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Tao Q, Xu L, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Liu Z, Xu T, Lai S, Ai Y, Zhu L, Xu Z. The construction and immunogenicity analyses of a recombinant pseudorabies virus with Senecavirus A VP3 protein co-expression. Vet Microbiol 2024; 290:110011. [PMID: 38310713 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA)-associated porcine idiopathic vesicular disease (PIVD) and Pseudorabies (PR) are highly contagious swine disease that pose a significant threat to the global pig industry. In the absence of an effective commercial vaccine, outbreaks caused by SVA have occurred in many parts of the world. In this study, the PRV variant strain PRV-XJ was used as the parental strain to construct a recombinant PRV strain with the TK/gE/gI proteins deletion and the VP3 protein co-expression, named rPRV-XJ-ΔTK/gE/gI-VP3. The results revealed that PRV is a suitable viral live vector for VP3 protein expressing. As a vaccine, rPRV-XJ-ΔTK/gE/gI-VP3 is safe for mice, vaccination with it did not cause any clinical symptoms of PRV. Intranasal immunization with rPRV-XJ-ΔTK/gE/gI-VP3 induced strong cellular immune response and high levels of specific antibody against VP3 and gB and neutralizing antibodies against both PRV and SVA in mice. It provided 100% protection to mice against the challenge of virulent strain PRV-XJ, and alleviated the pathological lesion of heart and liver tissue in SVA infected mice. rPRV-XJ-ΔTK/gE/gI-VP3 appears to be a promising vaccine candidate against PRV and SVA for the control of the PRV variant and SVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Tao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yanting Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zheyan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Siyuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yanru Ai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Zeng W, Yan Q, Du P, Yuan Z, Sun Y, Liu X, Zhang L, Liu X, Ding H, Yi L, Fan S, Chen J, Zhao M. Evolutionary dynamics and adaptive analysis of Seneca Valley virus. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 113:105488. [PMID: 37558190 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, the Seneca Valley virus (SVV) has emerged in various countries and regions around the world. Infected pigs display symptoms similar to foot-and-mouth disease and other vesicular diseases, causing severe economic losses to affected countries. In recent years, the number of SVV infections has been increasing in Brazil, China, and the United States. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed SVV genomic sequence data from the perspectives of evolutionary dynamics, phylogeography, and codon usage bias. We aimed to gain further insights into SVV's genetic diversity, spatiotemporal distribution patterns, and evolutionary adaptations. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that SVV has evolved into eight distinct lineages. Based on the results of phylogeographic analysis, it is speculated that the United States might have been the source of SVV, from where it subsequently spread to different countries and regions. Moreover, our analysis of positive selection sites in SVV capsid proteins suggests their potential importance in the process of receptor recognition. Finally, codon preference analysis indicates that natural selection has been a primary evolutionary driver influencing SVV codon usage bias. In conclusion, our in-depth investigation into SVV's origin, dissemination, evolution, and adaptation emphasizes the significance of SVV surveillance and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Quanhui Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pengfei Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhongmao Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yawei Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xueyi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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3
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Ma X, Huang J, Li K, Ding K, Fu Y, Zhang J, Zhao Z, Li P, Bai X, Li D, Liu X, Zeng Q, Liu Z, Sun P, Lu Z. Development and Evaluation of a Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Based on Swine Monoclonal Antibodies for Detecting Neutralizing Antibodies against Senecavirus A. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0459922. [PMID: 37036366 PMCID: PMC10269468 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04599-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is an emerging viral pathogen related to vesicular disease and neonatal mortality in swine, which results in enormous economic losses to the global swine industry. The clinical signs of SVA are indistinguishable from those of other vesicular diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease, which is an economically devastating animal disease. Therefore, development of a rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnostic method for the detection of SVA infection is critical for the prevention and control of SVA and would help to rule out other exotic diseases. In this study, two whole-porcine anti-SVA antibodies (1M5 and 1M25) were produced using single B cell antibody technology. 1M5 and 1M25 possessed neutralizing activity against SVA but recognized different conformational epitopes that depended on the intact virion. Using 1M5 as the capture antibody and biotinylated 1M25 as the detection antibody, a reliable and rapid competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting neutralizing antibodies (NAC-ELISA) against SVA was developed. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 98.11% and 100%, respectively, with a cutoff percent inhibition value of 45%. The NAC-ELISA was specific for detecting SVA-specific antibodies, without cross-reactivity to other virus-infected sera. The results of the NAC-ELISA showed a strong agreement with the results of the virus neutralization test. Therefore, the NAC-ELISA developed in this study represents a sensitive, specific, and reliable tool for the detection of SVA-specific antibodies, which is applicable for serodiagnosis and serological surveillance of SVA and is conducive to the prevention and control of SVA. IMPORTANCE Senecavirus A (SVA) is an emerging picornavirus related to vesicular disease and neonatal mortality in swine, which results in enormous economic losses worldwide. Additionally, the clinical characteristics of the disease are indistinguishable from those of other vesicular diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease. Therefore, developing tools for rapidly and accurately detecting SVA infection is critical and urgent. In this study, two porcine-derived monoclonal antibodies against SVA were generated, and a competitive ELISA for the detection of neutralizing antibodies (NAC-ELISA) against SVA was successfully developed using these two porcine monoclonal antibodies. The NAC-ELISA was SVA specific with no cross-reactivity to other related pathogens and had high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility for detecting SVA-specific antibody. Therefore, the NAC-ELISA developed in this study may be of great value as a simple and reliable tool for serodiagnosis or surveillance of SVA and may facilitate the prevention and control of SVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jiaxin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Kailu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuanfang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhixun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Pinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xingwen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xia Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiaoying Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Pu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zengjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Wu H, Li C, Ji Y, Mou C, Chen Z, Zhao J. The Evolution and Global Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Senecavirus A. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0209022. [PMID: 36314961 PMCID: PMC9769604 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02090-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent outbreaks of senecavirus A (SVA)-associated vesicular disease have led to a large number of infected pigs being culled and has caused considerable economic losses to the swine industry. Although SVA was discovered 2 decades ago, knowledge about the evolutionary and transmission histories of SVA remains unclear. Herein, we performed an integrated analysis of the recombination, phylogeny, selection, and spatiotemporal dynamics of SVA. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that SVA diverged into two main branches, clade I (pre-2007 strains) and clade II (post-2007 strains). Importantly, analysis of selective strength showed that clade II was evolving under relaxed selection compared with clade I. Positive selection analysis identified 27 positive selective sites, most of which are located on the outer surface of capsid protomer or on the important functional domains of nonstructure proteins. Bayesian phylodynamics suggested that the estimated time to the most recent common ancestor of SVA was around 1986, and the estimated substitution rate of SVA was 3.3522 × 10-3 nucleotide substitutions/site/year. Demographic history analysis revealed that the effective population size of SVA has experienced a gradually increasing trend with slight fluctuation until 2017 followed by a sharp decline. Notably, Bayesian phylogeographic analysis inferred that Brazil might be the source of SVA's global transmission since 2015. In summary, these data illustrated that the ongoing evolution of SVA drove the lineage-specific innovation and potentially phenotypically important variation. Our study sheds new light on the fundamental understanding of SVA evolution and spread history. IMPORTANCE Recurrent outbreaks and global epidemics of senecavirus A-associated vesicular disease have caused heavy economic losses and have threatened the development of the pig industry. However, the question of where the virus comes from has been one of the biggest puzzles due to the stealthy nature of the virus. Consequently, tracing the source, evolution, and transmission pattern of SVA is a very challenging task. Based on the most comprehensive analysis, we revealed the origin time, rapid evolution, epidemic dynamics, and selection of SVA. We observed two main genetic branches, clade I (pre-2007 strains) and clade II (post-2007 strains), and described the epidemiological patterns of SVA in different countries. We also first identified Brazil as the source of SVA's global transmission since 2015. Findings in this study provide important implications for the control and prevention of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiguang Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yongchen Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chunxiao Mou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhenhai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jingwen Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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5
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Chen W, Wang W, Wang X, Li Z, Wu K, Li X, Li Y, Yi L, Zhao M, Ding H, Fan S, Chen J. Advances in the differential molecular diagnosis of vesicular disease pathogens in swine. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1019876. [PMID: 36386633 PMCID: PMC9641196 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1019876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), Senecavirus A (SVA) and swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) are members of the family Picornaviridae, which can cause similar symptoms - vesicular lesions in the tissues of the mouth, nose, feet, skin and mucous membrane of animals. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of these viruses allows for control measures to prevent the spread of these diseases. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR are traditional and reliable methods for pathogen detection, while their amplification reaction requires a thermocycler. Isothermal amplification methods including loop-mediated isothermal amplification and recombinase polymerase amplification developed in recent years are simple, rapid and do not require specialized equipment, allowing for point of care diagnostics. Luminex technology allows for simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens. CRISPR-Cas diagnostic systems also emerging nucleic acid detection technologies which are very sensitivity and specificity. In this paper, various nucleic acid detection methods aimed at vesicular disease pathogens in swine (including FMDV, SVA and SVDV) are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shuangqi Fan, ; Jinding Chen,
