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Holubová N, Zikmundová V, Kicia M, Zajączkowska Ż, Rajský M, Konečný R, Rost M, Mravcová K, Sak B, Kváč M. Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp., Encephalitozoon spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in feral and captive pigeons in Central Europe. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:158. [PMID: 38460006 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. are the most common protistan parasites of vertebrates. The results show that pigeon populations in Central Europe are parasitised by different species of Cryptosporidium and genotypes of microsporidia of the genera Enterocytozoon and Encephalitozoon. A total of 634 and 306 faecal samples of captive and feral pigeons (Columba livia f. domestica) from 44 locations in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland were analysed for the presence of parasites by microscopy and PCR/sequence analysis of small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rDNA), 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of SSU rDNA. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the presence of C. meleagridis, C. baileyi, C. parvum, C. andersoni, C. muris, C. galli and C. ornithophilus, E. hellem genotype 1A and 2B, E. cuniculi genotype I and II and E. bieneusi genotype Peru 6, CHN-F1, D, Peru 8, Type IV, ZY37, E, CHN4, SCF2 and WR4. Captive pigeons were significantly more frequently parasitised with screened parasite than feral pigeons. Cryptosporidium meleagridis IIIa and a new subtype IIIl have been described, the oocysts of which are not infectious to immunodeficient mice, whereas chickens are susceptible. This investigation demonstrates that pigeons can be hosts to numerous species, genotypes and subtypes of the studied parasites. Consequently, they represent a potential source of infection for both livestock and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Holubová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Zikmundová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Kicia
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Żaneta Zajączkowska
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Matúš Rajský
- Research Institute for Animal Production Nitra, National Agricultural and Food Centre, Lužianky, Slovakia
| | - Roman Konečný
- Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Rost
- Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Mravcová
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kváč
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Koehler AV, Zhang Y, Gasser RB. A Perspective on the Molecular Identification, Classification, and Epidemiology of Enterocytozoon bieneusi of Animals. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2022; 114:389-415. [PMID: 35544010 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-93306-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The microsporidian Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an obligate intracellular pathogen that causes enteric disease (microsporidiosis) in humans and has been recorded in a wide range of animal species worldwide. The transmission of E. bieneusi is direct and likely occurs from person to person and from animal to person via the ingestion of spores in water, food, or the environment. The identification of E. bieneusi is usually accomplished by molecular means, typically using the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Currently, ~820 distinct genotypes of E. bieneusi have been recorded in at least 210 species of vertebrates (mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians) or invertebrates (insects and mussels) in more than 50 countries. In this chapter, we provide a perspective on (1) clinical aspects of human microsporidiosis; (2) the genome and DNA markers for E. bieneusi as well as molecular methods for the specific and genotypic identification of E. bieneusi; (3) epidemiological aspects of E. bieneusi of animals and humans, with an emphasis on the genotypes proposed to be zoonotic, human-specific, and animal-specific; and (4) future research directions to underpin expanded molecular studies to better understand E. bieneusi and microsporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anson V Koehler
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Dong H, Cheng R, Li X, Li J, Chen Y, Ban C, Zhang X, Liu F, Zhang L. Molecular Identification of Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Giardia duodenalis in Captive Pet Birds in Henan Province, Central China. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2021; 68:e12839. [PMID: 33448088 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Giardia duodenalis are common enteric pathogens that are capable of infecting humans and animals. Total of 1,005 fecal samples from captive pet birds were collected from seven locations in Henan Province, China. The results demonstrated that 9.9% (99/1,005) of the captive birds were infected with one of these three pathogens. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was the most prevalent species among the birds (45/1,005, 4.5%) followed by G. duodenalis (33/1,005, 3.3%) and Cryptosporidium spp. (21/1,005, 2.1%). Five Cryptosporidium species were identified, namely, C. baileyi (10), C. galli (5), C. meleagridis (4), C. andersoni (1), and C. parvum (1). Two known E. bieneusi genotypes were identified: Peru 6 (44) was identified in pigeons (34) and European turtle doves (10); whereas, the genotype PtEb I (1) was only identified in a pigeon. Only G. duodenalis assemblage E (33) was identified in some pet birds. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to undertake the molecular identification of G. duodenalis in birds in China. The identification of potentially zoonotic species/genotypes of the pathogens suggests that exposure to the excreta of these birds, either directly or via food and water, may pose a threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiju Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Ru Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xinmiao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.,Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yuancai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Chaoping Ban
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xiangqian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
