.Z.)
| | - Nianzhi Hu
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (P.Z.)
| | - Xintao Li
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (P.Z.)
| | - Weixia Wang
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (P.Z.)
| | - Lichun Zhang
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (P.Z.)
| | - Yanlong Cong
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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2
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Yang CY, Peng P, Liu X, Cao Y, Zhang Y. Effect of monovalent and bivalent live attenuated vaccines against QX-like IBV infection in young chickens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102501. [PMID: 36736138 PMCID: PMC9898446 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 1999, QX-like (GI-19) avian infectious bronchitis viruses have been the predominant strains in China till now. Vaccination is the most effective way to control the disease, while live attenuated vaccine is widely used. In the current research, we evaluated the effect of several monovalent and bivalent live IBV vaccines in young chickens against the QX-like (GI-19) IBV infection. The results showed that monovalent 4/91 and bivalent Ma5+LDT3 vaccines could provide efficient protection in day-old chickens that reduced morbidity and mortality, ameliorated histopathology lesions, and reduced viral loads were observed. These data suggest that vaccination through nasal route with monovalent 4/91 or bivalent Ma5+LDT3 in day-old chickens could serve a safe and effective vaccination strategy for controlling QX-like (GI-19) infectious bronchitis virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Peng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China,Corresponding author:
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3
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Ramirez-Nieto G, Mir D, Almansa-Villa D, Cordoba-Argotti G, Beltran-Leon M, Rodriguez-Osorio N, Garai J, Zabaleta J, Gomez AP. New Insights into Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Colombia from Whole-Genome Analysis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112562. [PMID: 36423171 PMCID: PMC9694374 DOI: 10.3390/v14112562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious Bronchitis (IB) is a respiratory disease caused by a highly variable Gammacoronavirus, which generates a negative impact on poultry health worldwide. GI-11 and GI-16 lineages have been identified in South America based on Infectious Bronchitis virus (IBV) partial S1 sequences. However, full genome sequence information is limited. In this study we report, for the first time, the whole-genome sequence of IBV from Colombia. Seven IBV isolates obtained during 2012 and 2013 from farms with respiratory disease compatible with IB were selected and the complete genome sequence was obtained by NGS. According to S1 sequence phylogenetic analysis, six isolates belong to lineage GI-1 and one to lineage GVI-1. When whole genome was analyzed, five isolates were related to the vaccine strain Ma5 2016 and two showed mosaic genomes. Results from complete S1 sequence analysis provides further support for the hypothesis that GVI-1, considered a geographically confined lineage in Asia, could have originated in Colombia. Complete genome information reported in this research allow a deeper understanding of the phylogenetic evolution of variants and the recombination events between strains that are circulating worldwide, contributing to the knowledge of coronavirus in Latin America and the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Ramirez-Nieto
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Epidemiología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-(6011)-3165693
| | - Daiana Mir
- Unidad de Genómica y Bioinformática, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Salto 50000, Uruguay
| | - Diego Almansa-Villa
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Epidemiología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Geovanna Cordoba-Argotti
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Epidemiología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Magda Beltran-Leon
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Epidemiología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Nelida Rodriguez-Osorio
- Unidad de Genómica y Bioinformática, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Salto 50000, Uruguay
| | - Jone Garai
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jovanny Zabaleta
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Arlen P. Gomez
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Epidemiología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
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4
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Qin Y, Teng Q, Feng D, Pei Y, Zhao Y, Zhang G. Development of a Nanoparticle Multiepitope DNA Vaccine against Virulent Infectious Bronchitis Virus Challenge. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1396-1405. [PMID: 35217582 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To develop a safe and effective nanoparticle (NP) multiepitope DNA vaccine for controlling infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection, we inserted the multiepitope gene expression box SBNT into a eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1(+) to construct a recombinant plasmid pcDNA/SBNT. The NP multiepitope DNA vaccine pcDNA/SBNT-NPs were prepared using chitosan to encapsulate the recombinant plasmid pcDNA/SBNT, with a high encapsulation efficiency of 94.90 ± 1.35%. These spherical pcDNA/SBNT-NPs were 140.9 ± 73.2 nm in diameter, with a mean ζ potential of +16.8 ± 4.3 mV. Our results showed that the chitosan NPs not only protected the plasmid DNA from DNase degradation but also mediated gene transfection in a slow-release manner. Immunization with pcDNA/SBNT-NPs induced a significant IBV-specific immune response and partially protected chickens against homologous IBV challenge. Therefore, the chitosan NPs could be a useful gene delivery system, and NP multiepitope DNA vaccines may be a potential alternative for use in the development of a novel, safe, and effective IBV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyuan Teng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Delan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Pei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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5
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Genetic and Pathogenic Characteristics of a Novel Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strain in Genogroup VI (CK/CH/FJ/202005). Vet Microbiol 2022; 266:109352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Li S, Chen W, Shen Y, Xia J, Fan S, Li N, Luo Y, Han X, Cui M, Zhao Y, Huang Y. Molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis virus in Southwestern China for the protective efficacy evaluation of four live vaccine strains. Vaccine 2021; 40:255-265. [PMID: 34865877 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The high mutation rate of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) poses a significant threat to the protective efficacy of vaccines. This study aimed at analyzing the S1 genes of IBV field strains isolated in Southwestern China from 2018 to 2020, assessing the pathogenicity of four dominating strains, and evaluating the protective efficacy of four commercial vaccine strains against the endemic representative strains. Thirty-two field strains of IBV were isolated in Southwestern China from 2018 to 2020. Phylogenetic analysis of their S1 genes revealed the nucleotide homology ranged from 64.6% to 100%, and belonged to five genotypes [GI-19 (QX, 53.13%), GI-28 (LDT3-A,15.63%), GI-7 (TW, 12.50%), GI-1 (Mass, 6.23%), GVI-1 (TC07-2, 6.25%)], and two variant groups [variant-3 (3.13%) and variant-5 (3.13%)]. Recombination events between field and vaccine strains or between field strains were identified in the S1 genes of eight IBV field strains. The CK/CH/YNKM/191128 and CK/CH/CQBS/191203 strains of GI-19 showed morbidity rates of 66.7% and 73.7%, respectively, and mortality rates of 13.3% and 33.3%, respectively. Besides, the CK/CH/SCYC/191030 and CK/CH/GZGY/191021 strains of GI-28 caused morbidity rates of 60% and 86.7%, respectively, and mortality rates of 33.3%. The protective efficacy of the four commercial live vaccine strains (4/91, FNO-E55, LDT3-A, and QXL87) ranged from 70% - 100% and reduced tissue lesions against CK/CH/GZGY/191021 and CK/CH/CQBS/191203 strains. LDT3-A strain was the most effective one but still could not completely prohibit IBV shedding. These findings provide a reference for IBV molecular evolution analysis and control of IB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Wen Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yuxi Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jing Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Shunyi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Nianning Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yuwen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xinfeng Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Min Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Sichuan Dekon Food and Agriculture Group Co., Ltd, 32 First Section of Lingang Road, Shuangliu District, Chengdu, Sichuan 610225, China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.
