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Dai H, Wu B, Ge Y, Hao Y, Zhou L, Hong R, Zhang J, Jiang W, Zhang Y, Li H, Zhang L. Deubiquitylase OTUD3 regulates integrated stress response to suppress progression and sorafenib resistance of liver cancer. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114487. [PMID: 38996071 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The integrated stress response (ISR) is activated in response to intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli, playing a role in tumor progression and drug resistance. The regulatory role and mechanism of ISR in liver cancer, however, remain largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that OTU domain-containing protein 3 (OTUD3) is a deubiquitylase of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), antagonizing ISR and suppressing liver cancer. OTUD3 decreases interactions between eIF2α and the kinase EIF2ΑK3 by removing K27-linked polyubiquitylation on eIF2α. OTUD3 deficiency in mice leads to enhanced ISR and accelerated progression of N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Additionally, decreased OTUD3 expression associated with elevated eIF2α phosphorylation correlates with the progression of human liver cancer. Moreover, ISR activation due to decreased OTUD3 expression renders liver cancer cells resistant to sorafenib, while the combined use of the ISR inhibitor ISRIB significantly improves their sensitivity to sorafenib. Collectively, these findings illuminate the regulatory mechanism of ISR in liver cancer and provide a potential strategy to counteract sorafenib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmiao Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 100850, China; Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yingwei Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lijie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 100850, China; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruolin Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 100850, China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Jinhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 100850, China; Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wenli Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 100850, China; School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 100850, China; School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China
| | - Hongchang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Lingqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 100850, China.
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Wang D, Chen D, Xu S, Wei F, Zhao H. Comparative proteomic analysis of PK-15 cells infected with wild-type strain and its EP0 gene-deleted mutant strain of pseudorabies virus. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e54. [PMID: 39083206 PMCID: PMC11291433 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.24069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE As one of the main etiologic agents of infectious diseases in pigs, pseudorabies virus (PRV) infections have caused enormous economic losses worldwide. EP0, one of the PRV early proteins (EP) plays a vital role in PRV infections, but the mechanisms are unclear. OBJECTIVE This study examined the function of EP0 to provide a direction for its in-depth analysis. METHODS In this study, the EP0-deleted PRV mutant was obtained, and Tandem Mass Tag-based proteomic analysis was used to screen the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) quantitatively in EP0-deleted PRV- or wild-type PRV-infected porcine kidney 15 cells. RESULTS This study identified 7,391 DEPs, including 120 and 21 up-regulated and down-regulated DEPs, respectively. Western blot analysis confirmed the changes in the expression of the selected proteins, such as speckled protein 100. Comprehensive analysis revealed 141 DEPs involved in various biological processes and molecular functions, such as transcription regulator activity, biological regulation, and localization. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These results holistically outlined the functions of EP0 during a PRV infection and might provide a direction for more detailed function studies of EP0 and the stimulation of lytic PRV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- School of Agroforestry and Medicine, The Open University of China, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Dongjie Chen
- Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China.
| | - Shengkui Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Hongyuan Zhao
- School of Modern Agriculture & Biotechnology, Ankang University, Ankang 725000, China.
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Gao H, Gao X, Liu X, Luo Y, Zhong J, Liu J, Yan L, Wang H, Gong L, Zhang G, Zheng Z, Sun Y. African swine fever virus maintains de novo global cellular protein synthesis and inhibits stress granules formation via dephosphorylating eIF2α. Vet Microbiol 2024; 290:109988. [PMID: 38244395 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.109988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) has caused enormous economic losses since its first reported detection, and there is still no effective vaccines or drug treatment. During infection, viruses may employ various strategies, such as regulating the host endoplasmic reticulum stress/unfolded protein response or the formation of stress granules (SGs), to form an optimal environment for virus replication. However, how ASFV infection regulates host endoplasmic reticulum stress, eIF2α-regulated protein synthesis, and the formation of SGs remains unclear. Here, we evaluated the activation of ER stress and its three downstream axes during ASFV infection and identified a powerful dephosphorylation of eIF2α by ASFV ex vivo. This strong dephosphorylation property could maintain the efficiency of eIF2α-mediated de novo global protein synthesis, thus ensuring efficient viral protein synthesis at early stage. In addition, the powerful dephosphorylation of eIF2α by ASFV upon infection could also inhibit the formation of SGs induced by sodium arsenite. In addition, a specific eIF2α dephosphorylation inhibitor, salubrinal, could partially counteract ASFV-mediated eIF2α dephosphorylation and inhibit viral replication. Our results provide new insights into the areas of ASFV`s escape from host immunity and hijacking of the host protein translation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Xiaopeng Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Xing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yizhuo Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Jianhao Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Luling Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Lang Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Zezhong Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510000, China.
| | - Yankuo Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510000, China.