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Zhang Y, Koehler AV, Wang T, Gasser RB. Enterocytozoon bieneusi of animals-With an 'Australian twist'. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2021; 111:1-73. [PMID: 33482973 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a microsporidian microorganism that causes intestinal disease in animals including humans. E. bieneusi is an obligate intracellular pathogen, typically causing severe or chronic diarrhoea, malabsorption and/or wasting. Currently, E. bieneusi is recognised as a fungus, although its exact classification remains contentious. The transmission of E. bieneusi can occur from person to person and/or animals to people. Transmission is usually via the faecal-oral route through E. bieneusi spore-contaminated water, environment or food, or direct contact with infected individuals. Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes are usually identified and classified by PCR-based sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. To date, ~600 distinct genotypes of E. bieneusi have been recorded in ~170 species of animals, including various orders of mammals and reptiles as well as insects in >40 countries. Moreover, E. bieneusi has also been found in recreational water, irrigation water, and treated raw- and waste-waters. Although many studies have been conducted on the epidemiology of E. bieneusi, prevalence surveys of animals and humans are scant in some countries, such as Australia, and transmission routes of individual genotypes and related risk factors are poorly understood. This article/chapter reviews aspects of the taxonomy, biology and epidemiology of E. bieneusi; the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of microsporidiosis; critically appraises the naming system for E. bieneusi genotypes as well as the phylogenetic relationships of these genotypes; provides new insights into the prevalence and genetic composition of E. bieneusi populations in animals in parts of Australia using molecular epidemiological tools; and proposes some areas for future research in the E. bieneusi/microsporidiosis field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anson V Koehler
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Ecological and public health significance of Enterocytozoon bieneusi. One Health 2020; 12:100209. [PMID: 33426263 PMCID: PMC7779778 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi, a fungus-like protist parasite, causes symptomatic and asymptomatic intestinal infections in terrestrial animals and is also abundant in the environment. This parasite has been isolated from a variety of host types including humans, livestock, companion animals, birds, and wildlife, as well as the natural and urban environments including drinking source water, coastal water, recreational water, wastewater, vegetables in retail markets, and raw milk on farms. E. bieneusi exhibits high genetic diversity among host species and environmental sources and at least 500 genotypes have been identified thus far. Since its discovery in AIDS patients in 1985, scientists across the world have worked to demonstrate the natural history and public health potential of this pathogen. Here we review molecular typing studies on E. bieneusi and summarize relevant data to identify the potential sources of human and nonhuman infections and environmental contamination. This review also discusses the possible transmission routes of E. bieneusi and the associated risk factors, and advocates the importance of the One Health approach to tackle E. bieneusi infections.
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Mather E, Fogell DJ, McCready M, McInnes K, Ewen JG. Testing management alternatives for controlling nest parasites in an endangered bird. Anim Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Mather
- Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London London UK
- Royal Veterinary College London UK
| | - D. J. Fogell
- Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London London UK
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Canterbury UK
| | - M. McCready
- Hihi Conservation Charitable Trust Wellington New Zealand
| | - K. McInnes
- Department of Conservation Conservation House – Whare Kaupapa Atawhai Wellington New Zealand
| | - J. G. Ewen
- Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London London UK
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New genotypes and molecular characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in pet birds in Southwestern China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2019; 10:164-169. [PMID: 31667078 PMCID: PMC6811997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi, a unicellular enteric microsporidian parasite, can infect humans and a wide range of animals throughout the world. Although E. bieneusi has been identified in many animals, there is no information regarding the genotypes of E. bieneusi in pet birds in China. Birds are important sources of emerging infectious diseases that affect humans, and immunosuppressed individuals can be exposed to potential zoonotic agents shed by birds. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and genotypic diversity of E. bieneusi in pet birds, as well as assessed its zoonotic potential. A total of 387 fecal samples were collected from Psittaciformes (n = 295), Passeriformes (n = 67), and Galliformes (n = 16) from four pet markets in Sichuan province, Southwestern China. The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi in pet birds was 25.1% based on nested polymerase chain reaction analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene (Psittaciformes, 21.7%; Passeriformes, 37.3%; Galliformes, 50.0%). Eight genotypes of E. bieneusi were identified, including five known genotypes (D, SC02, BEB6, CHB1, and MJ5) and three novel genotypes (SCB-I, SCB-II, and SCB-III). In phylogenetic analysis, genotypes D and SC02 and one novel genotype SCB-II were clustered within group 1, genotype BEB6 was classified within group 2, and the remaining genotypes (CHB1, MJ5, SCB-I, and SCB-III) clustered with group 10. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of E. bieneusi infection in pet birds in China. Genotypes D, SC02, and BEB6 that have been previously identified in humans, were found in pet birds in this study, suggesting that these pet birds can be a potential source of human microsporidiosis in China. This is the first to report the prevalence of E. bieneusi in pet birds in China. The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi was 25.1% (97/387) based on PCR analysis of the ITS region of the ribosomal RNA gene. Five known genotypes (D, SC02, BEB6, CHB1, and MJ5) and three novel genotypes (SCB-I, SCB-II, and SCB-III) were identified. This study will enrich the epidemiological data of E. bieneusi infection in China.
