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Fourie KR, Jeffery A, Chand D, Choudhary P, Ng SH, Liu H, Magloire D, Khatooni Z, Berberov E, Wilson HL. Vaccination with a Lawsonia intracellularis subunit water in oil emulsion vaccine mitigated some disease parameters but failed to affect shedding. Vaccine 2024; 42:126254. [PMID: 39213981 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is the causative agent of ileitis in swine that manifests as slower weight gain, mild or hemorrhagic diarrhea and/or death in severe cases. As an economically important swine pathogen, development of effective vaccines is important to the swine industry. In developing a subunit vaccine with three recombinant antigens - FliC, GroEL and YopN - we wanted to identify a formulation that would produce robust immune responses that reduce disease parameters associated with Lawsonia intracellularis infection. We formulated these three antigens with four adjuvants: Montanide ISA 660 VG, Montanide Gel 02 PR, Montanide IMS 1313 VG NST, and Montanide ISA 61 VG in an immunogenicity study. Groups vaccinated with formulations including Montanide ISA 660 VG or Montanide ISA 61 VG had significantly more robust immune responses than groups vaccinated with formulations including Montanide Gel 02 PR or Montanide IMS 1313 VG NST. In the challenge study, animals vaccinated with these antigens and Montanide ISA 61 VG had reduced lesion scores, reduced lesion lengths, and increased average daily gain, but no reduction in shedding relative to the control animals. This work shows that this vaccine formulation should be considered for future study in a field and performance trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezia R Fourie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Alison Jeffery
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Dylan Chand
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Pooja Choudhary
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Siew Hon Ng
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Haoming Liu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Donaldson Magloire
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Zahed Khatooni
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Emil Berberov
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada.
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Liu Q, Dai Y, Wu X, Zhang Q, An X, Lai F. Lawsonia intracellularis flagellin protein LfliC stimulates NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways independently of TLR5 interaction. Vet Microbiol 2024; 289:109960. [PMID: 38176089 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis, a Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium and etiologic agent of porcine proliferative enteropathy, was observed to have a long, single, and unipolar flagellum. Bacterial flagellar filament comprises thousands of copies of the protein flagellin (FliC), and has been reported to be recognized by Toll-like receptor (TLR5) to activate the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, thereby inducing the expression of proinflammatory genes. Recently, two L. intracellularis flagellin proteins, LfliC and LFliC, were reported to be involved in bacterial-host interaction and immune response. Here, to further explore the role of LfliC in proinflammatory response, we purified LfliC, and found that its exposure could activate NF-κB signaling pathway in both HEK293T and IPI-FX cells, as well as activate MAPK p38 and ERK1/2 in HEK293T cells but not in IPI-FX cells. However, our yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assay results revealed that LfliC has no interaction with the porcine TLR5 ECD domain though it harbors the conserved D1-like motif required for the interaction. Moreover, LfliC was identified as a substrate of the virulence-associated type III secretion system (T3SS) by using the heterologous Y. enterocolitica system. Transient expression of LfliC also activated the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway in HEK293T cells. Collectively, our results suggest that both the exposure and expression of L. intracellularis LfliC can induce the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway in mammalian cells. Our findings may provide important implications and resources for the development of diagnostic tools or vaccines and dissection of the pathogenesis of L. intracellularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Liu
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Fungal Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yimin Dai
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Fungal Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xuejiao An
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Fungal Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Fenju Lai
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Fungal Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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Salazar S, Starck MF, Villegas MF, Acosta J, Sánchez O, Ramos E, Nova-Lamperti E, Toledo JR, Gädicke P, Ruiz Á, González A, Montesino R. New Formulation of a Subunit Vaccine Candidate against Lawsonia intracellularis Increases Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1817. [PMID: 38140221 PMCID: PMC10747550 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we designed a subunit vaccine candidate based on three L. intracellularis antigens with promising results in pigs. In this study, antigens were produced individually to achieve an even antigen ratio in the formulation. The emulsion characterization included the drop size and the mechanical and thermal stability. Immune response was evaluated by indirect and sandwich ELISAs, qPCR, and flow cytometry. The vaccine candidate's safety was assessed by histopathology and monitoring the clinical behavior of animals. The average production yielded for the chimeric antigen as inclusion bodies was around 75 mg/L. The formulation showed mechanical and thermal stability, with a ratio Hu/Ho > 0.85 and a drop size under 0.15 nm. Antigens formulated at a ratio of 1:1:1 induced a significant immune response in inoculated pigs that persisted until the end of the experiment (week 14). The dose of 200 μg significantly activated cellular response measured by transcriptional and translational levels of cytokines. The cell proliferation assay revealed an increment of lymphocytes T CD4+ at the same dose. Animals gained weight constantly and showed proper clinical behavior during immunization assays. This research demonstrated the immunological robustness of the new subunit vaccine candidate against Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy evenly formulated with three chimeric antigens of L. intracellularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Salazar
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile; (S.S.); (M.F.S.); (M.F.V.); (J.A.); (E.R.); (J.R.T.)