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Corda PO, Bollen M, Ribeiro D, Fardilha M. Emerging roles of the Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) in the context of viral infections. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:65. [PMID: 38267954 PMCID: PMC10807198 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) is a major serine/threonine phosphatase in eukaryotes, participating in several cellular processes and metabolic pathways. Due to their low substrate specificity, PP1's catalytic subunits do not exist as free entities but instead bind to Regulatory Interactors of Protein Phosphatase One (RIPPO), which regulate PP1's substrate specificity and subcellular localization. Most RIPPOs bind to PP1 through combinations of short linear motifs (4-12 residues), forming highly specific PP1 holoenzymes. These PP1-binding motifs may, hence, represent attractive targets for the development of specific drugs that interfere with a subset of PP1 holoenzymes. Several viruses exploit the host cell protein (de)phosphorylation machinery to ensure efficient virus particle formation and propagation. While the role of many host cell kinases in viral life cycles has been extensively studied, the targeting of phosphatases by viral proteins has been studied in less detail. Here, we compile and review what is known concerning the role of PP1 in the context of viral infections and discuss how it may constitute a putative host-based target for the development of novel antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro O Corda
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mathieu Bollen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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5
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Bo Z, Li X, Zhang C, Guo M, Cao Y, Zhang X, Wu Y. Phosphoproteomic landscape of pseudorabies virus infection reveals multiple potential antiviral targets. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0301023. [PMID: 37991362 PMCID: PMC10783065 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03010-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a kind of alpha herpesvirus that infects a wide range of animals and even human beings. Therefore, it is important to explore the mechanisms behind PRV replication and pathogenesis. By conducting a tandem mass tag-based phosphoproteome, this study revealed the phosphorylated proteins and cellular response pathways involved in PRV infection. Findings from this study shed light on the relationship between the phosphorylated cellular proteins and PRV infection, as well as guiding the discovery of targets for the development of antiviral compounds against PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyi Bo
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengjiao Guo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongzhong Cao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yantao Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Chen Y, Luo S, Tan J, Zhang L, Qiu S, Hao Z, Wang N, Deng Z, Wang A, Yang Q, Yang Y, Wang C, Zhan Y. Establishment and application of multiplex real-time PCR for simultaneous detection of four viruses associated with porcine reproductive failure. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1092273. [PMID: 36846754 PMCID: PMC9949525 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1092273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens cause reproductive failure in sows suffering a broad spectrum of sequelae, including abortions, stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility. Although various detection methods, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR, have been widely used for molecular diagnosis, mainly for a single pathogen. In this study, we developed a multiplex real-time PCR method for the simultaneous detection of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3), porcine parvovirus (PPV) and pseudorabies virus (PRV) associated with porcine reproductive failure. The R 2 values for the standard curve of multiplex real-time PCR of PCV2, PCV3, PPV, and PRV reached to 0.996, 0.997, 0.996, and 0.998, respectively. Importantly, the limit of detection (LoD) of PCV2, PCV3, PPV, and PRV, were 1, 10, 10, 10 copies/reaction, respectively. Meanwhile, specificity test results indicated that multiplex real-time PCR for simultaneous detection is specific for these four target pathogens and does not react with other pathogens, such as classical swine fever virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Besides, this method had good repeatability with coefficients of variation of intra- and inter-assay less than 2%. Finally, this approach was further evaluated by 315 clinical samples for its practicality in the field. The positive rates of PCV2, PCV3, PPV, and PRV were 66.67% (210/315), 8.57% (27/315), 8.89% (28/315), and 4.13% (13/315), respectively. The overall co-infection rates of two or more pathogens were 13.65% (43/315). Therefore, this multiplex real-time PCR provides an accurate and sensitive method for the identification of those four underlying DNA viruses among potential pathogenic agents, allowing it to be applied in diagnostics, surveillance, and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology (RCRV), and Laboratory of Functional Proteomics (LFP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shile Luo