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Feng SY, Chang H, Luo J, Huang JJ, He HX. First report of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. in peafowl ( Pavo cristatus) in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2019; 9:1-6. [PMID: 30976510 PMCID: PMC6438908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. are important pathogens causing diarrhea in humans and animals. However, few studies have been conducted on the infection of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. in peafowl up to now. The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence and the involved genotypes of Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi in peafowl in Beijing and Jiangxi Province, China. In total, 258 peafowl fecal samples were collected. Overall, both Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi had the same prevalence, i.e. 6.59% (17/258). Higher infection rates of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. were found in the adolescent peafowl. The prevalence of E. bieneusi in Beijing and Jiangxi Province was 5.23% and 8.57% respectively. For Cryptosporidium spp., the prevalence was 4.58% and 9.52% in Beijing and Jiangxi Province, respectively. Three zoonotic genotypes of E. bieneusi were confirmed, including two known genotypes, genotype Peru 6 and D, and one novel genotype, JXP1. Two avian specific species/genotypes of Cryptosporidium, Avian genotype Ⅲ and Goose genotype Ⅰ, were identified. To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. occurrence in peafowl in China. The findings suggest that peafowl could be reservoirs of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. which could be potentially transmitted to humans and other animals, and the present survey have implications for controlling E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. infection in peafowl. This is the first report of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. in peafowl in China. The average infection rate was 6.59% and higher prevalence was found in the adolescent peafowl. Three zoonotic genotypes of E. bieneusi and 2 avian specific genotypes of Cryptosporidium were identified. This study will enrich the epidemiological data of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. infection in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yong Feng
- National Research Center for Wildlife Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Han Chang
- National Research Center for Wildlife Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jing Luo
- National Research Center for Wildlife Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jing-Jing Huang
- National Research Center for Wildlife Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hong-Xuan He
- National Research Center for Wildlife Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- Corresponding author. 1-5 Beichenxilu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Prado JBF, Ramos CADN, Fiuza VRDS, Terra VJB. Occurrence of zoonotic Enterocytozoon bieneusi in cats in Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 28:80-90. [PMID: 30785555 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120180096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an opportunistic intestinal pathogen that infects humans and a wide variety of animals worldwide. Our aim in this study was to investigate the occurrence of E. bieneusi in a domestic cat population in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Sixty fecal samples from diarrheic cats were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the amplicons were sequenced for identification. E. bieneusi was detected in two samples (3.3%), both identified as genotype D. This genotype has already been reported in animals and humans and is considered a zoonotic genotype. Our findings represent the first report of E. bieneusi in domestic cats in Brazil, reinforcing the importance of identifying this agent as a source of infection in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamille Batista Faria Prado
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | | | - Vagner Ricardo da Silva Fiuza
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Cidade Universitária - Pioneiros, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Veronica Jorge Babo Terra
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
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Perec-Matysiak A, Wesołowska M, Leśniańska K, Buńkowska-Gawlik K, Hildebrand J, Kicia M. Survey for Zoonotic Microsporidian Pathogens in Wild Living Urban Rooks (Corvus frugilegus). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 64:721-724. [PMID: 28199765 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia are opportunistic pathogens in nature infecting all animal phyla. There is a potential risk of microsporidian spores transmission from urban rooks inhabiting some metropolitan cities to people through casual interactions. The aim of this study was to identify microsporidia species in the droppings of rooks in Wroclaw, Poland. A total of 15 collective sets of droppings were examined using nested-PCR method. Amplification of ITS rRNA gene revealed the presence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi D, Peru 6, and Encephalitozoon hellem 1A genotypes. This study indicates that excreta of urban rooks can be an important source of human infection with these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Perec-Matysiak
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, Wrocław, 51-148, Poland
| | - Maria Wesołowska
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 9, Wrocław, 50-367, Poland
| | - Kinga Leśniańska
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, Wrocław, 51-148, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Buńkowska-Gawlik
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, Wrocław, 51-148, Poland
| | - Joanna Hildebrand
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, Wrocław, 51-148, Poland
| | - Marta Kicia
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 9, Wrocław, 50-367, Poland
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Prasertbun R, Mori H, Pintong AR, Sanyanusin S, Popruk S, Komalamisra C, Changbunjong T, Buddhirongawatr R, Sukthana Y, Mahittikorn A. Zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon genotypes in humans and pigs in Thailand. Vet Parasitol 2016; 233:73-79. [PMID: 28043391 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an opportunistic intestinal pathogen infecting humans and a variety of animals. Its mode of transmission and zoonotic potential are not completely understood. E. bieneusi has been frequently identified in pigs. The objective of our study was to investigate E. bieneusi in pigs and humans in Western and Central Thailand to determine its presence, genetic diversity, and zoonotic potential. A total of 277 human and 210 pig faecal samples were collected and analysed. E. bieneusi was found in 5.4% and 28.1% of human and pig samples, respectively, by nested PCR. Genotyping based on the internal transcribed spacer regions of the small subunit ribosomal RNA demonstrated three known genotypes (D, H, PigEb10) and eight novel genotypes (TMH1-8) in humans, and five known genotypes (D, EbpA, EbpC, H, O) and 11 novel genotypes (TMP1-11) in pigs. All known genotypes identified in humans and pigs had zoonotic potential. Further studies are needed to evaluate zoonotic risk of novel genotypes, as pigs may play an important role in the transmission of E. bieneusi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rapeepun Prasertbun
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hirotake Mori
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ai-Rada Pintong
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suparut Sanyanusin
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supaluk Popruk
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chalit Komalamisra
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanasak Changbunjong
- Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Ruangrat Buddhirongawatr
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Yaowalark Sukthana
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aongart Mahittikorn