| | - María Francisca Starck
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile; (S.S.); (M.F.S.); (M.F.V.); (J.A.); (E.R.); (J.R.T.)
| | - Milton F. Villegas
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile; (S.S.); (M.F.S.); (M.F.V.); (J.A.); (E.R.); (J.R.T.)
| | - Jannel Acosta
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile; (S.S.); (M.F.S.); (M.F.V.); (J.A.); (E.R.); (J.R.T.)
| | - Oliberto Sánchez
- Pharmacology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile;
| | - Eduardo Ramos
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile; (S.S.); (M.F.S.); (M.F.V.); (J.A.); (E.R.); (J.R.T.)
| | - Estefanía Nova-Lamperti
- Molecular and Translational Immunology Laboratory, Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile;
| | - Jorge R. Toledo
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile; (S.S.); (M.F.S.); (M.F.V.); (J.A.); (E.R.); (J.R.T.)
| | - Paula Gädicke
- Pathology and Preventive Medicine Department, School of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Avenida Vicente Méndez 595, Chillan P.O. Box 537, Chile; (P.G.); (Á.R.)
| | - Álvaro Ruiz
- Pathology and Preventive Medicine Department, School of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Avenida Vicente Méndez 595, Chillan P.O. Box 537, Chile; (P.G.); (Á.R.)
| | - Alaín González
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Medellin, Cra. 87 No. 30-65, Medellin P.C. 050026, Antioquia, Colombia;
| | - Raquel Montesino
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile; (S.S.); (M.F.S.); (M.F.V.); (J.A.); (E.R.); (J.R.T.)
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de Oliveira AS, Inácio MM, de Oliveira LS, Elias Moreira AL, Alves Silva GA, Silva LOS, de Oliveira MAP, Giambiagi-deMarval M, Borges CL, Soares CMDA, Parente-Rocha JA. Immunoproteomic and immunoinformatic approaches identify secreted antigens and epitopes from Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Microb Pathog 2023:106171. [PMID: 37244490 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common human infections that compromise women's health around the world, even though they can affect men and women of all ages. Bacterial species are the primary causative agents of UTIs, while Staphylococcus saprophyticus, a gram-positive bacterium, is especially important for uncomplicated infections in young women. Despite the number of antigenic proteins identified in Staphylococcus aureus and other bacteria of the genus, there is no immunoproteomic study in S. saprophyticus. In this context, since pathogenic microorganisms secrete important proteins that interact with hosts during infection, the present work aims to identify the exoantigens from S. saprophyticus ATCC 15305 by immunoproteomic and immunoinformatic approaches. We identified 32 antigens on the exoproteome of S. saprophyticus ATCC 15305 by immunoinformatic tools. By using 2D-IB immunoproteomic analysis, it was possible to identify 3 antigenic proteins: transglycosylase IsaA, enolase and the secretory antigen Q49ZL8. In addition, 5 antigenic proteins were detected by immunoprecipitation (IP) approach, where the most abundant were bifunctional autolysin and transglycosylase IsaA proteins. The transglycosylase IsaA was the only protein detected by all the tools approaches used in this study. In this work it was possible to describe a total of 36 S. saprophyticus exoantigens. Immunoinformatic analysis allowed the identification of 5 exclusive linear B cell epitopes from S. saprophyticus and 5 epitopes presenting homology with other bacteria that cause UTIs. This work describes, for the first time, the profile of exoantigens secreted by S. saprophyticus and can contribute to the identification of new diagnostic targets of UTIs, as well as to develop vaccines and immunotherapies against bacterial urinary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Santana de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
| | - Moisés Morais Inácio
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
| | - André Luís Elias Moreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Algusto Alves Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
| | - Lana O'Hara Souza Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
| | | | - Marcia Giambiagi-deMarval
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Clayton Luiz Borges
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Alves Parente-Rocha
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
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5