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7
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Schroeder S, Mache C, Kleine-Weber H, Corman VM, Muth D, Richter A, Fatykhova D, Memish ZA, Stanifer ML, Boulant S, Gultom M, Dijkman R, Eggeling S, Hocke A, Hippenstiel S, Thiel V, Pöhlmann S, Wolff T, Müller MA, Drosten C. Functional comparison of MERS-coronavirus lineages reveals increased replicative fitness of the recombinant lineage 5. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5324. [PMID: 34493730 PMCID: PMC8423819 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25519-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is enzootic in dromedary camels across the Middle East and Africa. Virus-induced pneumonia in humans results from animal contact, with a potential for limited onward transmission. Phenotypic changes have been suspected after a novel recombinant clade (lineage 5) caused large nosocomial outbreaks in Saudi Arabia and South Korea in 2016. However, there has been no functional assessment. Here we perform a comprehensive in vitro and ex vivo comparison of viruses from parental and recombinant virus lineages (lineage 3, n = 7; lineage 4, n = 8; lineage 5, n = 9 viruses) from Saudi Arabia, isolated immediately before and after the shift toward lineage 5. Replication of lineage 5 viruses is significantly increased. Transcriptional profiling finds reduced induction of immune genes IFNB1, CCL5, and IFNL1 in lung cells infected with lineage 5 strains. Phenotypic differences may be determined by IFN antagonism based on experiments using IFN receptor knock out and signaling inhibition. Additionally, lineage 5 is more resilient against IFN pre-treatment of Calu-3 cells (ca. 10-fold difference in replication). This phenotypic change associated with lineage 5 has remained undiscovered by viral sequence surveillance, but may be a relevant indicator of pandemic potential. MERS-CoV is enzootic in dromedary camels, can spread to humans but undergoes limited onward transmission. Here, Schroeder et al. compare clinical isolates of MERS-CoV in vitro and show that the predominantly circulating recombinant lineage 5 possess a fitness advantage over parental lineage 3 and 4 due to reduced activation of innate immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schroeder
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christin Mache
- Unit 17, Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannah Kleine-Weber
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Victor M Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Doreen Muth
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Richter
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Diana Fatykhova
- Dept. of Infectious and Respiratory Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ziad A Memish
- Research and Innovation Department, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Megan L Stanifer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Research Group "Cellular polarity and viral infection", German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mitra Gultom
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Biomedical Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ronald Dijkman
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Eggeling
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Clinics Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hocke
- Dept. of Infectious and Respiratory Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Dept. of Infectious and Respiratory Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Thiel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Unit 17, Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel A Müller
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany.,Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. .,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany.
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8
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Genetic and Pathogenic Characterization of QX(GI-19)-Recombinant Infectious Bronchitis Viruses in South Korea. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061163. [PMID: 34204473 PMCID: PMC8235318 DOI: 10.3390/v13061163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs) are evolving continuously via genetic drift and genetic recombination, making disease prevention and control difficult. In this study, we undertook genetic and pathogenic characterization of recombinant IBVs isolated from chickens in South Korea between 2003 and 2019. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 46 IBV isolates belonged to GI-19, which includes nephropathogenic IBVs. Ten isolates formed a new cluster, the genomic sequences of which were different from those of reference sequences. Recombination events in the S1 gene were identified, with putative parental strains identified as QX-like, KM91-like, and GI-15. Recombination detection methods identified three patterns (rGI-19-I, rGI-19-II, and rGI-19-III). To better understand the pathogenicity of recombinant IBVs, we compared the pathogenicity of GI-19 with that of the rGI-19s. The results suggest that rGI-19s may be more likely to cause trachea infections than GI-19, whereas rGI-19s were less pathogenic in the kidney. Additionally, the pathogenicity of rGI-19s varied according to the genotype of the major parent. These results indicate that genetic recombination between heterologous strains belonging to different genotypes has occurred, resulting in the emergence of new recombinant IBVs in South Korea.
