Molluscicidal activity of Carica papaya and Areca catechu against the freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata

Evaluation of the Effects of Papain on Schistosoma mansoni: Miracidial Infection Capacity, Infection Prevalence, Cercarial Shedding and Molecular Changes in Biomphalaria alexandrina

PURPOSE

The aim of the present study is to assess the molluscicidal, larvicidal and genotoxicological activities of papain and how it can affect the host-parasite interactions.

METHODS

Toxicity of papain on snails by making series of concentrations to calculate LC50, and then study its larvicide effect on the free larval stages of S. mansoni and infection rate of snails.

RESULTS

Papain has a molluscicidal activity on adult snails of Biomphalaria alexandrina with a lethal concentration LC50 equals to 43.1 mg/L. In addition, it has activity on miracidia with half Lethal time (LT50) of 16.11 min., and on cercariae with 12.1 min. compared to control ones. The sub lethal concentration LC10 and LC25 (6.9 or 24.1 mg/L, respectively) decreased the survival rate of snails at the first cercarial shedding, the rate of infection, the average total number of cercariae per snail, the shedding period and the life span of snails, while the prepatent period was significantly increased than the control ones. The morphological alterations in cercariae after exposure to papain were occurred where the cercariae lacked motility and some had a dark tail with complete detachment of head and tail. Compared to the control group, the levels of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and (ND1) genes significantly decreased in snails after exposure to papain.

CONCLUSIONS

Papain could be used as a potential molluscicide for elimination of schistosomiasis and decrease its transmission and deterioration of host-parasite interaction.

Laboratory Assessment of Molluscicidal Activities of Cannabis sativa, Acacia nilotica, and Tinospora cordifolia Against Snail Host of Fasciola spp

Background: The potential molluscicidal extracts, obtained from indigenous plants Cannabis sativa, Acacia nilotica, and Tinospora cordifolia, were tested for toxicity against freshwater pulmonate snail Lymnaea acuminata, an intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica. The organic extracts had a significant effect on young snails. Materials and Methods: All organic extracts and column-purified fractions gave median lethal concentrations (19-100.05 mg/L; 24 h) that fell well within the threshold level of 100 mg/L, set for a potential molluscicide by the World Health Organization. Results: The toxicity of T. cordifolia stem acetone extract (96 h LC50: 16.08 mg/L) was more pronounced compared with C. sativa leaf ethanol extract (96 h LC50: 16.32 mg/L) and A. nilotica leaf ethanol extract (96 h LC50: 24.78 mg/L). β-caryophyllene, gallic acid, and berberine were characterized and identified as active molluscicidal components. Co-migration of β-caryophyllene (retardation factor [Rf] 0.95), gallic acid (Rf 0.30), and berberine (Rf 0.23) with column-purified parts of Cannabis sativa, Acacia nilotica, and Tinospora cordifolia on thin-layer chromatography demonstrates same Rf value, that is, 0.95, 0.30, and 0.23, respectively. Conclusion: This study indicates that these extracts thus represent potential plant-derived molluscicides that are worthy of further investigations.

Molluscicidal activity of plant alkaloids

Some snail species pose a serious threat for human health, economy, and the environment due to their widespread distribution and the transmission of dangerous parasites causing, among others, schistosomiasis and fascioliasis. Scientists from around the world have been studying the effects of plant extracts on snails for many years in order to find an alternative to molluscicides of synthetic origin. The main purpose of this study was to collect the results obtained so far on the effect of plant alkaloids on snails in the context of their molluscicidal properties. This work presents the results of publications on the effect of plant alkaloids on snails, which were published in the years 1974-2021. The Solanaceae, Papaveraceae, and Asteraceae are the plant families most frequently cited for containing alkaloids with molluscicidal activity. The alkaloids identified as molluscicidal belonged to various groups, of which the most numerous were pseudoalkaloids and tyrosine-derived alkaloids. Most of the tested alkaloids were characterized by a high mortality rate among the studied groups of snails. Based on the collected research results, it was found that plant alkaloids can be extremely useful in the fight against problematic species of snails and cause much lower harm to the environment than synthetic molluscicides.