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Won G, Chi NK, Park Y. The Effectiveness of Commercial Vaccination against Lawsonia intracellularis in Mitigating the Reduction in ADWG, the Increased Mortality and Fecal Shedding of the Vaccinated Pigs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vet Sci 2022; 9:536. [PMID: 36288149 PMCID: PMC9607650 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess the efficacy of commercial vaccines against PPE in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. Of the 373 articles reviewed, 16 fulfilled the pre-specified inclusion criteria. Three independent reviewers extracted the data, and vaccine effectiveness was assessed using the outcomes of interest. The majority of studies had a low or unclear risk of bias as assessed using the ARRIVE guidelines. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that the vaccination resulted in statistically significant reductions in bacterial fecal shedding (odds ratio, OR = 0.122, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.054−0.278) and mortality rate (risk ratio, RR = 0.199; 95% CI, 0.066−0.605). Furthermore, ADWG was significantly increased in the vaccinated pigs compared to the unvaccinated controls (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.606, 95% CI 0.243−0.969). In the subgroup analysis, the production phase and study type significantly influenced the effect size (p < 0.1). The Egger’s regression test showed no evidence of publication bias (p > 0.1). The effectiveness of commercially available vaccines against PPE-related weight loss, fecal shedding, and mortality suggests that the vaccines may help control PPE on affected swine farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayeon Won
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan 54596, Korea
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Dobrut A, Brzychczy-Włoch M. Immunogenic Proteins of Group B Streptococcus-Potential Antigens in Immunodiagnostic Assay for GBS Detection. Pathogens 2021; 11:43. [PMID: 35055991 PMCID: PMC8778278 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is an opportunistic pathogen, which asymptomatically colonizes the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract of up to one third of healthy adults. Nevertheless, GBS carriage in pregnant women may lead to several health issues in newborns causing life threatening infection, such as sepsis, pneumonia or meningitis. Recommended GBS screening in pregnant women significantly reduced morbidity and mortality in infants. Nevertheless, intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, recommended following the detection of carriage or in case of lack of a carriage test result for pregnant women who demonstrate certain risk factors, led to the expansion of the adverse phenomenon of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. In our paper, we reviewed some immunogenic GBS proteins, i.e., Alp family proteins, β protein, Lmb, Sip, BibA, FsbA, ScpB, enolase, elongation factor Tu, IMPDH, and GroEL, which possess features characteristic of good candidates for immunodiagnostic assays for GBS carriage detection, such as immunoreactivity and specificity. We assume that they can be used as an alternative diagnostic method to the presently recommended bacteriological cultivation and MALDI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Brzychczy-Włoch
- Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 31-121 Krakow, Poland;
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Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis Coupled with Western Blot as a Method to Detect Potential Neutralizing Antibody Targets from Gram-Negative Intracellular Bacteria. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34784032 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1900-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Antigen selection is a critical step in subunit vaccine design, especially if the goal is to identify antigens that can be bound by neutralizing antibodies to prevent invasion of cells by intracellular bacteria. Here, we describe a method involving two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with western blotting (WB) and mass spectrometry (MS) to identify bacterial proteins that: (1) interact with the host target cell proteins, and (2) are targeted by antibodies from sera from infected animals. Subsequent steps would be performed to validate that the bacteria are targeted by neutralizing antibodies to prevent invasion of the eukaryotic cells.