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9
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Yan W, Qiu R, Wang F, Fu X, Li H, Cui P, Zhai Y, Li C, Zhang L, Gu K, Zuo L, Lei C, Wang H, Yang X. Genetic and pathogenic characterization of a novel recombinant avian infectious bronchitis virus derived from GI-1, GI-13, GI-28, and GI-19 strains in Southwestern China. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101210. [PMID: 34116353 PMCID: PMC8192866 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis (IB), caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), is an acute and highly contagious disease that is extremely harmful to the poultry industry throughout the world. The cross-using of different attenuated live vaccine strains has led to the occurrence of diverse IBV serotypes. In this study, we isolated an IBV strain from a chicken farm in southwest China and designated it CK/CH/SCMY/160315. Construction of a phylogenetic tree based on full S1 gene sequence analysis suggested that CK/CH/SCMY/160315 bears similarity to GI-28, and further comparison of S1 amino acid residues revealed that CK/CH/SCMY/160315 showed mutations and deletions in many key positions between LDT3-A and other GI-28 reference strains. Importantly, CK/CH/SCMY/160315 was identified as a novel recombinant virus derived from live attenuated vaccine strains H120 (GI-1), 4/91 (GI-13), LDT3-A (GI-28), and the field strain LJL/08-1 (GI-19), identifying at least 5 recombination sites in both structural and accessory genes. Pathogenicity analysis indicated that CK/CH/SCMY/160315 caused listlessness, sneezing, huddling, head shaking, and increased antibody levels in the inoculated chickens. To further describe pathogenicity of this novel strain, we assessed viral load in different tissues and conducted hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining of the trachea, lungs and kidneys. Our results provide evidence for the continuing evolution of IBV field strains via genetic recombination and mutation, leading to outbreaks in the vaccinated chicken populations in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Yan
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Rongbin Qiu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Fuyan Wang
- Sichuan Sundaily Farm Ecological Food Co., Ltd., Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Xue Fu
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hao Li
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Pengfei Cui
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yaru Zhai
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Chun Li
- Sichuan Animal Disease Control Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Kui Gu
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Lei Zuo
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Changwei Lei
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hongning Wang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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10
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Recombination Events Shape the Genomic Evolution of Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Europe. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040535. [PMID: 33804824 PMCID: PMC8063831 DOI: 10.3390/v13040535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis of chicken is a high morbidity and mortality viral disease affecting the poultry industry worldwide; therefore, a better understanding of this pathogen is of utmost importance. The primary aim of this study was to obtain a deeper insight into the genomic diversity of field infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains using phylogenetic and recombination analysis. We sequenced the genome of 20 randomly selected strains from seven European countries. After sequencing, we created a genome sequence data set that contained 36 European origin field isolates and 33 vaccine strains. When analyzing these 69 IBV genome sequences, we identified 215 recombination events highlighting that some strains had multiple recombination breaking points. Recombination hot spots were identified mostly in the regions coding for non-structural proteins, and multiple recombination hot spots were identified in the nsp2, nsp3, nsp8, and nsp12 coding regions. Recombination occurred among different IBV genotypes and involved both field and vaccine IBV strains. Ninety percent of field strains and nearly half of vaccine strains showed evidence of recombination. Despite the low number and the scattered geographical and temporal origin of whole-genome sequence data collected from European Gammacoronaviruses, this study underlines the importance of recombination as a major evolutionary mechanism of IBVs.
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11
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Na W, Moon H, Song D. A comprehensive review of SARS-CoV-2 genetic mutations and lessons from animal coronavirus recombination in one health perspective. J Microbiol 2021; 59:332-340. [PMID: 33624270 PMCID: PMC7901680 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-0660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 was originated from zoonotic coronaviruses and confirmed as a novel beta-coronavirus, which causes serious respiratory illness such as pneumonia and lung failure, COVID-19. In this review, we describe the genetic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, including types of mutation, and molecular epidemiology, highlighting its key difference from animal coronaviruses. We further summarized the current knowledge on clinical, genetic, and pathological features of several animal coronaviruses and compared them with SARS-CoV-2, as well as recent evidences of interspecies transmission and recombination of animal coronaviruses to provide a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection in One Health perspectives. We also discuss the potential wildlife hosts and zoonotic origin of this emerging virus in detail, that may help mitigate the spread and damages caused by the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woonsung Na
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoungjoon Moon
- College of Healthcare & Biotechnology, Semyung University, Jecheon, 27136, Republic of Korea
| | - Daesub Song
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Wu Q, Lin Z, Wu J, Qian K, Shao H, Ye J, Qin A. Peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (pELISA) as a possible alternative to the neutralization test for evaluating the immune response to IBV vaccine. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:51. [PMID: 33494765 PMCID: PMC7830047 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02757-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus, is one of the most important poultry pathogens worldwide due to its multiple serotypes and poor cross-protection. Vaccination plays a vital role in controlling the disease. The efficacy of vaccination in chicken flocks can be evaluated by detecting neutralizing antibodies with the neutralization test. However there are no simple and rapid methods for detecting the neutralizing antibodies. RESULTS In this study, a peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (pELISA) as a possible alternative to the neutralization test for evaluating the immune response to IBV vaccine was developed. The pELISA could indirect evaluate neutralizing antibody titers against different types of IBV in all tested sera. The titers measured with the pELISA had a coefficient of 0.83 for neutralizing antibody titers. CONCLUSIONS The pELISA could detect antibodies against different types of IBV in all tested sera. The pELISA has the potential to evaluate samples for IBV-specific neutralizing antibodies and surveillance the infection of IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zhixian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jinsen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Kun Qian
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No. 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
| | - Aijian Qin
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No. 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
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13
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Yin L, Wu Q, Lin Z, Qian K, Shao H, Wan Z, Liu Y, Ye J, Qin A. A Peptide-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detecting Antibodies Against Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:619601. [PMID: 33553284 PMCID: PMC7859331 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.619601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes substantial loss to the poultry industry despite extensive vaccination. Assessing the antibody response is important for the development and evaluation of effective vaccines. We have developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of IBV-specific antibodies, using a synthetic peptide based on a conserved sequence in the IBV spike protein. This peptide-based ELISA (pELISA) specifically detects antibodies to different genotypes of IBV but not antibodies against other common chicken viruses. This assay could detect IBV-specific antibody response on as early as day 7 postinfection. In the testing with field serum samples collected from chickens administered with IBV vaccines, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of pELISA were 98.30, 94.12, and 98.8%, respectively, relative to indirect immunofluorescence assay. Our data demonstrate that the pELISA is of value for the detection of IBV antibody and the evaluation of IBV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Yin
