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Atif I, Touloun O, Boussaa S. Toxoplasma Gondii in humans, animals and in the environment in Morocco: a literature review. Gut Pathog 2024; 16:53. [PMID: 39343964 PMCID: PMC11440760 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-024-00645-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii, has the unsettling ability to infect nearly every warm-blooded vertebrate. When transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy, it can lead to congenital toxoplasmosis in newborns, which may have severe and even fatal outcomes. Moreover, this parasite is a significant cause of reproductive issues in cattle. The aim of this literature review was to compile and synthesize information on the epidemiology and clinical features of naturally occurring Toxoplasma gondii infections in both humans and animals, as well as to assess the occurrence of oocysts in the environmental matrices in Morocco. To achieve these objectives, data were sourced from four electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. A total of 32 articles published between January 1, 2000, and January 31, 2024, met the inclusion criteria. The findings indicated that the seroprevalence of T. gondii among pregnant women varied by city and appeared to be lower in drier climates. The study identified several risk factors associated with T. gondii infection among women in Morocco, including direct contact with soil, failure to wash fruits and vegetables before eating, limited education, and reliance on well water for drinking. Moreover, there is a limited amount of serological data on T. gondii in animals. In Morocco, the prevalence of this parasite can reach up to 30% in sheep, while it stands at 8.5% in cattle and goats. Leafy greens are particularly prone to hosting pathogens and are associated with foodborne outbreaks. In Morocco, the prevalence of T. gondii in leafy vegetables is around 16%, although soil analyses have not found any oocysts. This review offers a thorough epidemiological overview of T. gondii infections in Morocco, serving as a valuable resource for researchers and aiding in the development of control and prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilham Atif
- Polyvalent Team of Research and Development (EPVRD), Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, 23000, Morocco.
| | - Oulaid Touloun
- Polyvalent Team of Research and Development (EPVRD), Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, 23000, Morocco
| | - Samia Boussaa
- Higher Institute of Nursing and Health Techniques (ISPITS), Ministry of health, Rabat, 4502, Morocco
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Selim A, Marzok M, Alshammari A, Al-Jabr OA, Salem M, Wakid MH. Toxoplasma gondii infection in Egyptian domestic sheep and goats: seroprevalence and risk factors. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:182. [PMID: 37129639 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03603-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan protozoan parasite that has been associated with reproductive failure in small ruminants. Although T. gondii infections in ruminants and humans have been recorded in several Egypt's governorates, but little is known about the risk factors associated with T. gondii infections. In this study, 350 sheep and 290 goat serum samples from three governorates in Egypt were examined for presence of antibodies against T. gondii, and evaluate the associate risk factors for the infection. The seroprevalence in sheep and goats was 24% and 38.28%, respectively. In sheep and goats, age, sex, the presence of cats, and hygienic conditions were identified as risk factors for T. gondii infection. In addition, the prevalence rates were significantly higher in older animals more than 2 years old, females, among animals contacted with cats, and animals living in bad hygienic condition. In conclusion, sheep and goats in the examined regions are commonly infected with T. gondii. The identification of risk variables defines the sort of actions to be implemented in order to decrease, and prevent T. gondii infection in small ruminant animals and, as a result, human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelfattah Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, 13736, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Marzok
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt.
| | - Ayed Alshammari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hafr Al-Batin, Hafr Al-Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar A Al-Jabr
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Asha, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Salem
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 12613, Egypt
| | - Majed H Wakid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Ouchene N, Hamidović A, Khelifi Touhami NA, Aroussi A, Ouchetati I, Khelef D, Dahmani H, Galal L, Plault N, Dardé ML, Mercier A. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep in Algeria. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 95:101960. [PMID: 36963357 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.101960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infection is recognized as one of the major causes of reproductive failure in sheep and goats. This survey was carried out in order to study the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection in sheep in Blida, Bouira and Medea regions from Algeria. The sample size was set at 220 animals distributed over 22 farms. Sera were assayed for T. gondii antibody detection by Modified Agglutination Test (MAT). The overall seroprevalence was 35.9% (79/220) with a herd seroprevalence of 77.3% (17/22). The prevalence was significantly higher in Medea (45.7% of 116 sheep), compared to Blida (27.7% of 83 sheep). Bouira region showed the lowest prevalence with 3 positive samples (14.3%) over 21 sheep. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the likelihood of T. gondii infection was higher in semi-extensive sheep breeding, in regions where the presence of cats is strong, and in highlands when compared with semi-intensive sheep breeding, weak presence of cat and in lowland, respectively. This study shows a high seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection in sheep in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassim Ouchene
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Sâad Dahlab Blida 1, Streetof Soumâa, BP 270, Blida, 09000, Algeria.
| | - Azra Hamidović
- INSERM UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine,University of Limoges, Limoges 87025, France.
| | - Nadjet Amina Khelifi Touhami
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Sâad Dahlab Blida 1, Streetof Soumâa, BP 270, Blida, 09000, Algeria.
| | - Abdelkrim Aroussi
- Laboratoire d'environnement et du développement durable, Unité de biochimie, microbiologie et santé, Université Relizane 48000, Relizane, Algérie.
| | - Imane Ouchetati
- Ecole Normale Supérieure d'Enseignement Technologique, Université deSkikda, 21000 Skikda, Algérie.
| | - Djamel Khelef
- Ecole National Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger, 16000, Alger, Algérie.
| | - Hichem Dahmani
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Sâad Dahlab Blida 1, Streetof Soumâa, BP 270, Blida, 09000, Algeria.
| | - Lokman Galal
- INSERM UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine,University of Limoges, Limoges 87025, France.
| | - Nicolas Plault
- INSERM UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine,University of Limoges, Limoges 87025, France.
| | - Marie-Laure Dardé
- INSERM UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine,University of Limoges, Limoges 87025, France; Centre National de RéférenceToxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center, CHU Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France.
| | - Aurélien Mercier
- INSERM UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine,University of Limoges, Limoges 87025, France; Centre National de RéférenceToxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center, CHU Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France.
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Felippelli G, Toscano JHB, Texeira WF, Santos IB, Cruz BC, Maciel WG, Soares VE, Bresciani KDS, Lopes WD, Costa AJ. Viability of Toxoplasma gondii in cattle semen cryopreserved with different concentrations of cryoprotectant. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-7106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Toxoplasma gondii can be eliminated in bovine semen. Cryopreserved semen is often used due to the fact that artificial insemination in dairy and beef cattle provides benefits in terms of production. However, little is known regarding the viability and infectivity of T. gondii tachyzoites in cryopreserved bovine semen. In the present study, cattle semen negative for T. gondii were contaminated with 1 x 106 tachyzoites (RH strain) and cryopreserved with and without different cryoprotectants, such as DMSO (concentrations of 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, 8.0% and 10.0%) and glycerol (2.25%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 5.0%, 7.5% and 10.0%), followed by freezing in liquid nitrogen (-196°C). After 24 hours, the samples were thawed and inoculated in 10 mice per cryoprotectant concentration. The mice were evaluated for clinical signs of toxoplasmosis (rough coat, diarrhea, hypoactivity and sudden death) as well as serum titers of IgM and IgG and the presence of tachyzoites in the peritoneal lavage. The results revealed that T. gondii remained infective in all samples. Clinical signs of toxoplasmosis were observed in the mice beginning with the 6th day post-inoculation (DPI) and 100% lethality was found between the 7th and 9th DPI. Viable tachyzoites were recovered from peritoneal exudate of dead mice (except for the control group), with higher mean of tachyzoite counts in the intraperitoneal lavage for 5% DMSO (±3.32 x 106), 8% DMSO (±3.53 x 106), 3% glycerol (±4.75 x 106), 7.5% glycerol (±6.26 x 106) and the absence of cryoprotectant (±3.11 x 106). Seroconversion occurred in the treated groups, with titers of IgG from 1:16 to 1:128 and IgM from 1:16 to 1:512. T. gondii viability and infectivity were maintained in cattle semen during 24 hours of cryopreservation at -196°C with and without cryoprotectant. However, further studies are necessary to determine whether cryopreserved semen contributes to the spread of toxoplasmosis through artificial insemination.
