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Jenkins TP, Ács N, Arendrup EW, Swift A, Duzs Á, Chatzigiannidou I, Pichler M, Kittilä T, Peachey L, Gram L, Canibe N, Laustsen AH, Brix S, Thrane SW. Protecting the piglet gut microbiota against ETEC-mediated post-weaning diarrhoea using specific binding proteins. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2024; 10:42. [PMID: 38697985 PMCID: PMC11066037 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-024-00514-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD) in piglets presents a widespread problem in industrial pig production and is often caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) strains. Current solutions, such as antibiotics and medicinal zinc oxide, are unsustainable and are increasingly being prohibited, resulting in a dire need for novel solutions. Thus, in this study, we propose and evaluate a protein-based feed additive, comprising two bivalent heavy chain variable domain (VHH) constructs (VHH-(GGGGS)3-VHH, BL1.2 and BL2.2) as an alternative solution to manage PWD. We demonstrate in vitro that these constructs bind to ETEC toxins and fimbriae, whilst they do no affect bacterial growth rate. Furthermore, in a pig study, we show that oral administration of these constructs after ETEC challenge reduced ETEC proliferation when compared to challenged control piglets (1-2 log10 units difference in gene copies and bacterial count/g faeces across day 2-7) and resulted in week 1 enrichment of three bacterial families (Prevotellaceae (estimate: 1.12 ± 0.25, q = 0.0054), Lactobacillaceae (estimate: 2.86 ± 0.52, q = 0.0012), and Ruminococcaceae (estimate: 0.66 ± 0.18, q = 0.049)) within the gut microbiota that appeared later in challenged control piglets, thus pointing to an earlier transition towards a more mature gut microbiota. These data suggest that such VHH constructs may find utility in industrial pig production as a feed additive for tackling ETEC and reducing the risk of PWD in piglet populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Patrick Jenkins
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Norbert Ács
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Abbie Swift
- Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ágnes Duzs
- Bactolife A/S, Rønnegade 8, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ioanna Chatzigiannidou
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael Pichler
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tiia Kittilä
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Laura Peachey
- Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lone Gram
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nuria Canibe
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Andreas Hougaard Laustsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
- Bactolife A/S, Rønnegade 8, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Susanne Brix
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Zhang Y, Tian X, Dong Y, Li R, Shen M, Yi D, Wu T, Wang L, Zhao D, Hou Y. Bacillus coagulans prevents the decline in average daily feed intake in young piglets infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 by reducing intestinal injury and regulating the gut microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1284166. [PMID: 38035331 PMCID: PMC10686232 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1284166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), an important intestinal pathogen, poses a significant threat to the intestinal health of piglets. Bacillus coagulans (BC), a potential feed additive, can improve the intestinal function of piglets. However, the effects of BC on growth performance and intestinal function in ETEC-infected piglets are still unclear. In this study, 24 7-day-old piglets were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: control group (fed a basal diet), ETEC group (fed a basal diet and challenged with ETEC K88) and BC+ETEC group (fed a basal diet, orally administered BC, challenged with ETEC K88). During Days 1-6 of the trial, piglets in the BC+ETEC group were orally administered BC (1×108CFU/kg). On Day 5 of the trial, piglets in the ETEC and BC+ETEC groups were orally administered ETEC K88 (5×109CFU/piglet). Blood, intestinal tissue, and content samples were collected from the piglets on Day 7 of the trial. Results The average daily feed intake in the ETEC group was significantly reduced compared to that of the control group. Further research revealed that ETEC infection significantly damaged the structure of the small intestine. Compared to the control group, the villus height and surface area of the jejunum, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the duodenum and jejunum, and the activities of catalase and total superoxide dismutase in the jejunum were significantly reduced. Additionally, the levels of myeloperoxidase in the jejunum, malondialdehyde in the plasma and jejunum, and intestinal epithelial apoptosis were significantly increased in the ETEC group. However, BC supplementation had significantly mitigated these negative effects in the BC+ETEC group by Day 7 of the trial. Moreover, BC supplementation improved the gut microbiota imbalance by reversing the decreased numbers of Enterococcus, Clostridium and Lactobacillus in jejunum and Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the colon, as well as the increased number of Escherichia coli in the jejunum induced by ETEC K88. Conclusions Overall, BC supplementation reduced the decline in average daily feed intake in ETEC K88-infected piglets by attenuating intestinal epithelial apoptosis and oxidative stress and regulating the gut microbiota. This suggests that BC may be used to prevent intestinal infections caused by ETEC in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