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,JiangsuLihua Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Changzhou, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhixian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kun Qian
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhimin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuelong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,JiangsuLihua Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Changzhou, China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Li H, Cui P, Fu X, Zhang L, Yan W, Zhai Y, Lei C, Wang H, Yang X. Identification and analysis of long non-coding RNAs and mRNAs in chicken macrophages infected with avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:67. [PMID: 33472590 PMCID: PMC7816148 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07359-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a gamma coronavirus that severely affects the poultry industry worldwide. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a subset of non-coding RNAs with a length of more than 200 nucleotides, have been recently recognized as pivotal factors in the pathogenesis of viral infections. However, little is known about the function of lncRNAs in host cultured cells in response to IBV infection. RESULTS We used next-generation high throughput sequencing to reveal the expression profiles of mRNAs and lncRNAs in IBV-infected HD11 cells. Compared with the uninfected cells, we identified 153 differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs (106 up-regulated mRNAs, 47 down-regulated mRNAs) and 181 DE lncRNAs (59 up-regulated lncRNAs, 122 down-regulated lncRNAs) in IBV-infected HD11 cells. Moreover, gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses indicated that DE mRNAs and lncRNAs were mainly involved in cellular innate immunity, amino acid metabolism, and nucleic acid metabolism. In addition, 2640 novel chicken lncRNAs were identified, and a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNAs) network centered on gga-miR-30d and miR-146a-5p was established. CONCLUSIONS We identified expression profiles of mRNAs and lncRNAs during IBV infection that provided new insights into the pathogenesis of IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Pengfei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xue Fu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Wenjun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yaru Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Changwei Lei
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Hongning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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15
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Alhatami AO, Alaraji F, Abdulwahab HM, Khudhair YI. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of infectious bronchitis virus variant strain from an outbreak in egg-layer flocks in Baghdad, Iraq. Vet World 2020; 13:1358-1362. [PMID: 32848311 PMCID: PMC7429401 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1358-1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Infectious bronchitis (IB) has an influential economic impact on the poultry industry, causing huge losses each year due to the condemnation of infected chickens. Despite the use of many kinds of vaccines in Iraq, it is common to find IB problems in vaccinated chickens. Information about the strains that affect Iraqi chickens is very limited. Therefore, we aimed to detect the currently circulating strains of IB virus that cause frequent outbreaks in egg layers despite the use of vaccination against the virus. Materials and Methods: Isolate detection, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis were performed using a rapid IB virus antigen kit (32 tracheal swabs), flinders technology associates (FTA) card (32 tracheal swabs), and partial gene sequencing (16 positive FTA samples). Results: The isolated strain was different from other strains, especially the strain isolated in the North of Iraq (Sulemania Strain) and shares 98% homology with an Israeli strain (Israel variant 2, IS 1494). Conclusion: Although more studies are needed to detect IB virus strains circulating in Iraq, this work lays the foundation for making a good strategy to control the disease and selecting vaccines that should be used in farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah O Alhatami
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kufa, Iraq
| | - Furkan Alaraji
- Department of Pathology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kufa, Iraq
| | - Husam Muhsen Abdulwahab
- Department of Pathology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kufa, Iraq
| | - Yahia Ismail Khudhair
- Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
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16
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Munyahongse S, Pohuang T, Nonthabenjawan N, Sasipreeyajan J, Thontiravong A. Genetic characterization of infectious bronchitis viruses in Thailand, 2014-2016: identification of a novel recombinant variant. Poult Sci 2020; 99:1888-1895. [PMID: 32241468 PMCID: PMC7173020 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) causes severe economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide owing to frequent emergence of novel infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants, which potentially affect the effectiveness of the currently used IBV vaccine. Therefore, continuous monitoring of IBV genotypes and lineages recently circulating in chickens worldwide is essential. In this study, we characterized the complete S1 gene from 120 IBVs circulating in chickens in Thailand from 2014 to 2016. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete S1 gene of 120 Thai IBVs revealed that the 2014–2016 Thai IBVs were divided into 3 lineages (GI-1, GI-13, and GI-19) and a novel IBV variant. Our results also showed that GI-19 lineage has become the predominant lineage of IBV circulating in chicken flocks in Thailand from 2014 to 2016. It is interesting to note that a novel IBV variant, which was genetically different from the established IBV lineages, was identified in this study. The recombination analysis demonstrated that this novel IBV variant was a recombinant virus, which was originated from the GI-19 and GI-13 lineage viruses. In conclusion, our data demonstrate the circulation of different lineages of IBV and the presence of a novel recombinant IBV variant in chicken flocks in Thailand. This study highlights the high genetic diversity and continued evolution of IBVs in chickens in Thailand, and the importance of continued IBV surveillance for effective control and prevention of IB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirorat Munyahongse
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tawatchai Pohuang
- Research Group for Animal Health Technology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Nutthawan Nonthabenjawan
- Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Center of Excellence, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jiroj Sasipreeyajan
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aunyaratana Thontiravong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Center of Excellence, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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17
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Antigenic and Pathogenic Characteristics of QX-Type Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strains Isolated in Southwestern China. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121154. [PMID: 31847269 PMCID: PMC6950461 DOI: 10.3390/v11121154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The QX-type avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is still a prevalent genotype in Southwestern China. To analyze the antigenicity and pathogenicity characteristics of the dominant genotype strains (QX-type), S1 gene sequence analysis, virus cross-neutralization tests, and pathogenicity test of eight QX-type IBV isolates were conducted. Sequence analysis showed that the nucleotide homology between the eight strains was high, but distantly related to H120 and 4/91 vaccine strains. Cross-neutralization tests showed that all eight strains isolated from 2015 and 2017 belonged to the same serotype, but exhibited antigenic variations over time. The pathogenicity test of the five QX-type IBV isolates showed that only three strains, CK/CH/SC/DYW/16, CK/CH/SC/MS/17, and CK/CH/SC/GH/15, had a high mortality rate with strong respiratory and renal pathogenicity, whereas CK/CH/SC/PZ/17 and CK/CH/SC/DYYJ/17 caused only mild clinical symptoms and tissue lesions. Our results indicate that the prevalent QX-type IBVs displayed antigenic variations and pathogenicity difference. These findings may provide reference for research on the evolution of IBV and vaccine preparation of infectious bronchitis (IB).