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Ahaduzzaman M, Hasan T. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep and goats from different geographical regions of the world: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3790-3822. [PMID: 36345796 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite which significantly impact small ruminant productivity, international animal trade and transboundary movement of animal across the globe. The seroprevalence of T. gondii infection (toxoplasmosis) in sheep and goats is widely studied in many parts of the world and there is a lack of comprehensive information on prevalence estimates considering the global and regional perspectives. The aim of the study was to use systematic review and meta-analysis methods to estimate the global and regional pooled seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in sheep and goats, as well as factors that influence prevalence estimations. Relevant articles reporting the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in sheep and/goats were searched in five electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase and ProQuest. After the publications were checked to verify they fit the inclusion criteria, a total of 225 articles were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, reflecting data from 70 countries/regions. The pooled prevalence was estimated using a random effect meta-analysis model. Overall, the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was 33.86% (95% CI: 30.47-37.25%) in sheep and 31.78% (95% CI: 28.99-34.58%) in goats, with significant variation in prevalence estimates across geographical locations (p < .001). Substantial heterogeneity (I2 > 75%) was observed in most pooled seroprevalence estimates. The T. gondii infection in global sheep and goat population showed uptrend over the period. This information would be useful for epidemiologist, health authorities and farmers in order to plan future T. gondii survey and infection management strategies both locally and internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ahaduzzaman
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Tanjila Hasan
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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Hajimohammadi B, Ahmadian S, Firoozi Z, Askari M, Mohammadi M, Eslami G, Askari V, Loni E, Barzegar-Bafrouei R, Boozhmehrani MJ. A Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Toxoplasmosis in Livestock and Poultry Worldwide. ECOHEALTH 2022; 19:55-74. [PMID: 35133541 PMCID: PMC8823692 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01575-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii causes toxoplasmosis with a global prevalence in the world. A large proportion of human illness is most frequently associated with consuming raw and undercooked meat or other animal products containing infective parasitic stages of T. gondii. This systematic review and meta-analysis study evaluated the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in cattle, sheep, camels, goats, and poultry worldwide. The search was performed in databases including PubMed, WoS, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and ISC from 2000 to 2019 in Persian and English. The main inclusion criteria were the prevalence of toxoplasmosis among livestock and poultry and the prevalence indices by sample size. During these 20 years, the overall prevalence of toxoplasmosis in livestock and poultry was 28.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 25-31.9%) using the random-effects meta-analysis model. The highest prevalence of T. gondii in livestock and poultry animals was found in Asia in 2014 with 89.8% (95% CI 78.5-95.5%). The lowest prevalence was found in Asia in 2013 with 1.26% (95% CI 0.4-3.8%). A quarter of livestock and poultry were infected with T. gondii. Since livestock products are globally important sources of people's diet, our findings are useful for policymakers to control T. gondii infection in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahador Hajimohammadi
- Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Shohadaye Gomnam Blvd., Yazd, 8916188638, Islamic Republic of Iran
- Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Salman Ahmadian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zohre Firoozi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Maryam Askari
- Diabetes Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Masoud Mohammadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran
| | - Gilda Eslami
- Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Shohadaye Gomnam Blvd., Yazd, 8916188638, Islamic Republic of Iran.
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Vahideh Askari
- Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Shohadaye Gomnam Blvd., Yazd, 8916188638, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Elahe Loni
- Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Shohadaye Gomnam Blvd., Yazd, 8916188638, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Raziyeh Barzegar-Bafrouei
- Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Boozhmehrani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Haif A, Khelifi-Ouchene NA, Khelifi M, Ouchetati I, Zeroual F, Ouchene N. Abortive diseases and their various associated risk factors in small ruminants in Algeria: a systematic review. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:520. [PMID: 34669051 PMCID: PMC8526997 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02926-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Abortive infections are a major health challenge affecting productive and reproductive performance of sheep and goats. However, there is no comprehensive summary on the occurrence and distribution of these infections in Algeria. This systematic review provides a comprehensive summary on the prevalence of different abortive diseases and assesses potential risk factors in small ruminants in Algeria. Five databases were used to search epidemiological data on the prevalence of different abortive diseases (bacterial, parasitic, and viral). Data were collected from 25 papers published between 2003 and 2020. The total mean sample size was 53,080 small ruminants. The majority of the diseases/infections were diagnosed by serological and molecular tests. The overall prevalence of brucellosis was 0.39% in sheep and 5.31% in goats. Chlamydia and Q fever were observed in 32.72% and 20.62% of small ruminants, respectively. The prevalence of peste des petits ruminants was 15.76% and the overall prevalence of bluetongue in sheep and goats was, respectively, 13.41% and 44.50%. Border disease and bovine viral diarrhea were detected in 22.68% and 1.01% of sheep examined, respectively. Toxoplasma gondii infection prevalence among sheep and goats was 21.43% and 32.31% respectively. This study is a comprehensive epidemiological analysis of abortion diseases in small ruminants in Algeria and will therefore be a useful tool for researchers. Larger and more robust prevalence studies are needed to adequately support risk assessment and management of animal and public health threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Haif
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of El Tarf, 36000, El Tarf, Algeria
| | - Nadjet Amina Khelifi-Ouchene
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Saad Dahlab of Blida 1, Street Soumaa, BP270, 09000, Blida, Algeria.
- Laboratory PADESCA, Veterinary Sciences Institute, Road of Guelma, El-khroub, 25100, Constantine, Algeria.