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shuangqi Fan, ; Jinding Chen,
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Mason J, Primavera V, Martignette L, Clark B, Barrera J, Simmons J, Hurtle W, Neilan JG, Puckette M. Comparative Evaluation of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Permissive LF-BK αVβ6 Cell Line for Senecavirus A Research. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091875. [PMID: 36146682 PMCID: PMC9503874 DOI: 10.3390/v14091875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is a member of the family Picornaviridae and enzootic in domestic swine. SVA can induce vesicular lesions that are clinically indistinguishable from Foot-and-mouth disease, a major cause of global trade barriers and agricultural productivity losses worldwide. The LF-BK αVβ6 cell line is a porcine-derived cell line transformed to stably express an αVβ6 bovine integrin and primarily used for enhanced propagation of Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Due to the high biosecurity requirements for working with FMDV, SVA has been considered as a surrogate virus to test and evaluate new technologies and countermeasures. Herein we conducted a series of comparative evaluation in vitro studies between SVA and FMDV using the LF-BK αVβ6 cell line. These include utilization of LF-BK αVβ6 cells for field virus isolation, production of high virus titers, and evaluating serological reactivity and virus susceptibility to porcine type I interferons. These four methodologies utilizing LF-BK αVβ6 cells were applicable to research with SVA and results support the current use of SVA as a surrogate for FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Mason
- SAIC, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | | | | | - Benjamin Clark
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Jose Barrera
- SAIC, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Janine Simmons
- SAIC, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - William Hurtle
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science & Technology Directorate, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - John G. Neilan
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science & Technology Directorate, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Michael Puckette
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science & Technology Directorate, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- Correspondence:
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7
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Rodriguez LL, Arzt J. Picornaviridae. Vet Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119650836.ch54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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8
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Hoffman KS, Humphrey NL, Korslund JA, Anderson TK, Faaberg KS, Lager KM, Buckley AC. Characterization of Senecavirus A Isolates Collected From the Environment of U.S. Sow Slaughter Plants. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:923878. [PMID: 35812884 PMCID: PMC9257094 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.923878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular disease caused by Senecavirus A (SVA) is clinically indistinguishable from foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and other vesicular diseases of swine. When a vesicle is observed in FMD-free countries, a costly and time-consuming foreign animal disease investigation (FADI) is performed to rule out FMD. Recently, there has been an increase in the number of FADIs and SVA positive samples at slaughter plants in the U.S. The objectives of this investigation were to: (1) describe the environmental burden of SVA in sow slaughter plants; (2) determine whether there was a correlation between PCR diagnostics, virus isolation (VI), and swine bioassay results; and (3) phylogenetically characterize the genetic diversity of contemporary SVA isolates. Environmental swabs were collected from three sow slaughter plants (Plants 1-3) and one market-weight slaughter plant (Plant 4) between June to December 2020. Of the 426 samples taken from Plants 1-3, 304 samples were PCR positive and 107 were VI positive. There was no detection of SVA by PCR or VI at Plant 4. SVA positive samples were most frequently found in the summer (78.3% June-September, vs. 59.4% October-December), with a peak at 85% in August. Eighteen PCR positive environmental samples with a range of Ct values were selected for a swine bioassay: a single sample infected piglets (n = 2). A random subset of the PCR positive samples was sequenced; and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated co-circulation and divergence of two genetically distinct groups of SVA. These data demonstrate that SVA was frequently found in the environment of sow slaughter plants, but environmental persistence and diagnostic detection was not indicative of whether a sampled was infectious to swine. Consequently, a more detailed understanding of the epidemiology of SVA and its environmental persistence in the marketing chain is necessary to reduce the number of FADIs and aide in the development of control measures to reduce the spread of SVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S. Hoffman
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Nicki L. Humphrey
- Veterinary Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - John A. Korslund
- Veterinary Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Riverdale, MD, United States
| | - Tavis K. Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kay. S. Faaberg
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kelly M. Lager
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Alexandra C. Buckley
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Alexandra C. Buckley
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9