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18
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Li YT, Chen TC, Lin SY, Mase M, Murakami S, Horimoto T, Chen HW. Emerging lethal infectious bronchitis coronavirus variants with multiorgan tropism. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:884-893. [PMID: 31682070 PMCID: PMC7138078 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes respiratory diseases in chickens and poses an economic threat to the poultry industry worldwide. Despite vaccine use, there have been field outbreaks of IBV in Taiwan. This study aimed to characterize the emerging IBV variants circulating in Taiwan. The analysis of the structural protein genes showed that these variants emerged through frequent recombination events among Taiwan strains, China strains, Japan strains and vaccine strains. Cross‐neutralization tests revealed that two of the variants exhibited novel serotypes. Clinicopathological assessment showed that two of the variants caused high fatality rates of 67% and 20% in one‐day‐old SPF chicks, and all the variants possessed multiorgan tropisms, including trachea, proventriculus and urogenital tissues. Furthermore, the commercial live‐attenuated Mass‐type vaccine conferred poor protection against these variants. This study identified novel genotypes, serotypes and pathotypes of emerging IBV variants circulating in Taiwan. There is an urgent need for effective countermeasures against these variant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Tsun Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chih Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yi Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Masaji Mase
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shin Murakami
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taisuke Horimoto
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hui-Wen Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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Zhao X, Jiang Y, Cheng X, Yu Y, Gao M, Zhou S. Pathogenicity of a QX-like strain of infectious bronchitis virus and effects of accessory proteins 3a and 3b in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108464. [PMID: 31767070 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
QX-like genotype infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has become prevalent in recent years. Few studies have reported the effects of accessory proteins 3a and 3b on pathogenicity in vivo. We developed a reverse genetics system to manipulate the genome of a QX-like IBV strain IBYZ. Recombinant viruses rIBYZ-ScAUG3a, rIBYZ-ScAUG3b and rIBYZ-ScAUG3ab were generated. These viruses do not express the accessory proteins 3a, 3b, or 3ab due to a mutation in the AUG start codons. In SPF embryonated eggs, the recombinant viruses grew to the same viral load as parental strain rIBYZ. The pathogenicity of rIBYZ and recombinant viruses was examined in 1-day-old SPF chickens. In SPF chickens, rIBYZ-ScAUG3a had a lower mortality than rIBYZ. The clinical signs, gross lesions and histopathological changes of rIBYZ-ScAUG3a group were comparable to those of rIBYZ group. However, viral distribution and viral shedding showed that the viral loads of rIBYZ-ScAUG3a were lower than those of rIBYZ in tissue samples and swab specimens. The rIBYZ-ScAUG3b and rIBYZ-ScAUG3ab strains showed attenuated pathogenicity compared to rIBYZ, as no chickens died and all the parameters tested were considerably low. This study indicates that the absence of accessory proteins 3a and 3b in IBV lead to attenuated pathogenicity in chickens. Protein 3b has a greater effect on pathogenicity than protein 3a. These findings may be used in vaccination trials for the development of a new live-attenuated vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Zhao
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou 225125, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou 225125, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou 225125, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yu
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou 225125, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyan Gao
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou 225125, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou 225125, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Fan W, Tang N, Dong Z, Chen J, Zhang W, Zhao C, He Y, Li M, Wu C, Wei T, Huang T, Mo M, Wei P. Genetic Analysis of Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Yellow Chickens in Southern China over the Past Decade: Revealing the Changes of Genetic Diversity, Dominant Genotypes, and Selection Pressure. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100898. [PMID: 31561498 PMCID: PMC6833030 DOI: 10.3390/v11100898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The high mutation rates of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) pose economic threats to the poultry industry. In order to track the genetic evolutionary of IBV isolates circulating in yellow chickens, we continued to conduct the genetic analyses of the structural genes S1, E, M, and N from 64 IBV isolates in southern China during 2009–2017. The results showed that the dominant genotypes based on the four genes had changed when compared with those during 1985–2008. Based on the S1 gene phylogenetic tree, LX4-type (GI-19) was the most dominant genotype, which was different from that during 1985–2008. The second most dominant genotype was LDT3-A-type, but this genotype disappeared after 2012. New-type 1 (GVI-1) isolates showed increasing tendency and there were four aa (QKEP) located in the hypervariable region (HVR) III and one aa (S) insertion in all the New-type 1 isolates. Both the analyses of amino acid entropy and molecular evolutionary rate revealed that the variations from large to small were S1, E, M, and N. Purifying selection was detected in the S1, E, M, and N gene proteins, which was different from the positive selection during 1985–2008. Six isolates were confirmed to be recombinants, possibly generated from a vaccine virus of the 4/91-type or LDT3-A-type and a circulating virus. The estimated times for the most recent common ancestors based on the S1, E, M, and N genes were the years of 1744, 1893, 1940, and 1945, respectively. Bayesian skyline analysis revealed a sharp decrease in genetic diversity of all the four structural genes after 2010 and since late 2015, the viral population rapidly rose. In conclusion, the IBVs circulating in southern China over the past decade have experienced a remarkable change in genetic diversity, dominant genotypes, and selection pressure, indicating the importance of permanent monitoring of circulating strains and the urgency for developing new vaccines to counteract the emerging LX4-type and New-type IBVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Ning Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Zhihua Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Jiming Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Changrun Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Yining He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Meng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Cuilan Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Tianchao Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Teng Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Meilan Mo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Ping Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