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology (RCRV), and Laboratory of Functional Proteomics (LFP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianmei Tan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology (RCRV), and Laboratory of Functional Proteomics (LFP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Luhua Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology (RCRV), and Laboratory of Functional Proteomics (LFP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shengwu Qiu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology (RCRV), and Laboratory of Functional Proteomics (LFP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiyou Hao
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Yongzhou, Yongzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Naidong Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology (RCRV), and Laboratory of Functional Proteomics (LFP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhibang Deng
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology (RCRV), and Laboratory of Functional Proteomics (LFP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Aibing Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology (RCRV), and Laboratory of Functional Proteomics (LFP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology (RCRV), and Laboratory of Functional Proteomics (LFP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology (RCRV), and Laboratory of Functional Proteomics (LFP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Changjian Wang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China,*Correspondence: Changjian Wang, ✉
| | - Yang Zhan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology (RCRV), and Laboratory of Functional Proteomics (LFP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Yang Zhan, ✉
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Li W, Wang Y. Stress granules: potential therapeutic targets for infectious and inflammatory diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1145346. [PMID: 37205103 PMCID: PMC10185834 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1145346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells are stimulated by external pressure such as that derived from heat shock, oxidative stress, nutrient deficiencies, or infections, which induce the formation of stress granules (SGs) that facilitates cellular adaptation to environmental pressures. As aggregated products of the translation initiation complex in the cytoplasm, SGs play important roles in cell gene expression and homeostasis. Infection induces SGs formation. Specifically, a pathogen that invades a host cell leverages the host cell translation machinery to complete the pathogen life cycle. In response, the host cell suspends translation, which leads to SGs formation, to resist pathogen invasion. This article reviews the production and function of SGs, the interaction between SGs and pathogens, and the relationship between SGs and pathogen-induced innate immunity to provide directions for further research into anti-infection and anti-inflammatory disease strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Yao Wang,
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Guan Y, Wang Y, Fu X, Bai G, Li X, Mao J, Yan Y, Hu L. Multiple functions of stress granules in viral infection at a glance. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1138864. [PMID: 36937261 PMCID: PMC10014870 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1138864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are distinct RNA granules induced by various stresses, which are evolutionarily conserved across species. In general, SGs act as a conservative and essential self-protection mechanism during stress responses. Viruses have a long evolutionary history and viral infections can trigger a series of cellular stress responses, which may interact with SG formation. Targeting SGs is believed as one of the critical and conservative measures for viruses to tackle the inhibition of host cells. In this systematic review, we have summarized the role of SGs in viral infection and categorized their relationships into three tables, with a particular focus on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Moreover, we have outlined several kinds of drugs targeting SGs according to different pathways, most of which are potentially effective against SARS-CoV-2. We believe this review would offer a new view for the researchers and clinicians to attempt to develop more efficacious treatments for virus infection, particularly for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelin Guan
- The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xudong Fu
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems and Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guannan Bai
- The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianhua Mao
- The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongbin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yongbin Yan,
| | - Lidan Hu
- The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
- Lidan Hu,
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9