| | - Manal Khelifi
- Bordj Menaiel Hospital, Street Madaoui Ali, BP70, 35000, Boumerdes, Algeria
| | - Imane Ouchetati
- Normal High School of Technological Teaching, University of Skikda, 21000, Skikda, Algeria
| | - Fayçal Zeroual
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of El Tarf, 36000, El Tarf, Algeria
| | - Nassim Ouchene
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Saad Dahlab of Blida 1, Street Soumaa, BP270, 09000, Blida, Algeria
- Laboratory PADESCA, Veterinary Sciences Institute, Road of Guelma, El-khroub, 25100, Constantine, Algeria
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Jilo K, Tegegne D, Kasim S, Dabasa G, Zewdei W. Seroprevalence and Public Health Significance of Toxoplasmosis in Small Ruminants of Pastoral Community in Yabello District, Borana Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021:6683797. [PMID: 34055282 PMCID: PMC8149223 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6683797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic protozoan disease. Data on seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Ethiopia is scarce, almost null in the pastoral area of the Borana zone. The study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence, to identify risk factors of toxoplasmosis in sheep and goats, and to assess the awareness level of pastoralists about toxoplasmosis in the Yabello district of Borana zone, Southern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to April 2017 in six peasant associations of the Yabello district of Borana zone, Southern Ethiopia. A total of 400 serum samples of randomly selected small ruminants owned by pastoralists were examined to detect antibodies specific to Toxoplasma gondii using Latex Agglutination Test (SPINREACT, Girona, Spain). A semistructured questionnaire survey was used to conduct a face-to-face interview with owners (n = 100) of sampled flocks. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association of hypothesized risk factors. The overall seroprevalence was 52.8% of which 57.8 and 47.8% were sheep and goats, respectively. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed a higher seroprevalence ratio of T. gondii infection in sheep than goats (COR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.226-3.112; P = 0.005). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated significantly higher odds of acquiring T. gondii infection in adult animals (sheep: (AOR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.323-3.874; P = 0.003), goats: (AOR = 2.15; 95% CI: 1.009-4.579; P = 0.047)), female sheep (AOR = 2.45; CI: 1.313-4.568; P = 0.005), animals from lowland areas (sheep: (AOR = 2.28; CI: 1.190-4.356; P = 0.013), goat: (AOR = 3.27; CI: 1.386-7.723; P = 0.007)), animal drinking lake water (sheep: (AOR = 1.93; CI: 1.011-3.698; P = 0.046), goat: (AOR = 2.96; CI: 1.297-6.771; P = 0.010)), and goats with history of abortion (AOR = 2.42; CI: 1.242-4.711; P = 0.009) than young animals, male (sheep), animals from midland areas, animals drinking wells water, and flock with no history of abortion (goat), respectively. Among respondents, 97.0% had no knowledge about toxoplasmosis and 75.0% drink raw milk and consume the meat of sheep and goats. 80.0% of respondents had no knowledge about the risk of cats to human and animal health while 70.0% of them had domestic cats and practice improper fetal body handling. Highly prevailing toxoplasmosis in small ruminants of the Yabello district might pose a serious economic loss and be a potential public health threat to the extremely vulnerable pastoralists. Therefore, awareness and further studies are warranted to tackle the economic and public health consequences of T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kula Jilo
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Addis Ababa University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box. 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Dechassa Tegegne
- Veterinary Biotechnology, Jimma University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Sadik Kasim
- Yabello Regional Veterinary Laboratory, P.O. Box. 569, Yabello, Ethiopia
| | - Golo Dabasa
- Yabello Regional Veterinary Laboratory, P.O. Box. 569, Yabello, Ethiopia
| | - Wubishet Zewdei
- Yabello Regional Veterinary Laboratory, P.O. Box. 569, Yabello, Ethiopia
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Lashari M, Farooq U, Mubeen S, Hassan W, Azhar M, Shahida S, Khan M, Aslam S, Masood S, Anam M, Wajid A, Pervez M, Akhtar M, Farooq A, Zafar S, Nawaz M, Gulshan A. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and associated hematological alterations in small ruminants of D.G. Khan district of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The present study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence and hematological effects of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep and goat in district Dera Ghazi Khan. Blood samples (n=204) were collected comprise goats (n=101) and sheep (n=103) alongwith age, gender and breeds of animals. Samples were collected randomly from 25 flocks of 7 different union council Viz. Vehova, Tibbi Qaisrani, Lakhani, Kohar, Tuman Qaisrani, Nutkani and Kot Qaisrani of Tehsil Taunsa Sharif at least 4 animals from each flock. All ruminants divide into three groups based on age, breed and gender. The prevalence was detected through two different kits Viz. LAT and ELISA kit. The overall prevalence suspected in goats through LAT and ELISA kit was (35.64%), (32.67%) and in sheep was (25.24%), (23.30%) respectively. The Toxoplasma gondii had a significant effect on goats in age groups and non-significant all other groups of goats and sheep. Toxoplasma gondii had a significant effect on all hematological parameters like Hemoglobin, total leukocyte cells, granulocytes, lymphocytes, platelets, and red blood cells, except monocytes. In conclusion of the current study, toxoplasmosis is prevalent among ruminants, reveals the possibility of transmission to humans on the use of host animals as protein source.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - U. Farooq
- The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | - W. Hassan
- The Women University of Multan, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - S. Aslam
- Virtual University of Pakistan, Pakistan
| | - S. Masood
- Bahauddin Zakariya University, Pakistan
| | - M. Anam
- The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - A. Wajid
- Virtual University of Pakistan, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - S. Zafar
- The Government Sadiq College Women University, Pakistan
| | - M. Nawaz
- Bahauddin Zakariya University, Pakistan
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Hoummadi L, Berrouch S, Amraouza Y, Adel A, Mriouch M, Soraa N, El Jahiri Y, Zoughari L, Benbouzid A, Miss EM, Moutaj R, Hafid J. Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women of the Marrakech-Safi region, Morocco. Afr Health Sci 2020; 20:59-63. [PMID: 33402893 PMCID: PMC7750049 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v20i1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection caused by an intracellular protozoan named Toxoplasma gondii. Its prevalence had been investigated in several studies throughout the world showing that it varied from one country to another. In contrast, few studies had been carried out on this infection across the kingdom of Morocco, hence the objective of this work, which is the determination of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in the region of Marrakech-Safi. METHODS The serological results of a cohort of 5692 patients were reviewed retrospectively. Those patients had been into different public and private medical laboratories in the region of Marrakech-Safi for a toxoplasmosis serology, requested between the 1st January, 2014 and 31st December, 2016. According to each laboratory, the techniques adopted for this serology were ELISA (ELFA, MEIA, EIA) and CMIA. RESULTS The results showed that for pregnant women, the overall seroprevalence in the study region were 28.88%. CONCLUSION The variation of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence is related not only to climatic factors but also to lifestyle, eating habits, socio-economic status and hygiene conditions. In this study, we noticed that in Morocco, as in other countries, pregnant women encounter several difficulties when serologic screening for toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Hoummadi
- Laboratory of Foods, Environment and Health. Faculty of Sciences and Techniques-Gueliz, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech
| | - Salma Berrouch
- Laboratory of Foods, Environment and Health. Faculty of Sciences and Techniques-Gueliz, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech
| | - Yassine Amraouza
- Laboratory of Foods, Environment and Health. Faculty of Sciences and Techniques-Gueliz, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech
| | - Abdelaziz Adel
- Laboratory of medical analysis Achifa, El Kelaâ des Sraghna
| | | | - Nabila Soraa
- Laboratory of Bacteriology - Virology – Hospital Arrazi - CHU Mohammed VI, Marrakech
| | | | | | | | - El Mostafa Miss
- Medical analysis laboratory, provincial hospital Mohammed V, Safi
| | - Redouan Moutaj
- Service of Parasitology-Mycology, Military Hospital Avicenne, Marrakech
| | - Jamaleddine Hafid
- Laboratory of Foods, Environment and Health. Faculty of Sciences and Techniques-Gueliz, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech
