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Ros-Gañán I, Hommel M, Trigueros-Motos L, Tamarit B, Rodríguez-García E, Salas D, Pérez G, Douar A, Combal JP, Benichou B, Ferrer V, González-Aseguinolaza G. Optimising the IgG-degrading enzyme treatment regimen for enhanced adeno-associated virus transduction in the presence of neutralising antibodies. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1375. [PMID: 35228870 PMCID: PMC8867416 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Pre‐existing neutralising antibodies (NAbs) to adeno‐associated viruses (AAVs) remain an impediment for systemically administered AAV‐mediated gene therapy treatment in many patients, and various strategies are under investigation to overcome this limitation. Here, IgG‐degrading enzymes (Ides) derived from bacteria of the genus Streptococcus were tested for their ability to cleave human IgG and allow AAV‐mediated transduction in individuals with pre‐existing NAbs. Methods Cleavage activity of three different Ides was evaluated in vitro in serum from different species. Passively immunised mice or non‐human primates (NHP) with naturally occurring anti‐AAV NAbs were used to define the optimal IdeS dose and administration window for AAVAnc80 and AAV8 vectors in mice and AAV3B in NHPs. Results The selected candidate, IdeS, was found to be highly efficient at cleaving human IgG, less efficient against NHP IgG and inefficient against mouse IgG. In vivo, we observed differences in how IdeS affected liver transduction in the presence of NAbs depending on the AAV serotype. For AAVAnc80 and AAV3B, the best transduction levels were achieved when the vector was administered after IgG digestion products were cleared from circulation. However, for AAV8 we only observed a modest and transient inhibition of transduction by IdeS cleavage products. Conclusion Preconditioning with IdeS represents a unique treatment opportunity for patients primarily excluded from participation in gene therapy clinical trials because of elevated circulating anti‐AAV NAb levels. However, careful determination of the optimal IdeS dose and timing for the administration of each AAV serotype is essential for optimal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirja Hommel
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression CIMA University of Navarra Pamplona Spain.,Institute for Sanitary Research (IdiSNA) Pamplona Spain
| | | | | | - Estefanía Rodríguez-García
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression CIMA University of Navarra Pamplona Spain.,Institute for Sanitary Research (IdiSNA) Pamplona Spain
| | - David Salas
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression CIMA University of Navarra Pamplona Spain.,Institute for Sanitary Research (IdiSNA) Pamplona Spain
| | - Guiomar Pérez
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression CIMA University of Navarra Pamplona Spain.,Institute for Sanitary Research (IdiSNA) Pamplona Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Gloria González-Aseguinolaza
- Vivet Therapeutics S.L. Pamplona Spain.,Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression CIMA University of Navarra Pamplona Spain.,Institute for Sanitary Research (IdiSNA) Pamplona Spain
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Bläckberg A, de Neergaard T, Frick IM, Nordenfelt P, Lood R, Rasmussen M. Lack of Opsonic Antibody Responses to Invasive Infections With Streptococcus dysgalactiae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:635591. [PMID: 33986732 PMCID: PMC8111088 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.635591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Streptococcus dysgalactiae can cause severe recurrent infections. This study aimed to investigate antibody responses following S. dysgalactiae bacteraemia and possible development of protective immunity. Materials and Methods Patients with S. dysgalactiae bacteraemia in the county of Skåne between 2017 and 2018 were prospectively included. Acute and convalescent sera were obtained. All isolates were emm typed and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was utilised to analyse specific antibody responses to bacteria and antigens. Bactericidal- and phagocytosis assays were applied to further establish antibody function. Results Sixteen patients with S. dysgalactiae bacteraemia were included of whom one had recurrent episodes of bacteraemia. Using ELISA with S. dysgalactiae isolates and mutants, development of IgG antibodies was demonstrated in few patients. Type-specific antibodies were demonstrated in one patient when recombinant M proteins as antigens, were applied. The type-specific serum mediated a small increase in phagocytosis but did not facilitate increased killing of the S. dysgalactiae isolate, carrying that M protein, in blood or by phagocytic cells. Conclusion S. dysgalactiae bacteraemia sometimes results in increased levels of antibodies to the infecting pathogen. We did not find evidence that these antibodies are effectively opsonising. Apparent failure to produce opsonising antibodies might partially explain why S. dysgalactiae can cause recurrent invasive infections in the same host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bläckberg
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Skåne University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Lund, Sweden
| | - Therese de Neergaard
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Inga-Maria Frick
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pontus Nordenfelt
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rolf Lood
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus Rasmussen
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Skåne University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Lund, Sweden
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3
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Streptococcal Infections in Marine Mammals. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020350. [PMID: 33578962 PMCID: PMC7916692 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine mammals are sentinels for the marine ecosystem and threatened by numerous factors including infectious diseases. One of the most frequently isolated bacteria are beta-hemolytic streptococci. However, knowledge on ecology and epidemiology of streptococcal species in marine mammals is very limited. This review summarizes published reports on streptococcal species, which have been detected in marine mammals. Furthermore, we discuss streptococcal transmission between and adaptation to their marine mammalian hosts. We conclude that streptococci colonize and/or infect marine mammals very frequently, but in many cases, streptococci isolated from marine mammals have not been further identified. How these bacteria disseminate and adapt to their specific niches can only be speculated due to the lack of respective research. Considering the relevance of pathogenic streptococci for marine mammals as part of the marine ecosystem, it seems that they have been neglected and should receive scientific interest in the future.