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Wu X, Chen R, Chen Q, Che Y, Yan S, Zhou L, Wang L. Establishment of an indirect ELISA method for antibody detection of porcine pseudorabies by recombinant gB, gC, and gD proteins. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28228. [PMID: 36251622 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV), as a neuroherpes virus, leads to heavy economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. This study was designed to establish recombinant PRV glycoprotein B (gB), C, and D proteins as PRV diagnostic antigens. The gB/C, gC/D, and gB/C/D fusion sequences were synthesized and inserted into pET-28a+ vector to generate the recombinant plasmids. The identified positive recombinant plasmids were transformed into BL21 Escherichia coli. The results of the polymerase chain reaction and enzyme digestion showed that the gB/C, gC/D, and gB/C/D fusion proteins were successfully expressed. An indirect sandwich ELISA was developed with the gB/C, gC/D, and gB/C/D as coating antigens. The results of indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis of 184 PRV-positive porcine sera showed that the positive coincidence rates of three recombinant proteins ELISAs relative to IDEXX kit were 98.25%, 95.32%, and 98.83%, and the negative coincidence rates were 85.71%, 75% and 100%, respectively. The inter and intra batch repeatability tests showed that the coefficient of variations of our kits were all less than 5%. Especially, the gB/C/D-ELISA has the highest specificity and sensitivity among the ELISA methods developed in this study. We established a series expression system of gB/C, gC/D, and gB/C/D antigen epitope genes and Recombinant protein-based indirect ELISA, providing new ideas for PV diagnosis and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Wu
- Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rujing Chen
- Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiuyong Chen
- Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yongliang Che
- Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shan Yan
- Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lunjiang Zhou
- Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Longbai Wang
- Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fuzhou, China
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10
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PCV2 and PRV Coinfection Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress via PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP and IRE1-XBP1-EDEM Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094479. [PMID: 35562870 PMCID: PMC9101680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and pseudorabies virus (PRV) are two important pathogens in the pig industry. PCV2 or PRV infection can induce endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and unfolded protein response (UPR). However, the effect of PCV2 and PRV coinfection on the ERS and UPR pathways remains unclear. In this study, we found that PRV inhibited the proliferation of PCV2 mainly at 36 to 72 hpi, while PCV2 enhanced the proliferation of PRV in the middle stage of the infection. Notably, PRV is the main factor during coinfection. The results of the transcriptomic analysis showed that coinfection with PCV2 and PRV activated cellular ERS, and upregulated expressions of the ERS pathway-related proteins, including GRP78, eIF2α, and ATF4. Further research indicated that PRV played a dominant role in the sequential infection and coinfection of PCV2 and PRV. PCV2 and PRV coinfection induced the ERS activation via the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP axis and IRE1-XBP1-EDEM pathway, and thus may enhance cell apoptosis and exacerbate the diseases.
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11
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Proteomic Analysis of Vero Cells Infected with Pseudorabies Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040755. [PMID: 35458485 PMCID: PMC9029783 DOI: 10.3390/v14040755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Suid herpesvirus 1 (SuHV-1), known as pseudorabies virus (PRV), is one of the most devastating swine pathogens in China, particularly the sudden occurrence of PRV variants in 2011. The higher pathogenicity and cross-species transmission potential of the newly emerged variants caused not only colossal economic losses, but also threatened public health. To uncover the underlying pathogenesis of PRV variants, Tandem Mass Tag (TMT)-based proteomic analysis was performed to quantitatively screen the differentially expressed cellular proteins in PRV-infected Vero cells. A total of 7072 proteins were identified and 960 proteins were significantly regulated: specifically 89 upregulated and 871 downregulated. To make it more credible, the expression of XRCC5 and XRCC6 was verified by western blot and RT-qPCR, and the results dovetailed with the proteomic data. The differentially expressed proteins were involved in various biological processes and signaling pathways, such as chaperonin-containing T-complex, NIK/NF-κB signaling pathway, DNA damage response, and negative regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle. Taken together, our data holistically outline the interactions between PRV and host cells, and our results may shed light on the pathogenesis of PRV variants and provide clues for pseudorabies prevention.