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21
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Chacón RD, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Chacón JL, Nuñez LFN, De la Torre DI, Piantino Ferreira AJ. A seminested RT-PCR for molecular genotyping of the Brazilian BR-I Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strain (GI-11). Mol Cell Probes 2019; 47:101426. [PMID: 31365883 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2019.101426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is one of the avian diseases with the greatest impact on poultry farming worldwide. In Brazil, strain BR-I (GI-11) is the most prevalent in poultry flocks. The present study aimed to develop a seminested RT-PCR assay specific for the diagnosis of BR-I IBV in Brazilian samples, targeting subunit 1 of the S gene. The detection limit of this assay was 10 copies of the IBV genome. In this study, 62.24% of 572 organ pools from the 5 regions of Brazil tested positive in a 3'UTR screening, and 84.83% were typed as BR-I IBV. BR-I was detected in the respiratory, digestive and urogenital tracts in pooled samples from all Brazilian geographical regions and in all the breeding systems analyzed. Specificity and sensitivity tests as well as phylogenetic analysis successfully confirmed the expected clustering of the sequences detected by this assay with the BR-I (GI-11) group. The nested PCR described in this study represents a suitable and valuable tool in the diagnosis, epidemiology, monitoring and vaccination decisions of IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruy D Chacón
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luis F N Nuñez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - David I De la Torre
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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22
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Xiao Q, Yan L, Yao L, Lei J, Bi Z, Hu J, Chen Y, Fang A, Li H, Li Y, Yan Y, Zhou J. Development of oligonucleotide microarray for accurate and simultaneous detection of avian respiratory viral diseases. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:253. [PMID: 31324180 PMCID: PMC6642548 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1985-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian influenza virus (AIV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are important avian pathogens that can cause enormous economic loss on the poultry industry. Different respiratory etiological agents may induce similar clinical signs that make differential diagnosis difficult. Importantly, AIV brings about severe threat to human public health. Therefore, a novel method that can distinguish these viruses quickly and simultaneously is urgently needed. RESULTS In this study, an oligonucleotide microarray system was developed. AIV, including H5, H7, and H9 subtypes; NDV; and IBV were simultaneously detected and differentiated on a microarray. Three probes specific for AIV, NDV, and IBV, as well as three other probes for differentiating H5, H7, and H9 of AIV, were first designed and jet-printed to predetermined locations of initiator-integrated poly(dimethylsiloxane) for the synchronous detection of the six pathogens. The marked multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were hybridized with the specific probes, and the results of hybridization were read directly with the naked eyes. No cross-reaction was observed with 10 other subtypes of AIV and infectious bursal disease virus, indicating that the oligonucleotide microarray assay was highly specific. The sensitivity of the method was at least 100 times higher than that of the conventional PCR, and the detection limit of NDV, AIV, H5, H7, and H9 can reach 0.1 EID50 (50% egg infective dose), except that of IBV, which was 1 EID50 per reaction. In the validation of 93 field samples, AIV, IBV, and NDV were detected in 53 (56.99%) samples by oligonucleotide microarray and virus isolation and in 50 (53.76%) samples by conventional PCR. CONCLUSIONS We have successfully developed an approach to differentiate AIV, NDV, IBV, H5, H7, and H9 subtypes of AIV using oligonucleotide microarray. The microarray is an accurate, high-throughput, and relatively simple method for the rapid detection of avian respiratory viral diseases. It can be used for the epidemiological surveillance and diagnosis of AIV, IBV, and NDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xiao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Detection Center of Terrestrial Wildlife Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Detection Center of Terrestrial Wildlife Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lu Yao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Detection Center of Terrestrial Wildlife Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Lei
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Detection Center of Terrestrial Wildlife Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenwei Bi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Detection Center of Terrestrial Wildlife Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Hu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Detection Center of Terrestrial Wildlife Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Detection Center of Terrestrial Wildlife Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - An Fang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Detection Center of Terrestrial Wildlife Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Detection Center of Terrestrial Wildlife Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Detection Center of Terrestrial Wildlife Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Detection Center of Terrestrial Wildlife Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
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23
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Xu L, Ren M, Sheng J, Ma T, Han Z, Zhao Y, Sun J, Liu S. Genetic and biological characteristics of four novel recombinant avian infectious bronchitis viruses isolated in China. Virus Res 2019; 263:87-97. [PMID: 30641197 PMCID: PMC7185608 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Two IBV strains were proved to be originated from multiple recombination events. Viruses with very similar S1 gene sequences showed varying biological features. Point mutations were observed in the RBD and HVRs of the recombinant viruses. Point mutations likely have an effect on these differences in biological characteristics.
Infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs) of GI-13 (793/B) and GI-19 (QX/LX4) lineages have been frequently detected in China in recent years. Naturally recombinant IBVs originating from the GI-13 and GI-19 lineages have also been isolated from chicken flocks with respiratory and renal problems in China. Thorough genetic and biological investigations of these recombinant viruses have led to speculation regarding their origin, evolution, and control. In order to confirm the previous results and further extend our understanding about the characteristics of the four recombinant IBV strains we had previously identified (I0718/17, I0722/17, I0724/17, and I0737/17), we conducted phylogenetic analysis by comparing their complete S1 gene sequences with those of 71 reference strains of different genotypes and lineages. We identified a close relationship between the S1 sequences of the four strains and those of GI-13 strains. The results of complete genome sequence analysis confirmed the previously identified recombination events in the four IBV strains and revealed additional recombination events in different genomic regions of strains I0718/17 and I0724/17, suggesting that the two strains originated from multiple recombination events between 4/91-like and YX10-like viruses. We comparatively evaluated the antigenicity, pathogenicity, and affinity of the four recombinant viruses and their deduced parental strains in the trachea and kidneys. Some of the strains showed comparable antigenic relatedness, pathogenicity, and affinity for the trachea and kidneys among each other and with their parental viruses; however, some of them showed varying biological characteristics. Point mutations observed in the receptor-binding domain and hypervariable region of the S1 subunit of the spike protein likely have an effect on these differences in biological characteristics, although the influence of other factors—such as host innate-immune responses and changes in genomic regions beyond the S1 protein—might also be responsible for such changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Xu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengting Ren
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Sheng
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianxin Ma
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Sun
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Graham RL, Deming DJ, Deming ME, Yount BL, Baric RS. Evaluation of a recombination-resistant coronavirus as a broadly applicable, rapidly implementable vaccine platform. Commun Biol 2018; 1:179. [PMID: 30393776 PMCID: PMC6206136 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging zoonotic viral diseases are major threats to global health, economic stability, and national security. Vaccines are key for reducing coronaviral disease burden; however, the utility of live-attenuated vaccines is limited by risks of reversion or repair. Because of their history of emergence events due to their prevalence in zoonotic pools, designing live-attenuated coronavirus vaccines that can be rapidly and broadly implemented is essential for outbreak preparedness. Here, we show that coronaviruses with completely rewired transcription regulatory networks (TRNs) are effective vaccines against SARS-CoV. The TRN-rewired viruses are attenuated and protect against lethal SARS-CoV challenge. While a 3-nt rewired TRN reverts via second-site mutation upon serial passage, a 7-nt rewired TRN is more stable, suggesting that a more extensively rewired TRN might be essential for avoiding growth selection. In summary, rewiring the TRN is a feasible strategy for limiting reversion in an effective live-attenuated coronavirus vaccine candidate that is potentially portable across the Nidovirales order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Graham
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2107 McGavran-Greenberg, CB 7435, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Damon J Deming
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2107 McGavran-Greenberg, CB 7435, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Food and Drug Administration, 10933 New Hampshire Avenue, Bldg 22, Rm 6170, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Meagan E Deming
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- University of Maryland Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Institute of Human Virology, 725 West Lombard Street, Room 211A, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Boyd L Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2107 McGavran-Greenberg, CB 7435, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2107 McGavran-Greenberg, CB 7435, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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25
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Genetic diversity of avian infectious bronchitis virus in China in recent years. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 66:82-94. [PMID: 30244092 PMCID: PMC7185438 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 213 infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs) were isolated from samples collected from 801 flocks suspected to be infected with IBV from January 2016 to December 2017 in China. By using complete nucleotide sequences of S1 gene we determined the phylogeny of these IBV isolates, which in turn allowed us to define six lineages/genotypes, a number of recombinants and a novel variant. The GI-19 lineage was the most frequently isolated type in China in recent years. Although scattered mutations in the S1 gene among the GI-19 lineage viruses were observed, we also noted different sublineages in the GI-19 lineage with unique mutations, suggesting a high degree of S1 gene variation since they were first isolated in the mid-1990s. We also isolated a number of vaccine-like viruses from vaccinated diseased chickens, although more work is needed to differentiate the reisolation of vaccine strains from field strains of the same serotype. One of the important findings in this study is that the prevalence of the TW I type viruses in GI-7 lineage has been increasing in recent years in China. Another important finding is that recombination events occurred between the predominant GI-19 lineage and the commonly used 4/91 vaccine, which gave rise to distinct IBV isolates. In addition, a novel IBV isolate, together with a reference strain in GenBank database, were found to form a novel lineage/genotype that was remarkably distinct from established lineages. The characteristics of the antigenicity, tissue tropism, pathogenicity and complete genome were required for further investigation for the recombinants and the viruses in different sublineages and novel lineages. Meanwhile, permanent monitoring of circulating strains was needed to monitor the emerging viruses and rationally modify vaccination strategies in the field situation. The GI-19 lineage was the most frequently isolated type in China in recent years. Different sub-lineages were found in the GI-19 lineage with unique mutations. A number of vaccine-like viruses were isolated from vaccinated diseased chickens. The TW I type viruses in GI-13 lineage has been increasing in recent years in China. A novel IBV isolate was found to form a novel clade that was distinct from established lineages.
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26
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Fan WS, Li HM, He YN, Tang N, Zhang LH, Wang HY, Zhong L, Chen JC, Wei TC, Huang T, Mo ML, Wei P. Immune protection conferred by three commonly used commercial live attenuated vaccines against the prevalent local strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus in southern China. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1438-1444. [PMID: 30022779 PMCID: PMC6160892 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated vaccines are critical in the control of avian infectious bronchitis. It is necessary to know the protection conferred by commonly used commercial live vaccines. In this
study, specific pathogen-free chicks were vaccinated with the commercial live vaccines H120, 4/91 and LDT3-A. Blood samples were collected at weekly intervals for the detection of
IBV-specific antibodies and quantification of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. At 21 days post-inoculation the vaccinated birds were challenged with the IBV prevalent local
strains GX-YL5, GX-GL11079 and GX-NN09032, respectively. Trachea and kidney samples were collected at 5 days post-challenge for the detection of the virus. The results showed that the H120
group exhibited medium antibody levels, the lowest percentages of CD4+, CD8+ T lymphocytes and the highest viral loads. The 4/91 group showed the lowest antibody
levels, but the highest percentages of CD4+, CD8+ T lymphocytes and the lowest viral loads. The LDT3-A group showed the highest antibody levels, the medium percentages
of CD4+, CD8+ T lymphocytes and the medium viral loads. The protection rates of H120, 4/91 and LDT3-A groups were 41.7–58.3%, 75.0–83.7% and 66.7–75.0%, respectively.