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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da Cunha MJR, Cury MC, Santín M. Molecular identification of Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia in Brazilian captive birds. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:487-493. [PMID: 27815734 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5309-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A total of 85 fecal samples from captive birds collected from October 2013 to September 2014 in Uberlândia and Belo Horizonte in the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil) were evaluated for the presence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia by PCR. Of these, three birds were found positive for E. bieneusi (3.5%), two for Cryptosporidium (2.3%), and one for Giardia (1.2%). Two genotypes of E. bieneusi were detected by nucleotide sequence analysis of the ITS region, genotypes D and Peru 6 in a swan goose and in two rock pigeons, respectively. For Cryptosporidium and Giardia, nucleotide sequence analysis of the SSU rRNA identified Cryptosporidium baileyi and Duck genotype in a swan goose and a mandarin duck, respectively, and Giardia duodenalis assemblage A in a toco toucon. Our results demonstrate that human-pathogenic E. bieneusi genotypes D and Peru6 and G. duodenalis assemblage A are present in captive birds in Brazil, corroborating their potential role as a source of human infection and environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Júlia Rodrigues da Cunha
- US Department of Agriculture, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, Building 173, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, Campus Umuarama, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Caixa Postal 250, 70040-020, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Márcia Cristina Cury
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, Campus Umuarama, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Mónica Santín
- US Department of Agriculture, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, Building 173, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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Xiang L, Guo F, Yu Y, Parson LS, LaCoste L, Gibson A, Presley SM, Peterson M, Craig TM, Rollins D, Fedynich AM, Zhu G. Multiyear Survey of Coccidia, Cryptosporidia, Microsporidia, Histomona, and Hematozoa in Wild Quail in the Rolling Plains Ecoregion of Texas and Oklahoma, USA. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2016; 64:4-17. [PMID: 27222431 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We developed nested PCR protocols and performed a multiyear survey on the prevalence of several protozoan parasites in wild northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) and scaled quail (Callipepla squamata) in the Rolling Plains ecoregion of Texas and Oklahoma (i.e. fecal pellets, bird intestines and blood smears collected between 2010 and 2013). Coccidia, cryptosporidia, and microsporidia were detected in 46.2%, 11.7%, and 44.0% of the samples (n = 687), whereas histomona and hematozoa were undetected. Coccidia consisted of one major and two minor Eimeria species. Cryptosporidia were represented by a major unknown Cryptosporidium species and Cryptosporidium baileyi. Detected microsporidia species were highly diverse, in which only 11% were native avian parasites including Encephalitozoon hellem and Encephalitozoon cuniculi, whereas 33% were closely related to species from insects (e.g. Antonospora, Liebermannia, and Sporanauta). This survey suggests that coccidia infections are a significant risk factor in the health of wild quail while cryptosporidia and microsporidia may be much less significant than coccidiosis. In addition, the presence of E. hellem and E. cuniculi (known to cause opportunistic infections in humans) suggests that wild quail could serve as a reservoir for human microsporidian pathogens, and individuals with compromised or weakened immunity should probably take precautions while directly handling wild quail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Xiang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-4467, USA
| | - Fengguang Guo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-4467, USA
| | - Yonglan Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lacy S Parson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-4467, USA
| | - Lloyd LaCoste
- Rolling Plains Quail Research Foundation, San Angelo, Texas, 76901, USA
| | - Anna Gibson
- Institute of Environmental & Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79416, USA
| | - Steve M Presley
- Institute of Environmental & Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79416, USA
| | - Markus Peterson
- Department of Wildlife & Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-2258, USA
| | - Thomas M Craig
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-4467, USA
| | - Dale Rollins
- Rolling Plains Quail Research Foundation, San Angelo, Texas, 76901, USA.,Department of Wildlife & Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-2258, USA
| | - Alan M Fedynich
- Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, Texas, 78363, USA
| | - Guan Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-4467, USA
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Fiuza VRDS, Lopes CWG, Cosendey RIJ, de Oliveira FCR, Fayer R, Santín M. Zoonotic Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes found in brazilian sheep. Res Vet Sci 2016; 107:196-201. [PMID: 27473995 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in sheep has been reported in only three countries worldwide. The present study has found E. bieneusi in Brazilian sheep for the first time; in 24/125 (19.2%) fecal samples by PCR and on 8/10 (80%) farms from three diverse locations. A significantly greater number of lambs (34.1%) were found infected than older sheep (11.1%) (P=0.0036); most of the lambs were less than 6months of age. Farms with an intensive production system had a lower infection rate (10.5%) of infection than semi-intensive farms (23%), but this difference was not statistically significant. Sequencing analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA gene revealed four known E. bieneusi genotypes (BEB6, BEB7, I, and LW1) and two novel genotypes (BEB18 and BEB19). Genotypes LW1 and BEB19 clustered within designated zoonotic Group 1 while genotypes BEB6, BEB7, I, and BEB18, and clustered within Group 2. BEB6 was the most prevalent (45.8%), followed by BEB7 (33.3%). Genotypes BEB6, I, and LW1 are zoonotic and can pose a risk to human health for immunocompromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vagner Ricardo da Silva Fiuza
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, BARC-East, Building 173, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, UFRRJ, BR-465 km 7, 23897-970, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Wilson Gomes Lopes
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, UFRRJ, BR-465 km 7, 23897-970, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rachel Ingrid Juliboni Cosendey
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Apoio à Pesquisa em Nefrologia e Ciências Médicas, HUAP, UFF, 24033-900, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ronald Fayer
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, BARC-East, Building 173, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Monica Santín
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, BARC-East, Building 173, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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15
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Zhao W, Yu S, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Wang R, Zhang W, Yang F, Liu A. Genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi (Microsporidia) isolated from various birds in China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 40:151-154. [PMID: 26944443 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common opportunistic pathogen causing diarrhea in humans and animals. However, epidemiological data on E. bieneusi infections in birds are relatively scare worldwide, especially in China. To understand the prevalence and genetic diversity of E. bieneusi in birds and to assess the zoonotic potential of bird-derived E. bieneusi isolates, 194 fecal specimens from Gruidae, Anatidae and Columbidae in Heilongjiang Province, China, were analyzed by PCR and sequencing of the single internal transcribed spacer region of the rRNA gene. The average prevalence of E. bieneusi was 22.2%, with 12.5% for Gruidae, 15.9% for Anatidae and 44.0% for Columbidae. Altogether seven genotypes of E. bieneusi were identified, including four known genotypes-Peru6 (n=29), BEB6 (n=5), D (n=3) and EbpA (n=1)-and three novel genotypes named CHN-B1 (n=1), CHN-B2 (n=3) and CHN-B3 (n=1). All the known genotypes obtained here were previously detected in humans. All the novel genotypes were clustered into the zoonotic group 1 in phylogenetic analysis. The results indicate that these birds may play a potential role in the transmission of E. bieneusi to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Siyang Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Ziyin Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Weizhe Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Fengkun Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Aiqin Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China.