HPLC characterization of molluscicidal component of Tamarindus indica and its mode of action on nervous tissue of Lymnaea acuminata

BACKGROUND

Fasciolosis is a water-borne disease with gastropods snail (Lymnaea acuminata) act as key-link is still burden for mankind especially in developing countries. Snail control is one of the important tools to trim down the frequency of fasciolosis.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the toxic effect and inhibitory potential of plant Tamarindus indica and their active constituent on the key enzyme of nervous tissue of snail L. acuminata.

METHOD

The present study deals with the chromatographic isolation and identification of molluscicidal component from Tamarindus indica bark and its effects on enzymes activities of vector snail L. acuminata.

RESULT

The toxicity study reveals that among all organic extract ethanol extract of T. indica bark (96 h LC50:127.4 mgL-1) was more effective than other organic extracts. The 96 h LC50 of column purified fraction of T. indica bark was 13.78 mgL-1 respectively. Saponin was isolated, characterized and identified as active molluscicidal component in the bark of T. indica by column chromatography, TLC and HPLC chromatographic methods. The in vivo and in vitro treatment of column purified fraction and saponin has significant inhibition in enzyme AChE, ACP and ALP activities. The study of inhibition kinetics indicates that inhibition of AChE and ALP is competitive, while ACP is uncompetitive in both the treatments.

CONCLUSION

Thus inhibition of these enzyme activities by T. indica bark column purified fraction and saponin in the snail L. acuminata may be the cause of its molluscicidal activity which leads snail death.

Active saponins from root of Pueraria peduncularis (Grah. ex Benth.) Benth. and their molluscicidal effects on Pomacea canaliculata

BACKGROUND

Pueraria peduncularis (Grah. ex Benth.) Benth., which belongs to the Leguminosae family, exhibits resistance to many crop pests in agricultural production. Pomacea canaliculata is an important invasive snail in rice fields and causes severe yield losses. To evaluate the toxicity of P. peduncularis to P. canaliculata, in this study the molluscicidal activity of root extracts of P. peduncularis was tested against P. canaliculata; the active compounds were isolated, and the structures of these compounds were analysed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis and mass spectral analysis.

RESULTS

Our results showed that the molluscicidal activity of the root crude extract differed between P. canaliculata with different shell diameters after treatment for 72 h. The median lethal concentration (LC₅₀ ) was 5.511 mg L^-1 against snails of 1.5 ± 0.2 cm diameter and 12.383 mg L^-1 against snails of 2.5 ± 0.2 cm diameter. Furthermore, two active ingredients isolated from root methanol extracts were identified as pedunsaponin A and pedunsaponin C. Both pedunsaponin A and pedunsaponin C showed strong molluscicidal activities, with LC₅₀ values of 3.893 and 4.252 mg L^-1 , respectively, against snails with shell diameters of 1.5 ± 0.2 cm after treatment for 72 h.

CONCLUSION

Pueraria peduncularis extracts exhibit high molluscicidal activity and have great potential value for exploring a molluscicide to control Pomacea canaliculata. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Biological control of snail hosts transmitting schistosomiasis by the water bug, Sphaerodema urinator

The water bug, Sphaerodema urinator (Hemiptera : Belostomatidae), shares the same habitat of the freshwater snails in ponds, lakes, and streams. Studies conducted in lakes show that fish and crayfish predators play an important role in determining the abundance of freshwater snails. In contrast, shallow ponds and marches often lack fish and crayfish but have abundant insect predators. This study has been carried out to evaluate the predatory potential of S. urinator adult on two freshwater snails that serves as intermediate hosts of Schistosoma. Laboratory evaluation of predation by S. urinator on these intermediate hosts revealed that the adult bug could kill and consume the two intermediate hosts: Bulinus truncatus and Biomphalaria alexandrina. The number of snails consumed differed according to the snail type, size, and density. The times taken for searching and handling times were depending on the snail size, type, and vulnerability of the predator. The predation rate varied also with respect to snail type and density. Prey size is a major factor influencing predator preferences. This study indicated that the predator, S. urinator, may be a suitable bio-control agent in connection with Schistosoma intermediate hosts in the aquatic area.