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Dahourou LD, Gbati OB, Savadogo M, Yougbare B, Dicko A, Combari AHB, Kamga-Waladjo AR. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections in households sheep "Elevage en case" in Dakar, Senegal. Vet World 2019; 12:1028-1032. [PMID: 31528028 PMCID: PMC6702564 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1028-1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in sheep breeding in a particular husbandry system called “Elevage en case” in Dakar, Senegal. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 278 sheep. Serum was harvested and used for analysis. For the detection of T. gondii antibodies, 278 sera were analyzed using the modified agglutination test, while the enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay was used on 174 sheep sera to look for N. caninum antibodies. Results: This study showed that 29.4±6.8% of sheep carried both T. gondii and N. caninum antibodies. The overall prevalence was 60.1±5.7% and 41.9±7.3% for toxoplasmosis and neosporosis, respectively. For toxoplasmosis, the prevalence was higher in Gueule Tapée (63.3%) than in Medina (58.9%), but the variation was not significant (p=0.45). Regarding the age of animals, the prevalence was significantly higher in animals over 2 years old compared to those under 2 years old (p=0.002). For neosporosis, the prevalence was significantly higher in Medina (48.67%) than Gueule Tapée (16.7%) (p=0.001), but non-significant variation was noted according to animal age. Conclusion: The study showed that sheep reared in households have carried antibodies of T. gondii and N. caninum. The prevalence was high and it means that consumption of meat from these animals is risky if the meat is eaten undercooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laibané Dieudonné Dahourou
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Environmental Sciences and Rural Development Institute, University of Dedougou, P.O. Box 174, Dedougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Oubri Bassa Gbati
- Department of Public Health and Environment, Interstate school of Veterinary Science and Medicine, P.O Box 5077, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Madi Savadogo
- Department of Biological Sciences and Animal Production, Interstate School of Veterinary Sciences and Medicine, P.O Box 5077, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Bernadette Yougbare
- Department of Animal Production, Environment and Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 8645, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Amadou Dicko
- Centre Muraz, P.O Box 390, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Alima Hadjia Banyala Combari
- Department of Animal Production, Environment and Agricultural Research Institute, P.O Box 910, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Alain Richi Kamga-Waladjo
- Department of Biological Sciences and Animal Production, Interstate School of Veterinary Sciences and Medicine, P.O Box 5077, Dakar, Senegal
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Abdallah MC, Kamel M, Karima B, Samir A, Djamel K, Rachid K, Khatima AO. Cross-Sectional Survey on Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Cattle, Sheep, and Goats in Algeria: Seroprevalence and Risk Factors. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6030063. [PMID: 31295942 PMCID: PMC6789635 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study aimed at assessing the seroprevalence and identifying the risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in cattle, sheep, and goats in eight provinces located in two main Algerian agro-ecological zones was carried out from October 2015 to March 2018. Blood sera from 4074 animals of both sexes were tested for the presence of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies, using the indirect, enzyme-linked, immunosorbent assay technique (ELISA). Moreover, to identify the potential risk factors of T. gondii infection, a survey through a breeders' questionnaires was conducted. Nearly one-fourth of the total number of animals tested (1024/4074)-i.e., 25.1%--were seropositive. The seroprevalence in cattle, sheep, and goats was 28.7%, 25.6%, and 11.9%, respectively. The area, sex, age, and herd size were identified as risk factors for T. gondii infection. Higher seropositivity rates were recorded in cows and goats (odds ratio (OR) = 1.63 and 6.4), in old animals (cattle, OR = 2.1; sheep, OR = 1.9; and goat, OR = 3.9), and in small size herds (cattle, OR = 2.5; sheep, OR = 1.9; goat, OR = 2.2). In conclusion, there is widespread T. gondii infection in cattle, sheep, and goats in these two strategic agricultural areas. The identification of the risk factors determines the type of measures and strategies to be undertaken to reduce, control, and prevent T. gondii infection in domestic animals, and thereby reduce human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed-Cherif Abdallah
- Laboratoire Hygiène Alimentaire et Système Assurance Qualité (Hasaq), Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger. Rue Issad. Oued Smar., Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Miroud Kamel
- Laboratoire Epidémio-surveillance, santé, productions et reproduction, expérimentation et thérapie cellulaire des animaux domestiques et sauvages (ESSPRETCADS), Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires, Université Chadli Bendjedid El-Tarf, ElTarf 36000, Algeria
| | - Benfodil Karima
- Laboratoire Hygiène Alimentaire et Système Assurance Qualité (Hasaq), Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger. Rue Issad. Oued Smar., Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Ansel Samir
- Laboratoire Hygiène Alimentaire et Système Assurance Qualité (Hasaq), Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger. Rue Issad. Oued Smar., Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Khelef Djamel
- Laboratoire Hygiène Alimentaire et Système Assurance Qualité (Hasaq), Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger. Rue Issad. Oued Smar., Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Kaidi Rachid
- Laboratoire Biotechnologie et Reproduction Animale (LBRA), Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires Blida, Ouled Yaïch, Algeria
| | - Ait-Oudhia Khatima
- Laboratoire Hygiène Alimentaire et Système Assurance Qualité (Hasaq), Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger. Rue Issad. Oued Smar., Bab Ezzouar, Algeria.
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Abdallah MC, Kamel M, Karima B, Samir A, Djamel K, Rachid K, Khatima AO. Cross-Sectional Survey on Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Cattle, Sheep, and Goats in Algeria: Seroprevalence and Risk Factors. Vet Sci 2019. [PMID: 31295942 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6030063.pmid:31295942;pmcid:pmc6789635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study aimed at assessing the seroprevalence and identifying the risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in cattle, sheep, and goats in eight provinces located in two main Algerian agro-ecological zones was carried out from October 2015 to March 2018. Blood sera from 4074 animals of both sexes were tested for the presence of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies, using the indirect, enzyme-linked, immunosorbent assay technique (ELISA). Moreover, to identify the potential risk factors of T. gondii infection, a survey through a breeders' questionnaires was conducted. Nearly one-fourth of the total number of animals tested (1024/4074)-i.e., 25.1%--were seropositive. The seroprevalence in cattle, sheep, and goats was 28.7%, 25.6%, and 11.9%, respectively. The area, sex, age, and herd size were identified as risk factors for T. gondii infection. Higher seropositivity rates were recorded in cows and goats (odds ratio (OR) = 1.63 and 6.4), in old animals (cattle, OR = 2.1; sheep, OR = 1.9; and goat, OR = 3.9), and in small size herds (cattle, OR = 2.5; sheep, OR = 1.9; goat, OR = 2.2). In conclusion, there is widespread T. gondii infection in cattle, sheep, and goats in these two strategic agricultural areas. The identification of the risk factors determines the type of measures and strategies to be undertaken to reduce, control, and prevent T. gondii infection in domestic animals, and thereby reduce human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed-Cherif Abdallah
- Laboratoire Hygiène Alimentaire et Système Assurance Qualité (Hasaq), Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger. Rue Issad. Oued Smar., Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Miroud Kamel
- Laboratoire Epidémio-surveillance, santé, productions et reproduction, expérimentation et thérapie cellulaire des animaux domestiques et sauvages (ESSPRETCADS), Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires, Université Chadli Bendjedid El-Tarf, ElTarf 36000, Algeria
| | - Benfodil Karima
- Laboratoire Hygiène Alimentaire et Système Assurance Qualité (Hasaq), Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger. Rue Issad. Oued Smar., Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Ansel Samir
- Laboratoire Hygiène Alimentaire et Système Assurance Qualité (Hasaq), Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger. Rue Issad. Oued Smar., Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Khelef Djamel
- Laboratoire Hygiène Alimentaire et Système Assurance Qualité (Hasaq), Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger. Rue Issad. Oued Smar., Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Kaidi Rachid
- Laboratoire Biotechnologie et Reproduction Animale (LBRA), Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires Blida, Ouled Yaïch, Algeria
| | - Ait-Oudhia Khatima
- Laboratoire Hygiène Alimentaire et Système Assurance Qualité (Hasaq), Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger. Rue Issad. Oued Smar., Bab Ezzouar, Algeria.