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16
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Rosell J, Máinez M, Didier ES, Bowers LC, Marco A, Juan-Sallés C. Encephalitozoon hellem infection in aviary passerine and psittacine birds in Spain. Vet Parasitol 2016; 219:57-60. [PMID: 26921040 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A European goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis), a canary (Serinus canaria), and a lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis) captive-bred at three different private aviaries in Spain were submitted for necropsy with a history of weakness and ruffled feathers, weight loss associated with glossitis, and respiratory disease, respectively. Microscopically, enterocytes in the jejunum and ileum contained colonies of gram- and Stamp-positive, oval to elliptical microorganisms within parasitophorous vacuoles in the apical cytoplasm. Nested PCR using MSP primers that target microsporidian RNA genes produced amplicons of expected size for Encephalitozoon species, and analysis of forward and reverse DNA sequences confirmed the presence of Encephalitozoon hellem in all cases. The main cause of death of all three birds consisted of concurrent infections. However, intestinal encephalitozoonosis may have contributed to exacerbated catabolism. Encephalitozoonosis (or microsporidiosis) has been rarely described in passerine birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rosell
- Noah's Path, Arquitecto Santiago Pérez Aracil 30 bajo, 03203 Elche, Alicante, Spain.
| | - M Máinez
- Centro Veterinario La Marina Exóticos, Arquitecto Santiago Pérez Aracil 30 bajo, 03203 Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - E S Didier
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - L C Bowers
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - A Marco
- UD Histologia i Anatomia Patològica, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Juan-Sallés
- Noah's Path, Arquitecto Santiago Pérez Aracil 30 bajo, 03203 Elche, Alicante, Spain
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da Cunha MJR, Cury MC, Santín M. Widespread presence of human-pathogenic Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in chickens. Vet Parasitol 2015; 217:108-12. [PMID: 26827870 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A total of 151 fecal specimens from chickens were randomly collected from local markets in Uberlândia and Belo Horizonte in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, to evaluate the presence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Enterocytozoon bieneusi was identified in 24 fecal samples (15.9%). This represents the first report of E. bieneusi in chickens in Brazil. All PCR-positive specimens were sequenced and 4 genotypes were identified, Peru 6, Peru 11, Type IV, and D. All four genotypes have previously been reported as human pathogens and are potentially zoonotic. Our results demonstrate that human-pathogenic E. bieneusi genotypes are present in chickens in Brazil, corroborating their potential role as a source of human infection and environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Júlia Rodrigues da Cunha
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Building 173, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Av. Pará, 1720, Campus Umuarama, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Caixa Postal 250, 70040-020 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Márcia Cristina Cury
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Av. Pará, 1720, Campus Umuarama, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Monica Santín
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Building 173, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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18
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Lallo MA, Vidoto Da Costa LF, Alvares-Saraiva AM, Rocha PRD, Spadacci-Morena DD, Konno FTDC, Suffredini IB. Culture and propagation of microsporidia of veterinary interest. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:171-6. [PMID: 26346746 PMCID: PMC4785104 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular mitochrondria-lacking pathogens that rely on host cells to grow and
multiply. Microsporidia, currently classified as fungi, are ubiquitous in nature and are found worldwide. They
infect a large number of mammals and are recognized as opportunistic infection agents in HIV-AIDS patients.