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Mannheimia haemolytica in bovine respiratory disease: immunogens, potential immunogens, and vaccines. Anim Health Res Rev 2019; 19:79-99. [PMID: 30683173 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252318000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mannheimia haemolytica is the major cause of severe pneumonia in bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Early M. haemolytica bacterins were either ineffective or even enhanced disease in vaccinated cattle, which led to studies of the bacterium's virulence factors and potential immunogens to determine ways to improve vaccines. Studies have focused on the capsule, lipopolysaccharide, various adhesins, extracellular enzymes, outer membrane proteins, and leukotoxin (LKT) resulting in a strong database for understanding immune responses to the bacterium and production of more efficacious vaccines. The importance of immunity to LKT and to surface antigens in stimulating immunity led to studies of individual native or recombinant antigens, bacterial extracts, live-attenuated or mutant organisms, culture supernatants, combined bacterin-toxoids, outer membrane vesicles, and bacterial ghosts. Efficacy of several of these potential vaccines can be shown following experimental M. haemolytica challenge; however, efficacy in field trials is harder to determine due to the complexity of factors and etiologic agents involved in naturally occurring BRD. Studies of potential vaccines have led current commercial vaccines, which are composed primarily of culture supernatant, bacterin-toxoid, or live mutant bacteria. Several of those can be augmented experimentally by addition of recombinant LKT or outer membrane proteins.
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Turner CE, Bubba L, Efstratiou A. Pathogenicity Factors in Group C and G Streptococci. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0020-2018. [PMID: 31111818 PMCID: PMC11026075 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0020-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially recognized zoonoses, streptococci belonging to Lancefield group C (GCS) and G (GGS) were subsequently recognised as human pathogens causing a diverse range of symptoms, from asymptomatic carriage to life threatening diseases. Their taxonomy has changed during the last decade. Asymptomatic carriage is <4% amongst the human population and invasive infections are often in association with chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases or chronic skin infections. Other clinical manifestations include acute pharyngitis, pneumonia, endocarditis, bacteraemia and toxic-shock syndrome. Post streptococcal sequalae such as rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis have also been described but mainly in developed countries and amongst specific populations. Putative virulence determinants for these organisms include adhesins, toxins, and other factors that are essential for dissemination in human tissues and for interference with the host immune responses. High nucleotide similarities among virulence genes and their association with mobile genetic elements supports the hypothesis of extensive horizontal gene transfer events between the various pyogenic streptococcal species belonging to Lancefield groups A, C and G. A better understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenesis should be apparent by whole-genome sequencing, and this would result in more effective clinical strategies for the pyogenic group in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Turner
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Laura Bubba
- Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
- European Programme for Public Health Microbiology Training (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Androulla Efstratiou
- Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
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Rungelrath V, Weiße C, Schütze N, Müller U, Meurer M, Rohde M, Seele J, Valentin-Weigand P, Kirschfink M, Beineke A, Schrödl W, Bergmann R, Baums CG. IgM cleavage by Streptococcus suis reduces IgM bound to the bacterial surface and is a novel complement evasion mechanism. Virulence 2019; 9:1314-1337. [PMID: 30001174 PMCID: PMC6177247 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1496778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) causes meningitis, arthritis and endocarditis in piglets. The aim of this study was to characterize the IgM degrading enzyme of S. suis (IdeSsuis) and to investigate the role of IgM cleavage in evasion of the classical complement pathway and pathogenesis. Targeted mutagenesis of a cysteine in the putative active center of IdeSsuis abrogated IgM cleavage completely. In contrast to wt rIdeSsuis, point mutated rIdeSsuis_C195S did not reduce complement-mediated hemolysis indicating that complement inhibition by rIdeSsuis depends on the IgM proteolytic activity. A S. suis mutant expressing IdeSsuis_C195S did not reduce IgM labeling, whereas the wt and complemented mutant showed less IgM F(ab’)2 and IgM Fc antigen on the surface. IgM cleavage increased survival of S. suis in porcine blood ex vivo and mediated complement evasion as demonstrated by blood survival and C3 deposition assays including the comparative addition of rIdeSsuis and rIdeSsuis_C195S. However, experimental infection of piglets disclosed no significant differences in virulence between S. suis wt and isogenic mutants without IgM cleavage activity. This work revealed for the first time in vivo labeling of S. suis with IgM in the cerebrospinal fluid of piglets with meningitis. In conclusion, this study classifies IdeSsuis as a cysteine protease and emphasizes the role of IgM cleavage for bacterial survival in porcine blood and complement evasion though IgM cleavage is not crucial for the pathogenesis of serotype 2 meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Rungelrath
- a Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Christine Weiße
- a Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Nicole Schütze
- b Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Uwe Müller
- b Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Marita Meurer
- c Department of Physiological Chemistry and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ) , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- d Central Facility for Microscopy , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Jana Seele
- e Department of Neuropathology , University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany.,f Department of Geriatrics , Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- g Institute for Microbiology, Centre for Infection Medicine , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hanover , Germany
| | - Michael Kirschfink
- h Institute of Immunology , University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- i Department of Pathology , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Wieland Schrödl
- a Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - René Bergmann
- a Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Christoph Georg Baums
- a Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
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Complete Sequence and Annotation of the Mycoplasma phocidae Strain 105 T Genome. Microbiol Resour Announc 2018; 7:MRA01237-18. [PMID: 30533705 PMCID: PMC6256636 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01237-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome of Mycoplasma phocidae strain 105T was analyzed in order to improve our understanding of its role in epidemic marine mammal mortalities. It was found to encode a suite of immunosuppressors that may enable evasion of host defenses and modulate susceptibility to viral coinfections or their severity in seals.
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