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Rouatbi M, Amairia S, Amdouni Y, Boussaadoun MA, Ayadi O, Al-Hosary AAT, Rekik M, Ben Abdallah R, Aoun K, Darghouth MA, Wieland B, Gharbi M. Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis in North Africa: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:6. [PMID: 30767889 PMCID: PMC6376878 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is an important zoonosis caused by an obligate intracellular parasitic protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii. The disease is distributed worldwide and can affect all warm-blooded vertebrates, including humans. The present review aimed to collect, compile and summarize the data on the prevalence of T. gondii infection in humans and animals in the five North African countries (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt). Published data from national and international databases were used. Distribution patterns and risk factors for T. gondii infection are discussed, focusing on biotic and abiotic factors. This review is a comprehensive epidemiological analysis of T. gondii infection in North Africa and will therefore be a useful tool for researchers. It can also be used to propose or enhance appropriate national toxoplasmosis control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Rouatbi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Univ. Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Safa Amairia
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Univ. Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Yosra Amdouni
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Univ. Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Anis Boussaadoun
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Univ. Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Ouarda Ayadi
- Université des Frères Mentouri, Constantine 1, Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires, Route de Batna, El Khroub 25100, Constantine, Algérie
| | - Amira Adel Taha Al-Hosary
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mourad Rekik
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), P.O. Box, 950764 Amman 11195, Jordan
| | - Rym Ben Abdallah
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologie et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, BPO 74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Karim Aoun
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologie et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, BPO 74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Aziz Darghouth
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Univ. Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Barbara Wieland
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mohamed Gharbi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Univ. Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
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Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Domestic Ruminants in East Hararghe Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Vet Med Int 2018; 2018:4263470. [PMID: 29887984 PMCID: PMC5985087 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4263470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was carried out from July 2011 to September 2013 to assess the seroprevalence and identify risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic ruminants of East Hararghe zone of Oromia region, Ethiopia. Sera of 1360 domestic ruminants were analyzed for the presence of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies using the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Additionally, the owners were also interviewed using a structured questionnaire to identify the potential risk factors of T. gondii infection. Overall, the prevalence of T. gondii infection in domestic ruminants was 22.2% (302/1360). The seroprevalence in sheep, goats, cattle, and camels was 33.7%, 27.6%, 10.7%, and 14.4%, respectively. District, species, sex, age, and water source were identified as risk factors for T. gondii infection. Increased seropositivity was observed in females (OR = 2.63) and also with the use of pond (OR = 4.25) and pipe (OR = 9.57) water sources in sheep; age >1 year old (OR = 3.45) and with drinking from pond (OR = 6.03) and pipe (OR = 11.61) water sources in goats; with the use of pond (OR = 5.60) and pipe (OR = 10.68) water sources in cattle; and in >4-year-old camels (OR = 2.49). In conclusion, T. gondii infection is common and widespread among the domestic ruminants of the study area, indicating the potential transmission to humans from these animals when they are used as a source of food. Hence, it is crucial to raise awareness of the people about T. gondii infection and conduct further study to explore the impact of the disease on food animal production.
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High seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in goats in Jharkhand state of India. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2018; 12:61-68. [PMID: 31014811 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii, is an important food borne zoonosis worldwide. Although goat meat constitutes an important dietary protein source, improperly cooked meat is a potential source of infection to humans. Data on prevalence of toxoplasma in goat is scanty from India. Serological detection is the practical option for prevalence studies on T. gondii, as no biological stage of the parasite is present in the clinical materials from the intermediate hosts. The present study was undertaken in the Jharkhand state of India which is largely inhabited by economically weaker aborigine population, who depend largely on animal husbandry for livelihood. A total of 445 serum samples were collected for testing, which represented goats under intensive and free range system of rearing. T. gondii specific IgG antibodies were detected in 42.47% (n = 189) samples by rSAG1 based indirect ELISA. The seroprevalence data were analyzed in respect of age, sex, breed of the goats and altitude of the study area as well as rearing conditions of the animals to establish correlation, if any. Though age and sex of the animals had a direct correlation with infection, the same could not be established with the other factors. The sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic ELISA were compared with IFAT, as well as with a commercially available ELISA kit. The rSAG1-ELISA had 92.66% sensitivity and 90.67% specificity with a positive predictive value of 86.77% and negative predictive value 94.92% when compared with IFAT, whereas when compared with the commercial ELISA kit, 87.50% sensitivity and 90.91% specificity with a positive predictive value of 91.30% and negative predictive value 86.96% were observed. Inter rater agreement (kappa) was calculated. rSAG1-ELISA showed good agreement with IFAT (kappa = 0.824) and commercially available ELISA Kit (kappa = 0.783). Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve analysis, revealed a larger area under curve (AUC) of 0.99 (95%CI, 0.97-1.0) when compared with IFAT as gold standard and a highest relative sensitivity 91.30 (95% CI 72-98.3) and specificity 1.0 (95% CI 85.2-100) for the cut off value of 0.6005. The present study revealed high seroprevalence of T. gondii in goats from Jharkhand, which has public health significance.
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Vismarra A, Barilli E, Miceli M, Mangia C, Genchi M, Brindani F, Kramer L, Bacci C. Toxoplasma gondii in the Cornigliese sheep breed in Italy: Meat juice serology, in vitro isolation and genotyping. Vet Parasitol 2017; 243:125-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Marques-Santos F, Amendoeira MRR, Carrijo KF, Santos JPA, Arruda IF, Sudré AP, Brener B, Millar PR. Occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii and risk factors for infection in pigs raised and slaughtered in the Triângulo Mineiro region, Minas Gerais, Brazil. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000600006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The Triângulo Mineiro region from Minas Gerais state, is an important meat-exporting region of Brazil and data about Toxoplasma gondii infection in pigs raised and slaughtered in this area are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of T. gondii in swine and establish the risk factors associated with the infection. Samples were collected from 600 pigs raised under intensive system in farms located at three different counties (Carmo do Paranaíba, Patrocínio and Perdizes). The samples were submitted to indirect hemagglutination antibody test with dilution of 1:32 and to indirect immunofluorescence antibody test with a cutoff of 1:64. The occurrence of positive pig was 3.3% (n=20) and 51.8% (n=311) respectively. A significant difference was observed between toxoplasmatic infection and factors such as lineage, animal origin, size of the farm, collective raising with others species, presence of rodents and type of water offered (p≤0.05). There was no difference between gender and the farm goals. The results demonstrated an occurrence of anti-T.gondii antibodies higher than expected for intensive pig raising system on the studied area, which could indicate a possible sanitary management problem on the studied proprieties. Improvements on the raising techniques are necessary to reduce T. gondii infection sources.