Its importance for veterinary medicine has been unveiled in recent years through the description of clinical
and subclinical forms of infection in domestic and wild animals. Domestic and wild birds may be infected by
the same human microsporidia, reinforcing their zoonotic potential. Microsporidiosis in fish is prevalent and
causes significant economic losses for fish farming. Some species of microsporidia have been propagated in
cell cultures, which may provide conditions for the development of diagnostic techniques, understanding of
pathogenesis and immune responses and for the discovery of potential therapies. Unfortunately, the cultivation
of these parasites is not fully standardized in most research laboratories, especially in the veterinary
field. The aim of this review is to relate the most important microsporidia of veterinary interest and
demonstrate how these pathogens can be grown and propagated in cell culture for diagnostic purposes or for
pathogenesis studies. Cultivation of microsporidia allowed the study of its life cycle, metabolism,
pathogenesis and diagnosis, and may also serve as a repository for these pathogens for molecular, biochemical,
antigenic and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anete Lallo
- Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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Yang Y, Lin Y, Li Q, Zhang S, Tao W, Wan Q, Jiang Y, Li W. Widespread presence of human-pathogenic Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype D in farmed foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in China: first identification and zoonotic concern. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:4341-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4714-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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First report of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in pigs in Brazil. Parasitol Int 2015; 64:18-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Zhao W, Zhang W, Yang F, Zhang L, Wang R, Cao J, Shen Y, Liu A. Enterocytozoon bieneusi
in Dairy Cattle in the Northeast of China: Genetic Diversity of ITS Gene and Evaluation of Zoonotic Transmission Potential. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2015; 62:553-60. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Parasitology; Harbin Medical University; Harbin Heilongjiang 150081 China
| | - Weizhe Zhang
- Department of Parasitology; Harbin Medical University; Harbin Heilongjiang 150081 China
| | - Fengkun Yang
- Department of Parasitology; Harbin Medical University; Harbin Heilongjiang 150081 China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Henan Agricultural University; Zhengzhou Henan 450002 China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Henan Agricultural University; Zhengzhou Henan 450002 China
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Shanghai 200025 China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Shanghai 200025 China
| | - Aiqin Liu
- Department of Parasitology; Harbin Medical University; Harbin Heilongjiang 150081 China
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Li W, Tao W, Jiang Y, Diao R, Yang J, Xiao L. Genotypic distribution and phylogenetic characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in diarrheic chickens and pigs in multiple cities, China: potential zoonotic transmission. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108279. [PMID: 25255117 PMCID: PMC4177920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated diarrheic broiler and layer chickens (<50 days; n = 14) and pigs of three age groups (preweaned <30 days, weaned ≈30 to 60 days, and growing >60 days; n = 64) for E. bieneusi genotypes in northeast China and evaluated the potential roles of chickens and pigs in zoonotic transmission of microsporidiosis. Two 45-day-old layer chickens in city Jixi, Heilongjiang province and one 23-day-old broiler chicken in city Songyuan, Jilin province were identified to harbor a human-pathogenic E. bieneusi genotype Henan-IV and a new genotype named CC-1, respectively, by nested PCR and sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Eleven of 64 (17.2%) duodenal mucosal specimens from pigs in city Tianjin, city Tongliao of Inner Mongolia, cities Jilin and Songyuan of Jilin province, and cities Daqing, Harbin, and Suihua of Heilongjiang province, were positive for E. bieneusi, with the infection rates of weaned pigs (35%, 7/20) significantly higher than preweaned ones (3.6%, 1/28; P<0.05). Nucleotide sequences of the ITS were obtained from 6 pig specimens, belonging to 3 known genotypes CHN7, EbpC, and Henan-IV. That the previous reports have described the occurrence of genotypes EbpC and Henan-IV in humans and EbpC in wastewater in central China and the clustering of genotypes CC-1 and CHN7 into a major phylogenetic group of E. bieneusi genotypes with zoonotic potential indicated that chickens and pigs could be potential sources of human micorsporidiosis. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the existence of zoonotic E. bieneusi genotypes in diarrheic chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- * E-mail: (WL); (LX)
| | - Wei Tao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanxue Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ruinan Diao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jinping Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WL); (LX)
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Molecular characterization and genotyping of human related microsporidia in free-ranging and captive pigeons of Tehran, Iran. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mori H, Mahittikorn A, Thammasonthijarern N, Chaisiri K, Rojekittikhun W, Sukthana Y. Presence of zoonotic Enterocytozoon bieneusi in cats in a temple in central Thailand. Vet Parasitol 2013; 197:696-701. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Mori H, Mahittikorn A, Watthanakulpanich D, Komalamisra C, Sukthana Y. Zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi among children in rural communities in Thailand. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:14. [PMID: 23587184 PMCID: PMC3718542 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2013014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common opportunistic intestinal pathogen worldwide. Genotype distribution of E. bieneusi differs by geography and host immunity. In order to investigate the prevalence, genotype characteristics, and host specificity of E. bieneusi in the community, we conducted a preliminary cross-sectional study among children in Western and Northern Thailand. Seventy-eight (78) and 102 stool samples were collected; the prevalence of E. bieneusi was 3.8% and 2.9% by nested PCR in Western and Northern Thailand, respectively. Three genotypes were identified: Genotype D predominated, followed by EbpC, and then novel genotype ETMK1. The first two genotypes have zoonotic potential. Analysis of the genetic proximity of the E. bieneusi ITS sequences from our study, compared with those published in genetic databases, showed that all positive samples were classified into Group 1, the largest group consisting of various host specificity. The present study demonstrates the possible zoonotic transmission of E. bieneusi in rural communities in Thailand. A large-scale investigation of both human and animal samples, as well as improvements in the available phylogenetic tools, will be required to elucidate transmission routes of E. bieneusi in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotake Mori
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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26
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Enterocytozoon bieneusi at the wildlife/livestock interface of the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Vet Parasitol 2012; 190:587-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Epidemiology of Enterocytozoon bieneusi Infection in Humans. J Parasitol Res 2012; 2012:981424. [PMID: 23091702 PMCID: PMC3469256 DOI: 10.1155/2012/981424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A review was conducted to examine published works that focus on the complex epidemiology of Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection in humans. Studies on the prevalence of these emerging microsporidian pathogens in humans, in developed and developing countries, the different clinical spectra of E. bieneusi intestinal infection in children, in different settings, and the risk factors associated with E. bieneusi infection have been reviewed. This paper also analyses the impact of the recent application of PCR-based molecular methods for species-specific identification and genotype differentiation has had in increasing the knowledge of the molecular epidemiology of E. bieneusi in humans. The advances in the epidemiology of E. bieneusi, in the last two decades, emphasize the importance of epidemiological control and prevention of E. bieneusi infections, from both the veterinary and human medical perspectives.