Photomediated Larvicidal Activity of Pheophorbide a against Cercaria Larvae of Fasciola gigantica

Fasciolosis is a parasitic disease caused by Fasciola gigantica. The freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata is the intermediate host of F. gigantica which cause endemic fasciolosis in the northern part of India. To investigate larvicidal activity of pure and laboratory extracted pheophorbide a (Pa) against cercaria larvae of F. gigantica, data were analyzed in different spectra of visible light, sunlight, and laboratory conditions. Photostimulation of chlorophyll derivative pheophorbide a (Pa) caused time and concentration dependent larvicidal activity against cercaria larvae of F. gigantica. Larvicidal activity of pure Pa under 650 nm and 400-650 nm (8 h LC₅₀ 0.006 mg/10 mL) was more pronounced than extracted Pa under same irradiations (650 nm LC₅₀ 0.12 mg/10 mL, 400-650 nm LC₅₀ 0.14 mg/10 mL). Lowest toxicity of pure (8 h LC₅₀ 0.14 mg/10 mL) and extracted Pa (8 h LC₅₀ 1.25 mg/10 mL) was noted under 400 nm. Pa was found to be toxic in laboratory conditions also. The results presented in this paper indicate that pheophorbide a possess potential larvicidal activity against Fasciola gigantica larvae in different wavelengths of visible light, sunlight, and laboratory conditions.

Phytotherapy of chlorophyllin exposed Lymnaea acuminata: A new biotechnological tool for fasciolosis control

Phytotherapy of chlorophyllin formulations against Fasciola gigantica infected Lymnaea acuminata under sunlight exposure was highly toxic against redia and cercaria larvae. Binary combinations (1:1 ratio) of chlorophyllin (CHL) + freeze dried cow urine (FCU) were more toxic against cercariae (8 h LC₅₀: 9.6 mg L^- 1) than single treatment with chlorophyllin (8 h LC₅₀: 12.6 mg L^- 1) in sunlight. The larvicidal activity of sunlight exposed CHL against rediae (8 h LC₅₀: 13.5 mg L^- 1) and cercariae (8 h LC₅₀: 12.6 mg L^- 1) was more pronounced than laboratory conditions CHL treatment (rediae- 8 h LC₅₀: 305.9 mg L^- 1; cercariae- 8 h LC₅₀: 765.4 mg L^- 1). Larvicidal activity of FCU was less than CHL and CHL + FCU against both redia and cercaria. Chlorophyllin and its formulations were more toxic against redia and cercaria larvae in sunlight than laboratory conditions. CHL and its different formulations may be used as potent larvicides against Fasciola gigantica larvae. Chlorophyllin formulations will be economical, ecologically sounder and their use in aquatic environment will be safe.

Toxicity of chlorophyllin in different wavelengths of visible light against Fasciola gigantica larvae

Toxicity of chlorophyllin against redia and cercaria larvae of Fasciola gigantica was studied under irradiation of visible light. Highest and lowest toxicity of chlorophyllin against both larvae was noted under red (redia - 8 h LC₅₀ 7.88 mg/10 mL and cercaria - 11.99 mg/10 mL) and green (redia - 8 h LC₅₀ 32.12 mg/10 mL and cercaria - 8 h LC₅₀ 43.80 mg/10 mL) light irradiation respectively. The highest toxicity of chlorophyllin under red light irradiation against redia (8h LC₅₀ 7.88 mg/10 mL)/cercaria (8h LC₅₀ 11.99 mg/10 mL) was followed by white (8 h LC₅₀ redia - 20.48 mg/10 mL, 8 h LC₅₀ cercaria - 18.0 3mg/10 mL), blue (8 h LC₅₀ redia - 33.10 mg/10 mL/ 8 h LC₅₀ cercaria - 19.98 mg/10 mL) and yellow (8 h LC₅₀ redia - 23.87 mg/10 mL/ 8 h LC₅₀ cercaria - 23.48 mg/10 mL). Chlorophyllin treatment in darkness (control I) and without treatment of chlorophyllin, while all other conditions were same as treatment group (control II) caused no mortality of redia/cercaria larva. Chlorophyllin might be a promising new safe strategy to replace synthetic larvicide in fasciolosis control programme.