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Tonouhewa ABN, Akpo Y, Sessou P, Adoligbe C, Yessinou E, Hounmanou YG, Assogba MN, Youssao I, Farougou S. Toxoplasma gondii infection in meat animals from Africa: Systematic review and meta-analysis of sero-epidemiological studies. Vet World 2017; 10:194-208. [PMID: 28344403 PMCID: PMC5352845 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.194-208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Toxoplasma gondii is an ubiquitous apicomplexan parasite which causes toxoplasmosis in humans and animals. Felids especially cats are definitive hosts and almost all warm-blooded mammals, including livestock and human can serve as intermediate hosts. Food animals can be reservoirs for T. gondii and act as one of the sources for parasite transmission to humans. The objective of this study is to collect serological data on the prevalence of anti-T. gondii antibody, and risk factors for certain food animals from Africa to provide a quantitative estimate of T. gondii infection among these species from different African countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four databases were used to search seroepidemiological data on the prevalence of anti-T. gondii antibody in food animals between 1969 and 2016 from African countries. The search focused on data obtained by serologic test in food animals and meta-analyses were performed per species. RESULTS A total of 30,742 individual samples from 24 countries, described in 68 articles were studied. The overall estimated prevalence for toxoplasmosis in chicken, camel, cattle, sheep, goat, pig were 37.4% (29.2-46.0%), 36% (18-56%), 12% (8-17%), 26.1% (17.0-37.0%), 22.9% (12.3-36.0%), and 26.0% (20-32.0%), respectively. Moreover, major risk factor of infection was age, farming system, and farm location. CONCLUSIONS A significant variation in the seroepidemiological data was observed within each species and country. The results can aid in an updated epidemiological analysis but also can be used as an important input in quantitative microbial risk assessment models. Further studies are required for a better and continual evaluation of the occurrence of this zoonotic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yao Akpo
- Laboratory of Ecology, Health and animal Production, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, P.O. Box 123 Parakou, Benin
| | - Philippe Sessou
- Laboratory of Research in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 P.O. Box 2009, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Camus Adoligbe
- Laboratory of Research in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 P.O. Box 2009, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Eric Yessinou
- Laboratory of Research in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 P.O. Box 2009, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Yaovi Gildas Hounmanou
- Laboratory of Research in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 P.O. Box 2009, Cotonou, Benin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3121, Chuo Kikoo, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Marc Napoléon Assogba
- Laboratory of Research in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 P.O. Box 2009, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Issaka Youssao
- Laboratory of Research in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 P.O. Box 2009, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Souaïbou Farougou
- Laboratory of Research in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 P.O. Box 2009, Cotonou, Benin
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Guo M, Dubey JP, Hill D, Buchanan RL, Gamble HR, Jones JL, Pradhan AK. Prevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in meat animals and meat products destined for human consumption. J Food Prot 2015; 78:457-76. [PMID: 25710166 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that is responsible for approximately 24% of all estimated deaths attributed to foodborne pathogens in the United States. Human infection results from accidental ingestion of oocysts from the environment, in water, or on insufficiently washed produce or from consumption of raw or undercooked meat products that contain T. gondii tissue cysts. This review focused on studies of T. gondii in meat because many human T. gondii infections are acquired through consumption of raw or undercooked meat. Prevalence of T. gondii is higher in conventionally reared pigs, sheep, and poultry than in cattle and is greater in meat products from organic than from conventionally reared meat animals because of outdoor access, which poses substantially greater opportunities for exposure to infected rodents, wildlife, and oocyst-contaminated feed, water, or environmental surfaces. Risk factors related to T. gondii exposure for livestock include farm type, feed source, presence of cats, methods of rodent and bird control, methods of carcass handling, and water quality. This review serves as a useful resource and information repository for informing quantitative risk assessment studies for T. gondii infection in humans through meat consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Jitender P Dubey
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agriculture Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - Dolores Hill
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agriculture Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - Robert L Buchanan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - H Ray Gamble
- Fellowships Office, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Jones
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Abani K Pradhan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
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Boughattas S, Ayari K, Sa T, Aoun K, Bouratbine A. Survey of the parasite Toxoplasma gondii in human consumed ovine meat in Tunis City. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85044. [PMID: 24427300 PMCID: PMC3888417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis has been recognized as parasitic zoonosis with the highest human incidence. The human infection by the parasite can lead to severe clinical manifestations in congenital toxoplasmosis and immunocompromised patients. Contamination occurs mainly by foodborne ways especially consumption of raw or undercooked meat. In contrast to other foodborne infections, toxoplasmosis is a chronic infection which would make its economic and social impact much higher than even previously anticipated. Ovine meat was advanced as a major risk factor, so we investigated its parasite survey, under natural conditions. Serological MAT technique and touchdown PCR approaches were used for prevalence determination of the parasite in slaughtered sheep intended to human consumption in Tunis City. The genotyping was carried by SNPs analysis of SAG3 marker. Anti-Toxoplasma antibodies were present in 38.2% of young sheep and in 73.6% of adult sheep. Molecular detection revealed the contamination of 50% of ewes' tissue. Sequencing and SNPs analysis enabled unambiguous typing of meat isolates and revealed the presence of mixed strains as those previously identified from clinical samples in the same area. Our findings conclude that slaughtered sheep are highly infected, suggesting them as a major risk factor of Toxoplasma gondii transmission by meat consumption. Special aware should target consequently this factor when recommendations have to be established by the health care commanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Boughattas
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Life and Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea (Republic of)
- Parasitology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Ayari
- Parasitology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Tongmin Sa
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Life and Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea (Republic of)
| | - Karim Aoun
- Parasitology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aida Bouratbine
- Parasitology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- * E-mail:
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Gharbi M, Zribi L, Jedidi M, Chakkhari H, Hamdi S, R'hayem S, Zribi N, Souli M, Darghouth MA. [Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Tunisian sheep]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 106:184-7. [PMID: 23702585 DOI: 10.1007/s13149-013-0290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in 527 sheep from 4 governorates of Tunisia by Elisa (350 animals) and PCR (177 animals). The seroprevalence in sheep was estimated to be 1.8% (N = 166) in the governorate of Siliana (North Tunisia) and 19% (N = 184) in the governorate of Kasserine (Central Tunisia) with a commercial Elisa kit. T. gondii DNA was extracted from the apex of the heart in 25.5% (N = 106) of sheep from the Sidi-Bouzid governorate (Central Tunisia) and 12.7% (N = 71) from the Ben-Arous governorate (North Tunisia). There was no statistically significant difference between different age categories' prevalence within each locality. Our results indicate that T. gondii infection is frequent in Tunisian sheep. The implementation of a national control programme against toxoplasmosis should not neglect sheep as a frequently infected intermediate host.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gharbi
- Laboratoire de parasitologie, École nationale de médecine vétérinaire de Sidi-Thabet, université de la Manouba, Manouba, Tunisie.