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Wagnerová P, Sak B, Květoňová D, Buňatová Z, Civišová H, Maršálek M, Kváč M. Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon cuniculi in horses kept under different management systems in the Czech Republic. Vet Parasitol 2012; 190:573-7. [PMID: 22877825 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Faecal samples were collected from 377 horses on 23 farms with varying management systems in the Czech Republic. Microsporidia were found on 16 farms and the overall prevalence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon cuniculi was 17.3% (66/377) and 6.9% (26/377), respectively. The prevalence of E. cuniculi in horses over 3 years of age was significantly higher (10.0%) compared to younger horses (4.0%). No significant differences in prevalence were observed among stallions, geldings, and mares for both microsporidia. Significantly higher infection rates of E. bieneusi and E. cuniculi were recorded in horses kept in stables than those on pasture. Two genotypes of E. cuniculi (I and II) and 15 genotypes of E. bieneusi including six previously described and nine novel genotypes were detected. The most common genotype detected was E. bieneusi genotype D identified in 51.5% (34/66) of positive horses. The identification of E. bieneusi genotypes D, EpbA, G and WL15, which were previously reported in pigs, humans, raccoons and horses, indicates that horses could be a potential source of zoonotic infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Wagnerová
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 13, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Lallo MA, Calábria P, Milanelo L. Encephalitozoon and Enterocytozoon (Microsporidia) spores in stool from pigeons and exotic birds: microsporidia spores in birds. Vet Parasitol 2012; 190:418-22. [PMID: 22853863 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia are considered to be a cause of emerging and opportunistic infections in humans, and the species that infect humans can also infect a wide range of animals, raising concerns for zoonotic transmission. To understand the role of birds in the transmission of diseases caused by microsporidia, we examined 196 fecal specimens from birds, including birds of the families Psittacidae, Emberizidae, Icteridae and Columbidae, using Gram-chromotrope stain and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the 196 fecal samples surveyed, 48 (24.5%) tested positive for microsporidia. The prevalence of microsporidia infection was higher in pigeons (31.1%) than in other birds (18.8%). The species of microsporidia that were detected in the birds surveyed in this study included Encephalitozoon hellem (found in 16.3% of positive samples), Enterocytozoon bieneusi (5.6%), Encephalitozoon intestinalis (1.5%) and Encephalitozoon cuniculi (1%). All the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of the rRNA from the study samples matched (with 100% identity) their correlate reference genotypes in GenBank, which included E. hellem 1A (AF338367), E. hellem 3 (AF110328), E. cuniculi I (AF338410) and E. bieneusi EpbA (AF076040). No fecal sample contained more than one type of microsporidian species. This study implicates exotic birds and pigeons as potential sources of microsporidia infection for humans living in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anete Lallo
- Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University (UNIP), Rua Dr. Bacelar 1212, CEP: 04026002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Santín M, Dargatz D, Fayer R. Prevalence and genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in weaned beef calves on cow-calf operations in the USA. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:2033-41. [PMID: 22146995 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2732-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
To determine the prevalence and genotype distribution of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in weaned beef calves in the USA, fecal samples were collected from 819 calves (6-18 months of age) from 49 operations. Feces were sieved and subjected to density gradient centrifugation to remove fecal debris and to concentrate spores. DNA extracted from each sample was subjected to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the complete internal transcriber spacer (ITS). All PCR-positive specimens were sequenced to determine the genotype(s) present. Overall, E. bieneusi was detected in 34.8% of the 819 fecal samples. The highest prevalence was found in the Midwest region (42.7%) followed by the South (35.8%) and the West (23.2%). The prevalence of E. bieneusi varied considerably from operation to operation (0-100%). A prevalence of 100% was observed in three operations, one in the Midwest and two in the South; E. bieneusi was not found in six operations, three in the South and three in the West. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of six genotypes, four previously reported (I, J, BEB4, and type IV) and two novel genotypes (BEB8 and BEB9). Mixed infections were identified in five specimens, three contained I and BEB4 and two contained J and BEB4. Most of the positive calves (238 of 285) harbored genotypes with zoonotic potential including I (59), J (108), BEB4 (65), type IV (1), mixed I/BEB4 (3), and mixed J/BEB4 (2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Santín
- United States Department of Agriculture, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute Agricultural Research Service, Building 173, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Microsporidiosis: Enterocytozoon bieneusi in domesticated and wild animals. Res Vet Sci 2011; 90:363-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Malcekova B, Valencakova A, Luptakova L, Molnar L, Ravaszova P, Novotny F. First detection and genotyping of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in a new host species, gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus). Parasitol Res 2010; 108:1479-82. [PMID: 21181195 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the pathogenic species of microsporidia of the genus Encephalitozoon have been detected increasingly, also in representatives of the Aves class. Our study presents laboratory proof of Encephalitozoon cuniculi (E. cuniculi) genotype II in a new host, gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus), with suspect microsporidiosis. E. cuniculi is an obligate intracellular microsporidian parasite that infects a wide range of mammalian hosts, including humans. Characterization of the internal transcribed spacer of the rRNA gene has identified three genotypes of E. cuniculi based on the number of 5'-GTTT-3' repeats present: a genotype I from rabbits and mice, containing three repeats; a genotype II from mice and dogs, containing two repeats; and a genotype III from dogs and fox, containing four repeats. Samples of faeces from 30 gyrfalcons were examined for the presence of microsporidia spores, using microscopical, molecular methods and sequencing. Microscopic analysis showed presence of brightly fluorescing oval shapes of size 1.5 × 3 μm, characteristic of the strain Microsporidia in five samples. The PCR method, using species non-specific (530F/580R) and species-specific (ECUNR/ECUNF) primers, proved the presence of E. cuniculi spores in two samples. After sequencing were confirmed, E. cuniculi genotype II which implies new host species for this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Malcekova
- Institute of Biology, Zoology and Radiobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovakia.
