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Nanjundappa S, Nair SN, Udayan D, Kanapadinchareveetil S, Jacob M, Ravindran R, Juliet S. Disposition Kinetics of Amitraz in Lactating Does. Molecules 2021; 26:4769. [PMID: 34443355 PMCID: PMC8400832 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amitraz, a member of the formamidine pesticide family, commonly used for ectoparasite control, is applied as a dip or low-pressure hand spray to cattle and swine, and the neck collar on dogs. Data on amitraz were generated mainly on laboratory animals, hens, dogs, and baboons. The data on the toxicity and disposition of amitraz in animals and its residues in the milk are inadequate. Therefore, the present study was intended to analyze the disposition kinetics of amitraz and its pattern of elimination in the milk of lactating does after a single dermal application at a concentration of 0.25%. Blood at predetermined time intervals and milk twice daily were collected for eight days post application. The drug concentration was assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Amitraz was detected in whole blood as early as 0.5 h, which attained a peak concentration at 12 ± 5 h, followed by a steady decline; however, detection persisted until 168 h. Amitraz was present in the blood at its 50% Cmax even after 48 h, and was still detectable after 7 days. The disposition after a single dermal application was best described non-compartmentally. The mean terminal half-life (t1/2), mean residence time (MRT), and area under the curve (AUC0-t) were 111 ± 31 h, 168 ± 39 h, and 539 ± 211 µg/mL/h, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution (Vdarea) was 92 ± 36 mL/g with an observed clearance (Cl) of 0.57 ± 0.33 mL/kg/h. Thus, the drug was well absorbed, widely distributed and slowly eliminated from the animal body. Amitraz achieved milk concentration approximating 0.2 per cent of the total dose after a single exposure and the steady-state elimination of amitraz in milk above the recommended maximum residue limit (MRL) of 0.01 mg/kg can act as a source of public health concern when applied on lactating animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Nanjundappa
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (S.N.); (S.N.N.); (D.U.); (S.K.); (M.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Suresh Narayanan Nair
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (S.N.); (S.N.N.); (D.U.); (S.K.); (M.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Darsana Udayan
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (S.N.); (S.N.N.); (D.U.); (S.K.); (M.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Sreelekha Kanapadinchareveetil
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (S.N.); (S.N.N.); (D.U.); (S.K.); (M.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Mathew Jacob
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (S.N.); (S.N.N.); (D.U.); (S.K.); (M.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Reghu Ravindran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India
| | - Sanis Juliet
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (S.N.); (S.N.N.); (D.U.); (S.K.); (M.J.); (S.J.)
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Gosselin-Badaroudine P, Charnet P, Collet C, Chahine M. Metaflumizone inhibits the honeybee Na V 1 channel by targeting recovery from slow inactivation. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3842-3849. [PMID: 29105054 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Metaflumizone is the latest addition to the armamentarium of the Na+ channel inhibitor insecticide family. We used the Xenopus oocyte expression system and a Markovian model to assess the effect of metaflumizone on Apis mellifera Na+ channels (AmNaV 1). Our results reveal that metaflumizone inhibits AmNaV 1 channels by targeting the kinetics of recovery from slow inactivation. Multistate modeling of fast and slow inactivation of the AmNaV 1 channel made it possible to study the effects of metaflumizone on a set of rate constants underlying the transition between the open and inactivated conformations and provided insights into their specificity. We conclude that the methods we used could be extended to assessing the toxicity of other Na+ channel inhibitor insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Charnet
- CNRS, UMR 5247, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université Montpellier 2, France
| | - Claude Collet
- INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Toxicologie Environnementale, Avignon, France
| | - Mohamed Chahine
- Centre de recherche CERVO, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Abstract
Efficacy of afoxolaner, a novel isoxazoline insecticide/acaricide, against Dermacentor variabilis ticks was confirmed in two laboratory studies. Each study utilized a controlled, randomized block design. One day prior to treatment, beagle dogs were infested with 50 unfed adult ticks. Repeat infestations were performed weekly for four weeks. The number of live ticks remaining on each dog was determined 48 h after treatment and after each subsequent infestation. A single oral treatment with a dose approaching the minimum effective dose of afoxolaner (2.5mg/kg) eliminated the pre-existing infestations by D. variabilis ticks and controlled weekly re-infestations with 99.7-100% efficacy up to Day 23 and >97% efficacy at Day 30.
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Oberkirchner U, Linder KE, Dunston S, Bizikova P, Olivry T. Metaflumizone-amitraz (Promeris)-associated pustular acantholytic dermatitis in 22 dogs: evidence suggests contact drug-triggered pemphigus foliaceus. Vet Dermatol 2011; 22:436-48. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2011.00974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Tarallo VD, Lia RP, Sasanelli M, Cafarchia C, Otranto D. Efficacy of Amitraz plus Metaflumizone for the treatment of canine demodicosis associated with Malassezia pachydermatis. Parasit Vectors 2009; 2:13. [PMID: 19265536 PMCID: PMC2654875 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-2-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This case reports the efficacy of metaflumizone plus amitraz spot-on formulation (ProMeris Duo(R); Fort Dodge) against generalized demodectic mange. A two year-old male dog presented at clinical examination with poor general condition, diffused alopecia, crusted lesions, pruritus, skin scales and pustules. Demodex mites, Malassezia pachydermatis yeasts and bacteria were diagnosed. The dog was treated with cephalexin and topically with metaflumizone plus amitraz spot on formulation at two weeks intervals until two consecutive skin scrapings resulted negative for mites. The number of adult mites statistically decreased at follow-up with a reduction of approximately 42 and 94% at +14 and +28 days post treatment (p.t.) respectively. Nymphs and larvae could not be detected from +28 day p.t. while eggs were no longer present +42 day p.t. The dog was negative for both bacteria and M. pachydermatis at 14 days p.t., coinciding with improved general clinical conditions, recovering skin lesions and no further signs of pruritus. These results show that metaflumizone plus amitraz associated with the antibiotic therapy is highly effective for treating generalized demodectic mange and could also be effective toward controlling M. pachydermatis opportunistic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana D Tarallo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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Hellmann K, Adler K, Parker L, Pfister K, DeLay R, Rugg D. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of a novel formulation of metaflumizone plus amitraz in dogs naturally infested with fleas and ticks in Europe. Vet Parasitol 2007; 150:239-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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DeLay R, Lacoste E, Mezzasalma T, Blond-Riou F. Pharmacokinetics of metaflumizone and amitraz in the plasma and hair of dogs following topical application. Vet Parasitol 2007; 150:251-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Topical formulations of metaflumizone plus amitraz to treat flea and tick infestations on dogs. Vet Parasitol 2007; 150:196-202. [PMID: 17949910 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A topical spot-on solution was developed for treating pets that contained of active ingredients metaflumizone and amitraz and intended for use as an ectoparasiticide. The formulation vehicle system was designed by balancing the following three attributes of various solvents: evaporation/drying, surface spreading, and percutaneous absorption. The solvents were selected by evaluating the solubilization capacity of individual solvents with respect to the above active ingredients. The evaporation rates of various solvent systems were then determined. The visual observations of the treatment sites was also performed a day after treating the dogs to understand the cosmetic effect of various solvent systems. The lead formulations dried off within a day after application with no noticeable residue at the treatment site, while others produced appreciable powdery residue or a large wet and oily spot. The stability of the lead formulations was also evaluated over 2 years to demonstrate a 2-year shelf life of this product.
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