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23
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Benkerroum N. Traditional Fermented Foods of North African Countries: Technology and Food Safety Challenges With Regard to Microbiological Risks. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2012.00215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noreddine Benkerroum
- Inst. Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II; Dépt. des Sciences Alimentaires et Nutritionnelles; BP 6202, Instituts; 10101-Rabat; Morocco
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Sakata FBLS, Bellato V, Sartor AA, Moura ABD, Souza APD, Farias JA. Toxoplasma gondii antibodies sheep in Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil, and comparison using IFA and ELISA. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2012; 21:196-200. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612012000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis in sheep is a disease of great importance in veterinary medicine, which causes economic losses in livestock and has a great impact on human health, since consumption of infected meat facilitates transmission of zoonotic infections. Blood samples from sheep (n = 360) were collected from 13 farm properties in the municipality of Lages, Santa Catarina, to estimate the prevalence of toxoplasmosis and identify risk factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection. T. gondii, antibodies were investigated by means of the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Animals infected with T. gondii were found on 100% of the farms. IFA detected 56.9% (205/360) and ELISA 42.5% of the infected sheep. Breed was the only risk factor associated with the presence of T. gondii antibodies. ELISA showed sensitivity of 61%, specificity of 82% and kappa of 0.41, which was considered moderate. This allows use of ELISA as an alternative technique for diagnosing T. gondii in sheep.
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25
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Swai ES, Kaaya JE. A survey of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies by latex agglutination assay in dairy goats in Northern Tanzania. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 45:211-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Moraes LMDB, Raimundo JM, Guimarães A, Santos HA, Macedo Junior GDL, Massard CL, Machado RZ, Baldani CD. Occurrence of anti-Neospora caninum and anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies in goats and sheep in western Maranhão, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2011; 20:312-7. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612011000400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neosporosis and toxoplasmosis are parasitic diseases which can cause reproductive problems in goats and sheep. The current study aimed to determine the occurrence of anti-Neospora caninum and anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies in goats and sheep from the districts of Amarante do Maranhão and Buritirana, Imperatriz microregion, western area of Maranhão State, northeastern Brazil, and to assess factors associated to infection by these etiologic agents. Blood samples from 110 animals (46 goats and 64 sheep) from five herds were collected, and indirect immunofluorescence assay was used for serological testing. Of 46 goat samples, 17.39% (n = 8) showed anti-N. caninum antibodies and 4.35% (n = 2) anti-T. gondii, while of 64 sheep samples 4.69% (n = 3) and 18.75% (n = 12) showed anti-N. caninum and anti-T. gondii antibodies, respectively. No significant difference regarding the presence of domestic cats and/or dogs on the property and veterinary care was seen for both etiologic agents studied. However, food supplementation and animal reproductive failure were significantly (p < 0.05) for N. caninum among sheep and goats, respectively. The current study showed that goats and sheep in western Maranhão are exposed to N. caninum and T. gondii. It is the first evidence of these agents in small ruminants in this region.
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Luciano DM, Menezes RC, Ferreira LC, Nicolau JL, Neves LBD, Luciano RM, Dahroug MA, Amendoeira MRR. Soroepidemiologia da toxoplasmose em caprinos e ovinos de três municípios do estado do Rio de Janeiro. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2011000700004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A toxoplasmose é uma zoonose de ampla distribuição mundial, causada pelo Toxoplasma gondii. O estudo da prevalência desta infecção em animais produtores de carne e leite é de interesse à saúde pública, devido ao fato desses produtos oriundos de animais infectados serem importantes vias de transmissão para o homem, quando consumidos in natura. Além disso, há o aspecto econômico, uma vez que pode causar aborto, retardo no crescimento e animais debilitados, levando prejuízos ao pecuarista. Este trabalho objetivou estimar a soroprevalência da infecção por T. gondii, por meio da reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) em caprinos e ovinos de três municípios do estado do Rio de Janeiro, provenientes de 10 propriedades. A prevalência de anticorpos IgG anti-T.gondii foi de 29,12% (60/206) nos caprinos e de 38,05% (137/360) nos ovinos, sendo observada nessa última espécie associação (p<0,05) entre sexo (fêmeas), idade adulta, sistema de criação extensivo, dieta de pastagem e água de beber de açude com a soropositividade. Os títulos variaram de 64 a 256, podendo ser sugestivos de infecção crônica. Melhorias nas técnicas de criação podem reduzir as fontes de infecção por T. gondii nos rebanhos.
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28
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Rossi GF, Cabral DD, Ribeiro DP, Pajuaba ACAM, Corrêa RR, Moreira RQ, Mineo TWP, Mineo JR, Silva DAO. Evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections in sheep from Uberlândia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, by different serological methods. Vet Parasitol 2010; 175:252-9. [PMID: 21075529 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis and neosporosis have been recognized as economically important diseases with considerable impact on the livestock industry. Considering the scarce information on the occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections in sheep from Uberlândia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, this study aimed to investigate the frequency of antibodies against these parasites in sheep sera from this region by using different serological methods. A total of 155 sheep serum samples were analyzed by the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of IgG against T. gondii and N. caninum. Seroreactivity by IFAT showed 80% of samples with titers between 512 and 2048 for T. gondii (cutoff ≥ 64) and 78% presenting titers between 50 and 200 for N. caninum (cutoff ≥ 50). Seroreactivity by ELISA showed 75% of samples with ELISA index (EI) between 2.0 and 3.0 for T. gondii (cutoff ≥ 1.3) and 54% presenting EI between 1.3 and 2.0 for N. caninum (cut off ≥ 1.3). Discordant results by both tests were analyzed by immunoblot, resulting in a total seropositivity of 61% for T. gondii and 23% for N. caninum, with 41% to T. gondii only, 3% to N. caninum only, and 20% to both parasites. There was a significant positive association between seropositivity to T. gondii and age over one year (P<0.001), but such association was not found for N. caninum infection. In conclusion, as T. gondii and N. caninum infections are simultaneously present in sheep flocks of this region, it should be emphasized the importance to carry out a regular monitoring of Toxoplasma infection due to its high prevalence, its zoonotic potential and induction of reproductive disorders leading to economic losses. For neosporosis, sheep farmers should be instructed about the presence of the parasite in the flock, its risk factors and potential abortifacient role in sheep. Differential flock management could be valuable tool to establish the association of serological positivity and reproductive disease induced by N. caninum in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Rossi
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará 1720, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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29
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Corrêa G, Marques da Silva C, de Abreu Moreira-Souza AC, Vommaro RC, Coutinho-Silva R. Activation of the P2X(7) receptor triggers the elimination of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites from infected macrophages. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:497-504. [PMID: 20298798 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which is widespread throughout the world. After active penetration, the parasite is enclosed within a parasitophorous vacuole and survives in the host cell by avoiding, among other mechanisms, lysosomal degradation. A large number of studies have demonstrated the importance of ATP signalling via the P2X(7) receptor, as a component of the inflammatory response against intracellular pathogens. Here we evaluate the effects of extracellular ATP on T. gondii infection of macrophages. ATP treatment inhibits the parasite load and the appearance of large vacuoles in the cytoplasm of intracellular parasites. ROS and NO assays showed that only ROS production is involved with the ATP effects. Immunofluorescence showed colocalization of Lamp1 and SAG1 only after ATP treatment, suggesting the formation of phagolysosomes. The involvement of P2X(7) receptors in T. gondii clearance was confirmed by the use of P2X(7) agonists and antagonists, and by infecting macrophages from P2X(7) receptor-deficient mice. We conclude that parasite elimination might occur following P2X(7) signalling and that novel therapies against intracellular pathogens could take advantage of activation of purinergic signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Corrêa
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373. 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Asgari Q, Mehrabani D, Moazzeni M, Akrami-Moh F, Kalantari M, Motazedian M, Hatam G. The Seroprevalence of Ovine Toxoplasmosis in Fars Province, Southern Iran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2009.332.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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31
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Toxoplasmosis in sheep—The last 20 years. Vet Parasitol 2009; 163:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Toxoplasma gondii: host–parasite interaction and behavior manipulation. Parasitol Res 2009; 105:893-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1526-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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33
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Prevalence and risk factors associated to infection by Toxoplasma gondii in ovine in the State of Alagoas, Brazil. Parasitol Res 2009; 105:709-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1472-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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34
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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep and goats in Rahim Yar Khan (Punjab), Pakistan. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 41:1225-9. [PMID: 19225903 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-009-9304-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, an infection caused by Toxoplasma (T.) gondii Apicomplexa protozoan, is widespread in humans and other animal species, having already been reported in many countries and different climates. In Pakistan, no data is available on this aspect among food animals. This study was undertaken to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in sheep and goats. A total of 200 serum samples from sheep and goats, were collected from urban area of Rahim Yar Khan (Punjab), Pakistan and tested for Toxoplasmosis with a commercial latex agglutination kit (Eiken Chemical Co., Ltd. Japan). The overall seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis was 19%. Goats had a significantly higher (p < 0.01) prevalence (25.4%) as compared to the sheep (11.2%); and higher (p < 0.01) in the female (24%) than in the males (19%) for both species. In the present study the male (both in sheep and goat) are found less seropositive T. gondii (OR = 0.23; 99% C.I. = 0.01, 1.81) as compared to female sheep and goat. The prevalence was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in adult sheep than younger animals. Among both the sheep and goats the group from 1-1.5 years are highly seropositive (OR = 1.75; 99% C.I. = 0.47, 6.51) as compared to the group less than one year of age followed by the 2-2.5 years age group (OR = 1.63; 99% C.I. = 0.50, 5.74) whereas group with more than 3 years of age least seropositive.