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Matté EHC, Luciano FB, Evangelista AG. Essential oils and essential oil compounds in animal production as antimicrobials and anthelmintics: an updated review. Anim Health Res Rev 2023; 24:1-11. [PMID: 37401263 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252322000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Several countries have shown an increased prevalence of drug resistance in animal production due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics and antiparasitics in human and veterinary medicine. This article aims to review existing methods using naturally occurring essential oils (EOs) and their isolated compounds (EOCs) as alternatives to antimicrobials and antiparasitic compounds in animal production and, consequently, to avoid resistance. The most-reported mechanism of action of EOs and EOCs was cell membrane damage, which leads to the leakage of cytoplasmic content, increased membrane permeability, inhibition of metabolic and genetic pathways, morphologic changes, antibiofilm effects, and damage to the genetic material of infections. In parasites, anticoccidial effects, reduced motility, growth inhibition, and morphologic changes have been reported. Although these compounds regularly show a similar effect to those promoted by traditional drugs, the elucidation of their mechanisms of action is still scarce. The use of EOs and EOCs can also positively influence crucial parameters in animal production, such as body weight gain, feed conversion rate, and cholesterol reduction, which also positively impact meat quality. The application of EOs and EOCs is enhanced by their association with other natural compounds or even by the association with synthetic chemicals, which has been found to cause synergism in their antimicrobial effect. By reducing the effective therapeutical/prophylactic dose, the chances of off-flavors – the most common issue in EO and EOC application – is greatly mitigated. However, there is very little work on the combination of EOs and EOCs in large in vivo studies. In addition, research must apply the correct methodology to properly understand the observed effects; for example, the use of only high concentrations may mask potential results obtained at lower dosages. Such corrections will also allow the elucidation of finer mechanisms and promote better biotechnologic use of EOs and EOCs. This manuscript presents several information gaps to be filled before the use of EOs and EOCs are fully applicable in animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Henrique Custódio Matté
- Undergraduate Program in Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Identification of mcr-1-positive multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from clinical samples in Shanghai, China. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2022; 29:88-96. [PMID: 35182776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Since the gene encoding mobilized colistin resistance (mcr-1) was first reported in China in 2015, it has been reported in various Enterobacteriaceae worldwide. Escherichia coli, one of the main pathogens causing diarrhea, is the most prevalent, clinically identified species carrying mcr-1. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiologic and genomic characteristics of mcr-1 in E. coli from patients in Shanghai. METHODS Fecal samples were collected from hospitals in Shanghai between 2012 and 2015. Polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect mcr-1, and molecular characteristics of the mcr-1-positive E. coli was determined by antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing. RESULTS We detected 40 (3.9%) mcr-1-positive E. coli strains from fecal samples in clinical settings between 2012 and 2015 in Shanghai. mcr-1 was detected in 4 types of E. coli, including aEPEC, EPEC, ETEC, and EAEC. Most strains harboring mcr-1 were isolated from children aged <7 years. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that nearly half of the strains that carried quinolone resistance- or β-lactam resistance-related genes were multidrug-resistant. IncX4 was the predominant type in mcr-1-positive E. coli in Shanghai but the other types of mcr-1-harboring plasmids are highly diverse in genetic context. CONCLUSION These data suggest that mcr-1 is prevalent in E. coli strains, especially those identified in diarrheal patients in Shanghai, and strengthening the surveillance of mcr-1 transmission, especially in children, is essential.