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Choudhary P, Fourie KR, Ng S, Hamonic G, Bérubé N, Popowych Y, Wilson HL. Intrauterine immunizations trigger antigen-specific mucosal and systemic immunity in pigs and passive protection in suckling piglets. Vaccine 2021; 39:6322-6332. [PMID: 34535320 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We assessed whether vaccines administered to the uterus at breeding can lead to sufficient colostral antibodies to protect suckling piglets against Porcine Endemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV). An antigen from Lawsonia intracellularis, a disease that impacts weanling intestinal health, was also included because we have extensive knowledge on the pig immune response to this antigen. Gilts were mock-bred at 2nd estrus with killed sperm including an intrauterine (i.u.) vaccine comprised of recombinant (r) PEDV Spike protein (rPEDVS1) and L. intracellularis flagellin (rFliC) formulated with poly I:C, host defense peptide, and polyphosphazene (TriAdj). Gilts returned to estrus within 3 weeks and they were inseminated with killed sperm (3rd estrus) or live sperm (4th estrus) with rPEDVS1-TriAdj vaccine. They also received an i.m. injection of rFliC-TriAdj at 3rd and 4th estrus to establish whether i.u. vaccination primes systemic immunity without inducing mucosal tolerance. Control gilts were administered semen alone at 2nd estrus which allowed us to compare litter weights and sizes to industry standards. Colostrum from gilts challenged with low dose PEDV plus alum was used as positive reference samples for neutralizing antibodies and passive protection. Thirteen weeks later, the i.u.-vaccinated gilts showed significant PEDVS1-specific serum, colostral, and uterine antibody titers and colostral PEDVS1-neutralizing antibodies but poor cell-mediated immunity. Piglets born to i.u. vaccinated gilts received partial passive protection from PEDV infection 3 days after birth but eventually succumbed to the disease. Immunization by the i.u./i.m. route triggered significant anti-FliC cell-mediated immunity and colostral FliC antibodies that remained high in weaned piglet serum. This trial and a repeat trial wherein gilts were immunized at 1st estrus without semen and at 2nd estrus with live semen showed that intrauterine immunization did not impact fertility, number of live births or piglet growth kinetics. Further optimization is needed to promote robust passive protection in suckling offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Choudhary
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5E3, Canada
| | - K R Fourie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5E3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - S Ng
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5E3, Canada
| | - G Hamonic
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - N Bérubé
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5E3, Canada
| | - Y Popowych
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5E3, Canada
| | - H L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5E3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada.
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Fourie KR, Choudhary P, Ng SH, Obradovic M, Brownlie R, Anand SK, Wilson HL. Evaluation of immunogenicity and protection mediated by Lawsonia intracellularis subunit vaccines. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 237:110256. [PMID: 33971523 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is an economically important bacterium that causes ileitis in pigs. Current vaccines for L. intracellularis do not allow for differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA), which is beneficial for disease tracking and surveillance. Previously, we identified five putative surface L. intracellularis proteins that were targeted by antibodies from pigs infected with L. intracellularis which could serve as antigens in a subunit vaccine. We conducted two trials to determine whether these antigens were immunogenic and provided protection against infectious challenge and whether truncated glycoprotein D could be used as a DIVA antigen. For Trial 1, 5 week-old piglets were administered intramuscular monovalent vaccines comprised of a recombinant (r) flagella subunit protein (rFliC,) and DIVA antigen (truncated glycoprotein D (TgD), a herpes virus antigen) both formulated with a combination adjuvant consisting of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid(poly I:C), host defense peptide 1002 and polyphosphazene, referred to as Triple Adjuvant (TriAdj). Relative to control animals, animals vaccinated with rFliC and rTgD had significantly elevated antigen-specific humoral immunity in sera suggesting that rFliC and TgD are immunogenic. Control animals had negligible anti-TgD titres suggesting that TgD may be a suitable DIVA antigen for pigs. For Trial 2, piglets were immunized with a trivalent vaccine (FOG vaccine consisting of rFLiC, rOppA protein (a ABC Type dipeptide transport system) and rGroEL (a stress response protein)) and a divalent vaccine (CM vaccine consisting of rClpP (an ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit) and rMetK (a S-adenosyl methionine synthase)) formulated with Emulsigen®. Relative to the control pigs, pigs immunized with the FOG vaccine produced robust and significantly higher serum IgG antibodies against rFliC and rGroEL, and significantly higher anti-FliC and anti-GroEL IgA antibodies in jejunal (GroEL only) and ileal intestinal mucosa. Pigs immunized with CM vaccine produced significantly higher serum antibodies against rClpP and rMetK and significantly higher anti-rClpP IgA antibodies in the ileum relative to the control pigs. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis showed that 18 days after challenge with infectious L. intracellularis, challenged/control pigs and pigs that received the CM vaccine, but not the pigs vaccinated with the FOG vaccine, shed significantly more bacteria in feces than the unchallenged controls pigs. These data suggest that the FOG vaccinated pigs showed limited protection. While promising, more work is needed to enhance the efficiency of the intramuscular vaccine to show significant disease protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezia R Fourie
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Pooja Choudhary
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Siew Hon Ng
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Milan Obradovic
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert Brownlie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Heather L Wilson
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Das P, Badhe MR, Sahoo PK, Reddy RRK, Suryawanshi AR, Mohanty J. Immunoproteomic analysis of fish ectoparasite, Argulus siamensis antigens. Parasite Immunol 2021; 43:e12837. [PMID: 33811350 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM An immunoproteomic approach was followed to identify immunoreactive antigens of fish ectoparasite, Argulus siamensis with rohu (Labeo rohita) immune sera for screening of potential vaccine candidates. MATERIALS AND RESULTS The whole adult Argulus antigen was run in 2D electrophoresis with IEF in 7 cm IPG strips of pH 4-7 and SDS-PAGE with 12% acrylamide concentration. Two parallel gels were run; one was stained with silver stain, and the other was Western blotted to nitrocellulose paper (NCP) and reacted with rohu anti-A siamensis sera. Fourteen protein spots corresponding to the spots developed in NCP were picked from the silver-stained gel and subjected to mass spectrometry in MALDI-TOF/TOF. The MS/MS spectra were analysed in MASCOT software with taxonomy 'other metazoa' and the proteins identified based on similarity with the proteins from heterologous species. The gene ontology analysis revealed a majority of proteins being involved in binding activity in 'molecular function' and belonging to metabolic processes in 'biologic process' categories. The possibility of these proteins as vaccine candidates against A siamensis is discussed in the paper. CONCLUSION Three of the identified proteins namely, bromodomain-containing protein, anaphase-promoting complex subunit 5 and elongation factor-2 could possibly serve as vaccine candidates against argulosis in carps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Das
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Mohan R Badhe
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, India
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Fourie KR, Wilson HL. Understanding GroEL and DnaK Stress Response Proteins as Antigens for Bacterial Diseases. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E773. [PMID: 33348708 PMCID: PMC7767184 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria do not simply express a constitutive panel of proteins but they instead undergo dynamic changes in their protein repertoire in response to changes in nutritional status and when exposed to different environments. These differentially expressed proteins may be suitable to use for vaccine antigens if they are virulence factors. Immediately upon entry into the host organism, bacteria are exposed to a different environment, which includes changes in temperature, osmotic pressure, pH, etc. Even when an organism has already penetrated the blood or lymphatics and it then enters another organ or a cell, it can respond to these new conditions by increasing the expression of virulence factors to aid in bacterial adherence, invasion, or immune evasion. Stress response proteins such as heat shock proteins and chaperones are some of the proteins that undergo changes in levels of expression and/or changes in cellular localization from the cytosol to the cell surface or the secretome, making them potential immunogens for vaccine development. Herein we highlight literature showing that intracellular chaperone proteins GroEL and DnaK, which were originally identified as playing a role in protein folding, are relocated to the cell surface or are secreted during invasion and therefore may be recognized by the host immune system as antigens. In addition, we highlight literature showcasing the immunomodulation effects these proteins can have on the immune system, also making them potential adjuvants or immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezia R. Fourie
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center (VIDO-InterVac), Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Heather L. Wilson
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center (VIDO-InterVac), Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