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12
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Ye G, Liu H, Zhou Q, Liu X, Huang L, Weng C. A Tug of War: Pseudorabies Virus and Host Antiviral Innate Immunity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030547. [PMID: 35336954 PMCID: PMC8949863 DOI: 10.3390/v14030547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-specific innate immunity can initiate host antiviral innate immune responses within minutes to hours after the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, the natural immune response is the first line of defense for the host to resist the invaders, including viruses, bacteria, fungi. Host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the infected cells or bystander cells recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of invading pathogens and initiate a series of signal cascades, resulting in the expression of type I interferons (IFN-I) and inflammatory cytokines to antagonize the infection of microorganisms. In contrast, the invading pathogens take a variety of mechanisms to inhibit the induction of IFN-I production from avoiding being cleared. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) belongs to the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, genus Varicellovirus. PRV is the causative agent of Aujeszky’s disease (AD, pseudorabies). Although the natural host of PRV is swine, it can infect a wide variety of mammals, such as cattle, sheep, cats, and dogs. The disease is usually fatal to these hosts. PRV mainly infects the peripheral nervous system (PNS) in swine. For other species, PRV mainly invades the PNS first and then progresses to the central nervous system (CNS), which leads to acute death of the host with serious clinical and neurological symptoms. In recent years, new PRV variant strains have appeared in some areas, and sporadic cases of PRV infection in humans have also been reported, suggesting that PRV is still an important emerging and re-emerging infectious disease. This review summarizes the strategies of PRV evading host innate immunity and new targets for inhibition of PRV replication, which will provide more information for the development of effective inactivated vaccines and drugs for PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqiang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Fundamental Immunology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (G.Y.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Hongyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Fundamental Immunology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (G.Y.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Qiongqiong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Fundamental Immunology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (G.Y.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Fundamental Immunology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (G.Y.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Fundamental Immunology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (G.Y.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.); (L.H.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Changjiang Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Fundamental Immunology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (G.Y.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.); (L.H.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin 150069, China
- Correspondence:
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13
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Wang J, Gan Y, Cao J, Dong X, Ouyang W. Pathophysiology of stress granules: An emerging link to diseases (Review). Int J Mol Med 2022; 49:44. [PMID: 35137915 PMCID: PMC8846937 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Under unfavorable environmental conditions, eukaryotic cells may form stress granules (SGs) in the cytosol to protect against injury and promote cell survival. The initiation, mRNA and protein composition, distribution and degradation of SGs are subject to multiple intracellular post-translational modifications and signaling pathways to cope with stress damage. Despite accumulated comprehensive knowledge of their composition and dynamics, the function of SGs remains poorly understood. When the stress persists, aberrant and/or persistent intracellular SGs and aggregation of SGs-related proteins may lead to various diseases. In the present article, the research progress regarding the generation, modification and function of SGs was reviewed. The regulatory effects and influencing factors of SGs in the development of tumors, cardiovascular diseases, viral infections and neurodegenerative diseases were also summarized, which may provide novel insight for preventing and treating SG-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Wang
- Department of Kinesiology and Human Sciences, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Yixia Gan
- Department of Kinesiology and Human Sciences, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Kinesiology and Human Sciences, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Xuefen Dong
- Department of Kinesiology and Human Sciences, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- Department of Kinesiology and Human Sciences, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
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14
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Ming SL, Zhang S, Wang Q, Zeng L, Zhou LY, Wang MD, Ma YX, Han LQ, Zhong K, Zhu HS, Bai YL, Yang GY, Wang J, Chu BB. Inhibition of USP14 influences alphaherpesvirus proliferation by degrading viral VP16 protein via ER stress-triggered selective autophagy. Autophagy 2021; 18:1801-1821. [PMID: 34822318 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.2002101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaherpesvirus infection results in severe health consequences in a wide range of hosts. USPs are the largest subfamily of deubiquitinating enzymes that play critical roles in immunity and other cellular functions. To investigate the role of USPs in alphaherpesvirus replication, we assessed 13 USP inhibitors for PRV replication. Our data showed that all the tested compounds inhibited PRV replication, with the USP14 inhibitor b-AP15 exhibiting the most dramatic effect. Ablation of USP14 also influenced PRV replication, whereas replenishment of USP14 in USP14 null cells restored viral replication. Although inhibition of USP14 induced the K63-linked ubiquitination of PRV VP16 protein, its degradation was not dependent on the proteasome. USP14 directly bound to ubiquitin chains on VP16 through its UBL domain during the early stage of viral infection. Moreover, USP14 inactivation stimulated EIF2AK3/PERK- and ERN1/IRE1-mediated signaling pathways, which were responsible for VP16 degradation through SQSTM1/p62-mediated selective macroautophagy/autophagy. Ectopic expression of non-ubiquitinated VP16 fully rescued PRV replication. Challenge of mice with b-AP15 activated ER stress and autophagy and inhibited PRV infection in vivo. Our results suggested that USP14 was a potential therapeutic target to treat alphaherpesvirus-induced infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Li Ming
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Yu Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Di Wang
- The Education Department of Henan Province Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Xian Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Qiang Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - He-Shui Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Lin Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Yu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei-Bei Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.,International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
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