CHARACTERIZATION OF MOLLUSCICIDAL COMPONENT OF Moringa oleifera LEAF AND Momordica charantia FRUITS AND THEIR MODES OF ACTION IN SNAIL Lymnaea acuminata

SUMMARY The molluscicidal activity of the leaf powder of Moringa oleifera and lyophilized fruit powder of Momordica charantia against the snail Lymnaea acuminata was time and concentration dependent. M. oleifera leaf powder (96 h LC50: 197.59 ppm) was more toxic than M. charantia lyophilized fruit powder (96 h LC50: 318.29 ppm). The ethanolic extracts of M. oleifera leaf powder and Momordica charantia lyophilized fruit powder were more toxic than other organic solvent extracts. The 96 h LC50 of the column purified fraction of M. oleifera leaf powder was 22.52 ppm, while that of M. charantia lyophilized fruit powder was 6.21 ppm. Column, thin layer and high performance liquid chromatography analysis show that the active molluscicidal components in M. oleifera leaf powder and lyophilized fruit of M. charantia are benzylamine (96 h LC50: 2.3 ppm) and momordicine (96 h LC50: 1.2 ppm), respectively. Benzylamine and momordicine significantly inhibited, in vivo and in vitro, the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acid and alkaline phosphatase (ACP/ALP) activities in the nervous tissues of L. acuminata. Inhibition of AChE, ACP and ALP activity in the nervous tissues of L. acuminata by benzylamine and momordicine may be responsible for the molluscicidal activity of M. oleifera and M. charantia fruits, respectively.

The global burden of fasciolosis in domestic animals with an outlook on the contribution of new approaches for diagnosis and control

Fasciolosis is an economically important disease for livestock, as well as being zoonotic. Recent figures on the prevalence of this disease have caused alarm concerning its potential for an increased prevalence in the future. The prevalence of fascioliosis has been documented from different regions of the world, helping us identify areas where future research needs to be focused. This manuscript is a review of the current status of the disease, the pathogenic species involved, diagnostic techniques (with new modifications and comparative specificity, sensitivity, and rapidity of these tests), chemotherapy, and vaccination. This also encompasses inaccurate reports on vaccination and drug development as well as the latest technologies to find promising candidates for drugs and vaccines. Drugs with lower efficacy have been used on some farms which lead to exacerbation of the clinical disease, presumably due to the development of drug resistance. Future studies should be focused on (1) the use of the most reliable diagnostic tests for periodic monitoring of the disease, (2) insights of the ecobiology and transmission dynamics of the snail intermediate host and the best possible methods of their control, (3) in vitro and in vivo testing of chemotherapeutic compounds using sensitive methods, and (4) the identification of novel drug and vaccine candidates using modern molecular markers. This approach may help increase the reliability of chemotherapeutic agents and control nuisance, ultimately reducing the economic losses attributable to the livestock industry around the world.

Characterization of the molluscicidal activity of Bauhinia variegata and Mimusops elengi plant extracts against the fasciola vector Lymnaea acuminata

The molluscicidal activity of Bauhinia variegata leaf and Mimusops elengi bark was studied against vector snail Lymnaea acuminata. The toxicity of both plants was time and concentration-dependent. Among organic extracts, ethanol extracts of both plants were more toxic. Toxicity of B. variegata leaf ethanolic extract (96h LC50- 14.4 mg/L) was more pronounced than M. elengi bark ethanolic extract (96h LC50-15.0 mg/L). The 24h LC50 of column purified fraction of B. variegata and M. elengi bark were 20.3 mg/L and 18.3 mg/L, respectively. Saponin and quercetin were characterized and identified as active molluscicidal component. Co-migration of saponin (Rf 0.48) and quercetin (Rf 0.52) with column purified bark of M. elengi and leaf of B. variegata on thin layer chromatography demonstrate same Rf value i.e. 0.48 and 0.52, respectively. The present study clearly indicates the possibility of using M. elengi and/or B. variegata as potent molluscicide.