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Frequency ofToxoplasma gondiiinfection in sheep from a tropical zone of Mexico and temporal analysis of the humoral response changes. Parasitology 2008; 135:897-902. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182008004460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYAn indirect ELISA and an immunoblot were standardized to detect anti-Toxoplasma gondiiantibodies in sheep, and were compared with a commercial ELISA as reference. Sensitivity was 92·0 and 96·0%, and specificity 88·0 and 75·0%, respectively. Then the serum samples of 103 sheep on a ranch located in the Eastern region of Mexico were analysed. A frequency ranging from 77 to 84% was observed, with a heterogeneous pattern among the animals by immunoblotting. Ten months later 56 sheep were sampled and tested again. Six animals became negative while 1 case was negative the first time and strongly positive 10 months later. Considering this to be a new case we calculated an incidence rate of 2·1% (CI95%0·6–4·8%). IgG avidity ELISA was performed on 36 positive samples, 33 being of high-avidity at both times; slight increases in 2 samples and conservation of low-avidity in 1 sheep were also observed. Higher prevalence rates of toxoplasmosis in a moist warm compared to a cold atmosphere was attributed to the long viability ofT. gondiioocysts. This may explain the high frequency ofT. gondiiin this region, which apparently has favourable climatic conditions for the transmission of this protozoan, besides the presence of both domestic and wild cats.
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36
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Fusco G, Rinaldi L, Guarino A, Proroga YTR, Pesce A, Giuseppina DM, Cringoli G. Toxoplasma gondii in sheep from the Campania region (Italy). Vet Parasitol 2007; 149:271-4. [PMID: 17764846 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional serological survey was conducted in order to evaluate, irrespective of abortion, the Toxoplasma gondii infection in pastured sheep from the Campania region of southern Italy. A geographical information system was used in order to uniformly sample the ovine farms (n=117) throughout the entire region. Blood and milk samples were collected from 10 adult sheep (>18 months) on each farm (total number=1170 sheep). Serum samples were tested for the presence of IgG antibodies to T. gondii using a commercial indirect fluorescent antibody test. For each farm, the 10 milk samples collected were pooled in order to obtain a single milk sample per farm (total number=117 milk samples). The 77.8% (91/117) of the farms and the 28.5% (333/11,170) of the sheep resulted positive by serology. In addition, the presence of T. gondii DNA was detected by PCR in 4 milk samples out of the 117 examined (3.4%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Fusco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Sezione di Caserta, via Jervolino 19, 81029 Tuoro, Caserta, Italy.
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37
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Mainar-Jaime RC, Barberán M. Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of the modified agglutination test (MAT) and an indirect ELISA for the detection of serum antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in sheep through Bayesian approaches. Vet Parasitol 2007; 148:122-9. [PMID: 17624672 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The diagnostic accuracies of the modified agglutination test (MAT) and indirect ELISA test for the detection of serum antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in sheep were evaluated through Bayesian approaches on two populations of sheep created from three different groups of animals (T. gondii-aborted ewes, colostrums-deprived newborn lambs, and ewe-lambs and adult ewes with unknown T. gondii infection status). Tests showed a high degree of agreement (kappa statistic = 0.93; 95% confidence interval = 0.87, 0.98) and a significant specificity (Sp) correlation (gamma(Sp) = 0.26; 95% credibility interval = 0.017, 0.61). When prior information was used for all unknown parameters the posterior medians for the sensitivity (Se) and Sp of the MAT and ELISA were, respectively, 92.6% (95% credibility interval = 85.2, 96.9), 95.5% (89.9, 98.7), 90.5% (83.4, 95.6), and 97.8% (94.2, 99.5). These estimates remained similar when uninformative priors were included. The Se estimates of the MAT and ELISA were higher than those obtained on pigs in other study using the same approach (Se = 80.6% and Sp = 89.5% for the MAT, and Se = 71.5% and Sp = 85.5% for the ELISA [Georgiadis, M.P., Wesley, O.J., Gardner, I.A., Singh, R., 2003. Correlation-adjusted estimation of sensitivity and specificity of two diagnostic tests. Appl. Stat. 52, 63-78]. This finding supported the believe that test performances may vary when applied on different animal species. Thus, if these tests are planned to be used on animal species other than sheep or pigs, their diagnostic accuracy should be re-assessed to prevent biased inferences from their results.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Mainar-Jaime
- Unidad Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón. Apdo. Correos 727, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain.
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Clementino MM, Souza MF, Andrade Neto VF. Seroprevalence and Toxoplasma gondii-IgG avidity in sheep from Lajes, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2007; 146:199-203. [PMID: 17418950 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sheep are important domestic animals in the Northeast region of Brazil due to their minimal rearing and maintenance costs, and to their production of both meat and milk. In animals, Toxoplasma gondii infection results in significant reproductive and economic losses. The epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in sheep in the Northeast of Brazil has been little studied; particularly in Rio Grande do Norte State. Sera from 102 sheep intended for consumption in Lajes were subjected to the Toxoplasma-ELISA test to detect anti-T. gondii specific IgG confirming a past infection. Of the total tested, 30 (29.41%) sera were positive for IgG with an increasing number of positive animals with advancing age. We used IgG avidity ELISA in 30 positive samples and observed that 6 (20%) had low avidity antibodies and 24 (80%) had high avidity antibodies. Epidemiological studies are required in order to identify sources of infection for these hosts as well as their impact on animal breeding in the region and risk of transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Clementino
- Laboratory of Malaria Biology and Toxoplasmosis, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFRN, Av. Sen. Salgado Filho sn, CEP 59072-970, Campus Universitário, Natal, RN, Brazil
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