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Liu F, Zhao D, Wang N, Li Z, Dong Y, Liu S, Zhang F, Cui J, Meng H, Ni B, Wei R, Shan H. Tolerance of Senecavirus A to Mutations in Its Kissing-Loop or Pseudoknot Structure Computationally Predicted in 3′ Untranslated Region. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:889480. [PMID: 35707163 PMCID: PMC9189406 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.889480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is an emerging virus that belongs to the genus Senecavirus in the family Picornaviridae. Its genome is a positive-sense and single-stranded RNA, containing two untranslated regions (UTRs). The 68-nt-long 3′ UTR is computationally predicted to possess two higher-order RNA structures: a kissing-loop interaction and an H-type-like pseudoknot, both of which, however, cannot coexist in the 3′ UTR. In this study, we constructed 17 full-length SVA cDNA clones (cD-1 to -17): the cD-1 to -7 contained different point mutations in a kissing-loop-forming motif (KLFM); the cD-8 to -17 harbored one single or multiple point mutations in a pseudoknot-forming motif (PFM). These 17 mutated cDNA clones were independently transfected into BSR-T7/5 cells for rescuing recombinant SVAs (rSVAs), named rSVA-1 to −17, corresponding to cD-1 to −17. The results showed that the rSVA-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -9, -13, and -15 were successfully rescued from their individual cDNA clones. Moreover, all mutated motifs were genetically stable during 10 viral passages in vitro. This study unveiled viral abilities of tolerating mutations in the computationally predicted KLFM or PFMs. It can be concluded that the putative kissing-loop structure, even if present in the 3′ UTR, is unnecessary for SVA replication. Alternatively, if the pseudoknot formation potentially occurs in the 3′ UTR, its deformation would have a lethal effect on SVA propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxiao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Di Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Ning Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Surveillance Laboratory of Livestock Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Yaqin Dong
- Surveillance Laboratory of Livestock Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Surveillance Laboratory of Livestock Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Surveillance Laboratory of Livestock Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin Cui
- Surveillance Laboratory of Livestock Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Hailan Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bo Ni
- Surveillance Laboratory of Livestock Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
- Bo Ni,
| | - Rong Wei
- Surveillance Laboratory of Livestock Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
- Rong Wei,
| | - Hu Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Hu Shan,
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Buckley A, Lager K. Infectious dose of Senecavirus A in market weight and neonatal pigs. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267145. [PMID: 35486625 PMCID: PMC9053780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a picornavirus that produces a highly transmissible vesicular disease that can devastate meat and dairy production to such an extent that FMDV-free countries commit significant economic resources to maintain their FMDV-free status. Senecavirus A (SVA), also a picornavirus, causes vesicular disease in swine that is indistinguishable from FMDV. Since 2015, SVA outbreaks have been reported around the world requiring FMDV-free countries to investigate these cases to rule out FMDV. Understanding the pathogenesis of the SVA and its ability to transmit to naïve populations is critical to formulating control and prevention measures, which could reduce FMDV investigations. The primary objective of this study was to determine the infectious dose of SVA in market weight and neonatal pigs. A 2011 SVA isolate was serially hundred-fold diluted to create four challenge inoculums ranging from 106.5 to 100.5 TCID50/ml. Four market weight pigs individually housed were intranasally inoculated with 5 mL of each dose (n = 16). Serial ten-fold dilutions were used to create 6 challenge inoculums ranging from 105.5 to 100.5 TCID50/ml for neonatal pigs. Again, four animals in individual housing were challenged orally with 2 mL of each dose (n = 24). Detection of SVA by PCR in collected samples and/or neutralizing antibody response was utilized to classify an animal as infected. The minimum infectious dose for this study in market weight animals was 1,260 TCID50/ml (103.1 TCID50/ml) and for neonates it was 316 TCID50/ml (102.5 TCID50/ml). Knowledge of the infectious dose of SVA can guide biosecurity and disinfection measures to control the spread of SVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Buckley
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agriculture Research Service, United State Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kelly Lager
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agriculture Research Service, United State Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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Comparative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Mx1 Inhibits Senecavirus A Replication in PK-15 Cells by Interacting with the Capsid Proteins VP1, VP2 and VP3. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050863. [PMID: 35632606 PMCID: PMC9147370 DOI: 10.3390/v14050863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
As an emergent picornavirus pathogenic to pigs, Senecavirus A (SVA) can replicate in pig kidneys and proliferates well in porcine kidney epithelial PK-15 cells. Here, tandem mass tags (TMT) labeling coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to analyze the proteome dynamic changes in PK-15 cells during SVA infection. In total, 314, 697 and 426 upregulated differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and 131, 263 and 342 downregulated DEPs were identified at 12, 24 and 36 hpi, respectively. After ensuring reliability of the proteomic data by quantitative PCR and Western blot testing of five randomly selected DEPs, Mx1, eIF4E, G6PD, TOP1 and PGAM1, all the DEPs were subjected to multiple bioinformatics analyses, including GO, COG, KEGG and STRING. The results reveal that the DEPs were mainly involved in host innate and adaptive immune responses in the early and middle stages of SVA infection, while the DEPs mainly participated in various metabolic processes in the late stage of infection. Finally, we demonstrated that Mx1 protein exerts antiviral activity against SVA by interacting with VP1 and VP2 proteins dependent on its GTPase, oligomerization and interaction activities, while Mx1 interacts with VP3 only depending on its oligomerization activity. Collectively, our study provides valuable clues for further investigation of SVA pathogenesis.
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