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Drider D, Boukherroub R, Le Devendec L, Belguesmia Y, Hazime N, Mourand G, Paboeuf F, Kempf I. Impact of colistin and colistin-loaded on alginate nanoparticles on pigs infected with a colistin-resistant enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain. Vet Microbiol 2022; 266:109359. [PMID: 35121303 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Colistin is frequently used for the control of post-weaning diarrhoea in pigs. Colistin resistance caused by plasmidic genes is a public health issue. We evaluated, in experimental animal facilities, whether free colistin or colistin-loaded on alginate nanoparticles (colistin/Alg NPs) could select a colistin-resistant Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. The Alg NPs were produced by a simple top-down approach through ball milling of sodium alginate polymer precursor, and colistin loading was achieved through physical adsorption. Colistin loading on Alg NPs was confirmed using various tools such Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering measurements. Thirty-four piglets were orally inoculated or not with a mcr-1-positive, rifampicin-resistant enterotoxigenic E. coli strain, and the inoculated pigs were either treated or not during five days with commercial colistin (100,000 IU/kg) or colistin/Alg NPs (40,415 IU/kg). Clinical signs were recorded. Fecal and post-mortem samples were analyzed by culture. The result clearly indicated that colistin/Alg NPs had a slightly better therapeutic effect. Both treatments led to a transitory decrease of the total E. coli fecal population with a majority of colistin-resistant E. coli isolates during treatment, but the dominant E. coli population was found susceptible at the end of the trial. Further studies are needed to evaluate, in diverse experimental or field conditions, the therapeutic efficacy of colistin/Alg NPs for post-weaning diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamel Drider
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro1158, Univ. Lille, INRAE, Univ. Liège, UPJV, YNCREA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte D'Opale, ICV - Institut Charles Viollette, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Rabah Boukherroub
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Laetitia Le Devendec
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Zoopole les croix, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Yanath Belguesmia
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro1158, Univ. Lille, INRAE, Univ. Liège, UPJV, YNCREA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte D'Opale, ICV - Institut Charles Viollette, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Noura Hazime
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro1158, Univ. Lille, INRAE, Univ. Liège, UPJV, YNCREA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte D'Opale, ICV - Institut Charles Viollette, 59000, Lille, France; Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Gwenaelle Mourand
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Zoopole les croix, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Frédéric Paboeuf
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Zoopole les croix, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Isabelle Kempf
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Zoopole les croix, 22440, Ploufragan, France.
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Cevallos-Almeida M, Martin L, Houdayer C, Rose V, Guionnet JM, Paboeuf F, Denis M, Kerouanton A. Experimental infection of pigs by Salmonella Derby, S. Typhimurium and monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium: Comparison of colonization and serology. Vet Microbiol 2019; 231:147-153. [PMID: 30955802 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella serovars Derby, Typhimurium and the monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium are the most frequently isolated serovars in pigs in France. To compare the excretion patterns, seroconversion to Salmonella and contamination of the organs of pigs inoculated with strains of all three serovars, we conducted an experimental trial with 28 SPF piglets. Four were used as a negative control, while the other 24 were divided equally into three groups. Each group was inoculated at 7 weeks of age with a different strain: S. Derby (SDb), S. Typhimurium (ST), and the monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium (mST). Fecal and blood samples were collected twice a week up until necropsy, on 21 days post-inoculation (DPI) for half of each group and 49 DPI for the remaining piglets. During necropsy, the tonsils, mesenteric lymph nodes and various intestinal contents were collected from each pig. Salmonella bacteria were quantified in CFU/g by a bacteriological method, and levels of Salmonella antibodies were measured using an ELISA Kit. Piglets inoculated with mST continuously excreted Salmonella in their feces throughout the trial. For each of the other serovars, one piglet was Salmonella-negative on one DPI. The quantity of Salmonella excreted was statistically different between the group inoculated with ST and mST (p < 0.05), but no differences were found between the other serovars. The tonsils, cecum and jejunum were the most contaminated organs in all groups. Seroconversion for all the piglets was completed by different DPI: 28 for ST, 31 for mST and 38 for SDb. No major differences were found in terms of excretion and colonization among the studied serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cevallos-Almeida
- ANSES, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Central University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Laure Martin
- ANSES, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Catherine Houdayer
- ANSES, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Valerie Rose
- ANSES, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Jean-Marie Guionnet
- ANSES, SPF Pig Production and Experimental Unit, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Frédéric Paboeuf
- ANSES, SPF Pig Production and Experimental Unit, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Martine Denis
- ANSES, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Annaëlle Kerouanton
- ANSES, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.
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