The present study demonstrated that the vaccines H120, 4/91 and LDT3-A could stimulate the immunized chicks to produce different levels of humoral and cellular immunity to resist the
infection of IBV, but couldn’t provide complete protection against the prevalent local strains of IBV in southern China. Also, the vaccine 4/91 offered the best immune protection among the
three vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Sheng Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - He-Ming Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Yi-Ning He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Ning Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Li-Hua Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Hai-Yong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Lian Zhong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Jian-Cai Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Tian-Chao Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Teng Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Mei-Lan Mo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Ping Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
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27
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Cheng J, Huo C, Zhao J, Liu T, Li X, Yan S, Wang Z, Hu Y, Zhang G. Pathogenicity differences between QX-like and Mass-type infectious bronchitis viruses. Vet Microbiol 2017; 213:129-135. [PMID: 29291996 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious, acute viral respiratory disease of chickens, caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). In recent years, the isolation rate of QX-like IBV has increased in the world. To clarify this phenomenon and better understand the pathogenicity of QX-like IBV, we examined differences in pathogenicity between two IBV strains, SD and M41, which belong to QX-like and Mass-type IBV, respectively. SD strain was more virulent in 3-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens than M41 strain causing higher mortality with severe renal lesions. The tissue distribution of the two virus strains was tested by real-time RT-PCR. The results showed that the viral genome copy numbers in the tissues of chickens inoculated with SD strain were higher than those in chickens inoculated with M41 strain, with the exception of the trachea and lung. This study indicates that there are tremendous differences in pathogenicity and tissue tropism between the QX-like strain and Mass-type strain. These findings may benefit the prevention of infectious bronchitis in the poultry industry in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Caiyun Huo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhujun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Jiang L, Han Z, Chen Y, Zhao W, Sun J, Zhao Y, Liu S. Characterization of the complete genome, antigenicity, pathogenicity, tissue tropism, and shedding of a recombinant avian infectious bronchitis virus with a ck/CH/LJL/140901-like backbone and an S2 fragment from a 4/91-like virus. Virus Res 2017; 244:99-109. [PMID: 29141204 PMCID: PMC7114561 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we isolated an infectious bronchitis virus, designated I1101/16, from broiler breeders in China. Analysis of the S1 gene showed that isolate I1101/16 was genetically close to strain ck/CH/LJL/140901, which belongs to the TW I genotype (also known as lineage GI-7 based on the recent IBV classification), however the S2 gene showed genetic diversity comparing to that of S1 gene. Comparison of the genomic sequences showed that the genome of isolate I1101/16 was similar to that of strain ck/CH/LJL/140901 from the 5' end of the genome to the 5' end of the S2 gene and from the 5' end of the 3a gene to the end of the genome, whereas the remaining parts of the genome sequences were more closely related to those of strain 4/91 than those of ck/CH/LJL/140901, thereby suggesting that recombination might have occurred during the origin of the virus. SimPlot and Bootscan analysis of the complete genomic sequence confirmed this hypothesis, where it showed that isolate I1101/16 arose through recombination events between ck/CH/LJL/140901- and 4/91-like viruses. Isolate I1101/16 and strain ck/CH/LJL/140901 shared identical amino acids in almost all five of their B cell epitopes, but the two viruses had a serotype relatedness value of 65, which is well below 80, i.e., the lower cutoff value for viruses of the same serotype. In addition, pathogenicity tests demonstrated that isolate I1101/16 was more pathogenic to 1-day-old specific-pathogen-free chickens than strain ck/CH/LJL/140901, according to analysis of the clinical signs, whereas strain ck/CH/LJL/140901 exhibited prolonged replication and shedding after challenge compared with isolate I1101/16. This study did not provide evidence that recombination can directly alter the antigenicity, virulence, replication, shedding, and tissue tropism of a virus, but it did show that recombination events are likely to be major determinants of viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqiu Chen
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Zhao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Sun
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China.
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Infectious Bronchitis Virus Variants: Molecular Analysis and Pathogenicity Investigation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102030. [PMID: 28937583 PMCID: PMC5666712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants constantly emerge and pose economic threats to poultry farms worldwide. Numerous studies on the molecular and pathogenic characterization of IBV variants have been performed between 2007 and 2017, which we have reviewed herein. We noted that viral genetic mutations and recombination events commonly gave rise to distinct IBV genotypes, serotypes and pathotypes. In addition to characterizing the S1 genes, full viral genomic sequencing, comprehensive antigenicity, and pathogenicity studies on emerging variants have advanced our understanding of IBV infections, which is valuable for developing countermeasures against IBV field outbreaks. This review of IBV variants provides practical value for understanding their phylogenetic relationships and epidemiology from both regional and worldwide viewpoints.
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Bande F, Arshad SS, Omar AR, Hair-Bejo M, Mahmuda A, Nair V. Global distributions and strain diversity of avian infectious bronchitis virus: a review. Anim Health Res Rev 2017; 18:70-83. [PMID: 28776490 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252317000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The poultry industry faces challenge amidst global food security crisis. Infectious bronchitis is one of the most important viral infections that cause huge economic loss to the poultry industry worldwide. The causative agent, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an RNA virus with great ability for mutation and recombination; thus, capable of generating new virus strains that are difficult to control. There are many IBV strains found worldwide, including the Massachusetts, 4/91, D274, and QX-like strains that can be grouped under the classic or variant serotypes. Currently, information on the epidemiology, strain diversity, and global distribution of IBV has not been comprehensively reported. This review is an update of current knowledge on the distribution, genetic relationship, and diversity of the IBV strains found worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruku Bande
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Universiti Putra Malaysia,43400 UPM Serdang,Selangor Darul Ehsan,Malaysia
| | - Siti Suri Arshad
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Universiti Putra Malaysia,43400 UPM Serdang,Selangor Darul Ehsan,Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Universiti Putra Malaysia,43400 UPM Serdang,Selangor Darul Ehsan,Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hair-Bejo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Universiti Putra Malaysia,43400 UPM Serdang,Selangor Darul Ehsan,Malaysia
| | - Aliyu Mahmuda
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,Universiti Putra Malaysia,43400 UPM Serdang,Selangor Darul Ehsan,Malaysia
| | - Venugopal Nair
- Avian Oncogenic Virus Group,The Pirbright Institute,Working,Guildford,Surrey,GU24 0NF,UK
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