1
|
Aitken JM, Aitken JE, Agrawal G. Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis and Crohn's Disease-Diagnostic Microbiological Investigations Can Inform New Therapeutic Approaches. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:158. [PMID: 38391544 PMCID: PMC10886072 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the cause of Johne's disease (JD), which is a chronic infectious gastrointestinal disease of ruminants and is often fatal. In humans, MAP has been associated with Crohn's disease (CD) for over a century, without conclusive evidence of pathogenicity. Numerous researchers have contributed to the subject, but there is still a need for evidence of the causation of CD by MAP. An infectious aetiology in CD that is attributable to MAP can only be proven by bacteriological investigations. There is an urgency in resolving this question due to the rising global incidence rates of CD. Recent papers have indicated the "therapeutic ceiling" may be close in the development of new biologics. Clinical trial outcomes have demonstrated mild or inconsistent improvements in therapeutic interventions over the last decades when compared with placebo. The necessity to revisit therapeutic options for CD is becoming more urgent and a renewed focus on causation is essential for progress in identifying new treatment options. This manuscript discusses newer interventions, such as vaccination, FMT, dietary remediation and gut microbiome regulation, that will become more relevant as existing therapeutic options expire. Revisiting the MAP theory as a potential infectious cause of CD, rather than the prevailing concept of an "aberrant immune response" will require expanding the current therapeutic programme to include potential new alternatives, and combinations of existing treatments. To advance research on MAP in humans, it is essential for microbiologists and medical scientists to microscopically detect CWDM and to biologically amplify the growth by directed culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M Aitken
- Otakaro Pathways Ltd., Innovation Park, Christchurch 7675, New Zealand
| | - Jack E Aitken
- Otakaro Pathways Ltd., Innovation Park, Christchurch 7675, New Zealand
| | - Gaurav Agrawal
- Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fawzy A, Giel AS, Fenske L, Bach A, Herden C, Engel K, Heuser E, Boelhauve M, Ulrich RG, Vogel K, Schmidt K, Eisenberg T. Development and validation of a triplex real-time qPCR for sensitive detection and quantification of major rat bite fever pathogen Streptobacillus moniliformis. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 199:106525. [PMID: 35738493 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptobacillus (S.) moniliformis is the most important pathogen causing rat bite fever (RBF) worldwide. This zoonotic pathogen is understudied mainly due to difficulties in culturing S. moniliformis as a fastidious microorganism. Therefore, advances in molecular detection techniques are highly needed, especially with regard to the widespread availability of real-time quantitative (q) PCR in laboratories. In this study, we aimed to develop a qPCR for the identification of Streptobacillus species and quantification of S. moniliformis in clinical samples, especially those derived from tissue samples of animal origin. We optimized a previously described PCR protocol in order to develop a qPCR, which can detect different Streptobacillus species with high specificity and is simultaneously able to quantitate S. moniliformis in different clinical matrices. The qPCR exhibited a limit of detection (LOD) of 21 copies/reaction representing ~4-5 streptobacilli, while the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 2.1 × 103 copies/reaction. It was also more sensitive than conventional PCR by two orders of magnitude and proved to have a substantial agreement (Kappa 0.74) compared to it with a superior detection rate in 374 samples from wild rats, laboratory rats and animals from holdings of wild-trapped rats. To conclude, the qPCR described in this study is an important molecular tool that is able to quantify S. moniliformis in tissue samples of animal origin. It represents a suitable tool for future establishment and evaluation of other molecular assays that are highly needed for a better understanding of epidemiology and pathophysiology of RBF. In experimental studies, it will also be useful for titration purposes since the quantification of the organism using classical plate counting technique is problematic and inaccurate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Fawzy
- Cairo University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Giza Square, 12211, Egypt; Hessian State Laboratory, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | | | - Linda Fenske
- Hessian State Laboratory, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexa Bach
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Elisa Heuser
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Marc Boelhauve
- Fachhochschule Südwestfalen, Fachbereich Agrarwirtschaft, 59494 Soest, Germany
| | - Rainer G Ulrich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Klaus Vogel
- German Cancer Research Center, Microbiological Diagnostics, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Schmidt
- German Cancer Research Center, Microbiological Diagnostics, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Hessian State Laboratory, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mathie HA, Jensen K, Stevens JM, Glass EJ, Hope JC. Quantifying Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection of bovine monocyte derived macrophages by confocal microscopy. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 168:105779. [PMID: 31756349 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) during in vitro infection experiments is challenging due to limitations of currently utilised methods, such as colony counting. Here we describe quantifying MAP infection of bovine macrophages (Mφ) using confocal microscopy. Bovine monocyte derived macrophages were infected with MAP at a high or low dose and the number of intracellular bacteria calculated at 2 h post infection using confocal microscopy. Bacteria within simultaneously infected Mφ were quantified by colony counting in order to compare confocal microscopy results with results obtained by an established method. Confocal microscopy provided a robust alternative quantification method that allowed for assessment of the infection at the individual Mφ level. This demonstrated that MAP infection was not homogeneous, and that there were higher numbers of both infected Mφ and intracellular bacteria and bacterial aggregates at the high dose compared to the low dose, potentially impacting the Mφ response to infection. Confocal microscopy can therefore provide a level of detail regarding the infection unobtainable by other quantification methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Mathie
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Kirsty Jensen
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Joanne M Stevens
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Glass
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Jayne C Hope
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| |
Collapse
|