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Hamonic G, Pasternak JA, Ng SH, Fourie KR, Simko OM, Deluco B, Wilson HL. Assessment of Immunological Response and Impacts on Fertility Following Intrauterine Vaccination Delivered to Swine in an Artificial Insemination Dose. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1015. [PMID: 32536924 PMCID: PMC7267065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To protect the health of sows and gilts, significant investments are directed toward the development of vaccines against infectious agents that impact reproduction. We developed an intrauterine vaccine that can be delivered with semen during artificial insemination to induce mucosal immunity in the reproductive tract. An in vitro culture of uterine epithelial cells was used to select an adjuvant combination capable of recruiting antigen-presenting cells into the uterus. Adjuvant polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), alone or in combination, induced expression of interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and select chemokines. A combination adjuvant consisting of poly I:C, host defense peptide and polyphosphazene (Triple Adjuvant; TriAdj), which previously was shown to induce robust mucosal and systemic humoral immunity when administered to the uterus in rabbits, was combined with boar semen to evaluate changes in localized gene expression and cellular recruitment, in vivo. Sows bred with semen plus TriAdj had decreased γδ T cells and monocytes in blood, however, no corresponding increase in the number of monocytes and macrophages was detected in the endometrium. Compared to sows bred with semen alone, sows bred with semen plus TriAdj showed increased CCL2 gene expression in the epithelial layer. These data suggest that the adjuvants may further augment a local immune response and, therefore, may be suitable for use in an intrauterine vaccine. When inactivated porcine parvovirus (PPV) formulated with the TriAdj was administered to the pig uterus during estrus along with semen, we observed induction of PPV antibodies in serum but only when the pigs were already primed with parenteral PPV vaccines. Recombinant protein vaccines and inactivated PPV vaccines administered to the pig uterus during breeding as a primary vaccine alone failed to induce significant humoral immunity. More trials need to be performed to clarify whether repeated intrauterine vaccination can trigger strong humoral immunity or whether the primary vaccine needs to be administered via a systemic route to promote a mucosal and systemic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Hamonic
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - J Alex Pasternak
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Siew Hon Ng
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO)-International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kezia R Fourie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO)-International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Olena M Simko
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO)-International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Brodie Deluco
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO)-International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO)-International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Obradovic MR, Wilson HL. Immune response and protection against Lawsonia intracellularis infections in pigs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 219:109959. [PMID: 31710909 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis are Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria that cause proliferative enteropathy (PE), an economically important disease for the pig industry. Numerous reviews have been published on the characteristics and pathogenesis of this bacterium since its isolation and taxonomic characterization, with most reviews only partially covering how the host immune response develops during infection and the immune correlates of protection. With the development of increasingly more sophisticated immunological assays and tools for the pig, the immune response against L. intracellularis at distinct stages of pathogenesis has been published. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of the pig immune response against L. intracellularis and strategies to achieve immune protection. The immune response is presented in relation to chronological progression of pathological lesions and clinical symptoms, with emphasis on innate immunity and the adaptive humoral and cell-mediated immune response. The aim is to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the host immune response with respect to the stage-dependent cellular and biochemical processes important during PE development. Also, strategies for development of immune protection and new vaccination technologies are discussed in the light of new discoveries in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan R Obradovic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO)-International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada; School of Public Health, Vaccinology, and Immunotherapeutics, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO)-International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada; School of Public Health, Vaccinology, and Immunotherapeutics, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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