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Phylogenetic approach to the variability of the microsporidian Enterocytozoon bieneusi and its implications for inter- and intrahost transmission. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:3333-42. [PMID: 20228101 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03026-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a microsporidian parasite that infects many vertebrate animals, including humans. The rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) shows a hypervariable sequence; however, so far no clear information has been inferred about strain evolution in this species. We reviewed all the sequences described and performed a phylogenetic study. Four groups of sequences strongly differentiated from each other were detected, although most of the isolates (94%) corresponded to group I. The highly diverse sequences of this group were analyzed using median-joining networks. The host species (humans, pets, swine, cattle, birds, and wild animals) and the continents of origin of the isolates were considered. Central haplotypes in the network were obtained from very diverse hosts and geographical origins. The results show that although E. bieneusi has a broad host specificity, transmission is not completely free: some strains were able to circulate within a given host species and were only occasionally transmitted to another host. Additionally, while not relevant for swine or cattle hosts, geography seems to be a relevant factor for human infection by E. bieneusi.
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Sak B, Kasicková D, Kvác M, Kvetonová D, Ditrich O. Microsporidia in exotic birds: intermittent spore excretion of Encephalitozoon spp. in naturally infected budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). Vet Parasitol 2009; 168:196-200. [PMID: 20006443 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nine naturally infected asymptomatic budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) were screened daily for microsporidia spore excretion during a 30-day period and the localization of infection was evaluated using microscopy and molecular methods. While the microscopic examination revealed 2.4% positivity out of all fecal samples, using PCR the positivity was 10x higher (24.6%). All nine budgerigars excreted microsporidial spores intermittently in irregular intervals with 1-11-day long interruptions. Most of the birds were infected simultaneously with Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Encephalitozoon hellem. While histological and TEM examination failed to confirm the presence of microsporidial spores in tissues, the PCR detected microsporidial DNA mostly in the small intestine, liver and lungs of four selected budgerigars dissected. Despite the chronic infection proved using molecular methods, no clinical signs of disease were observed during monitoring and no pathological findings were found during dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Branisovská 31, Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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Kašičková D, Sak B, Kváč M, Ditrich O. Sources of potentially infectious human microsporidia: Molecular characterisation of microsporidia isolates from exotic birds in the Czech Republic, prevalence study and importance of birds in epidemiology of the human microsporidial infections. Vet Parasitol 2009; 165:125-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Identification of Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype III and two novel genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in swine. Parasitol Int 2009; 58:285-92. [PMID: 19318131 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Samples of intestinal content from thirty fattened pigs of six farms slaughtered at an abattoir in North-Western Germany, and faecal samples of four pigs kept as laboratory animals at the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR, Berlin, Germany) were investigated for the occurrence of microsporidia by light microscopy, PCR and sequencing. A modified Webers trichrome staining and the immunohistochemistry (the Avidin-Biotin-Peroxidase-Complex technique with a polyclonal anti-Encephalitozoon cuniculi-serum and monoclonal antibodies against Encephalitozoon intestinalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi) was used as a screening method for the light microscopical detection of these pathogenic eukaryotes. By this light microscopically methods microsporidia suspected organisms were found in all samples (100%). By the use of PCR, microsporidia were identified in fourteen samples (41.2%). The prevalence of microsporidia infections among the farms diversifies from 0 to 80% as considered by PCR. E. bieneusi was the most prevalent species and was identified in twelve fattened pigs (40%) from five of the six tested farms (83.3%) and in two of the four laboratory animals (50%). Three of the E. bieneusi species belonged to the genotype O, one to the genotype E, and one to the genotype F. Two isolates were identified as novel genotypes and two samples showed a mixed infection of different genotypes. In three faecal samples of the pigs from two farms E. cuniculi genotype III was identified. One sample contained both microsporidia species. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the genotype III of E. cuniculi was identified in swine.
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SANTÍN MÓNICA, FAYER RONALD. Enterocytozoon bieneusiGenotype Nomenclature Based on the Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequence: A Consensus. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2009; 56:34-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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