Desmettianosides A and B, bisdesmosidic furostanol saponins with molluscicidal activity from Yucca desmettiana

Bioactivity-guided separation of the aqueous methanolic extract of Yucca desmettiana leaves, which in a preliminary screening exhibited significant molluscicidal activity, led to the isolation and structure elucidation of two new steroidal saponins (1 and 2). The structures of desmettianosides A and B, identified as bisdesmosidic furostanol glycosides with six and five sugar units, respectively, were established by detailed spectroscopic analyses of their NMR and MS data. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited high molluscicidal activity against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails with LC100 values of 6 and 11 mg/L, respectively.

Assessment of molluscicidal activity of essential oils from five Azorean plants against Radix peregra (Müller, 1774)

The molluscicidal activity of essential oils from two endemic (Juniperus brevifolia; Laurus azorica) and three introduced (Hedychium gardnerianum; Pittosporum undulatum; Psidium cattleianum) Azorean plants against the snail Radix peregra was studied under laboratory conditions. Essential oils from leaves of H. gardnerianum, L. azorica and J.brevifolia presented promising molluscicidal activity on both adults and juveniles stages of R. peregra. The molluscicidal activity of these essential oils was found to be both time and concentration dependent. Lethal concentrations (LC(50)) varied between 15.4 (L. azorica) and 44.6 ppm (H. gardnerianum) for juveniles and from 45.3 (H. gardnerianum) to 54.6 ppm (J. brevifolia) for R. peregra adults. Ovicidal effect, calculated as percentage of egg hatching, at 100 ppm concentration, was observed in essential oils from P. undulatum flowers (4.2% of hatching) and leaves of H. gardnerianum (4.9%), L. azorica (7.4%) and J. brevifolia (17.7%). The present study is the first attempt to assess the molluscicidal potential of some Azorean plants essential oils against a Lymnaeidae snail. In fact, the H. gardnerianum, L. azorica and J. brevifolia can offer natural alternative tools for the control of R. peregra population, but more research is needed in order to determine the mode of action of these oils and determine the side effects on the ecosystem where this freshwater snail occurs.

Bioactivity of Carica papaya (Caricaceae) against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The composition of a chloroform seed extract of C. papaya was determined by GC-MS. Nineteen compounds were identified, with oleic (45.97%), palmitic (24.1%) and stearic (8.52%) acids being the main components. The insecticidal and insectistatic activities of the extract and the three main constituents were tested. Larval duration increased by 3.4 d and 2.5 d when the extract was used at 16,000 and 9,600 ppm, respectively, whereas the pupal period increased by 2.2 d and 1.1 d at the same concentrations. Larval viability values were 0%, 29.2%, and 50% when the extract was applied at 24,000, 16,000, and 9,600 ppm, respectively; pupal viability was 42.9% and 66.7% at 16,000 and 9,600 ppm; and pupal weight decreased by 25.4% and 11.5% at 16,000 and 9,600 ppm. The larval viability of the main compounds was 33.3%, 48.5%, and 62.5% when exposed to 1,600 ppm of palmitic acid, oleic acid, or stearic acid, respectively.

Molluscicidal activity of Sapindus mukorossi and Terminalia chebula against the freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata

The molluscicidal activity of Sapindus mukorossi and Terminalia chebula fruit powder against the vector snail Lymnaea acuminata was time and concentration dependent. The molluscicidal activity of T. chebula fruit powder (96 h LC(50):93.59 mg L(-1)) was more pronounced than that of S. mukorossi fruit powder (96 h LC(50):119.57 mg L(-1)). Ethanolic extracts of S. mukorossi and T. chebula fruit powder were more toxic than their other organic solvent extracts. The molluscicidal activity of ethanolic extract of S. mukorossi fruit powder (24h LC(50):2.75 mg L(-1)) was more effective than the ethanolic extract of T. chebula fruit powder (24h LC(50):124.06 mg L(-1)). The 96 h LC(50) of column-purified fraction of S. mukorossi fruit powder was 5.43 mg L(-1) whereas those of T. chebula fruit powder was 7.49 mg L(-1). Column, thin layer and high performance liquid chromatography analysis demonstrates that the active molluscicidal component in S. mukorossi and T. chebula is saponin (96 h LC(50):1.31 mg L(-1)) and tannic acid (96 h LC(50):1.64 mg L(-1)), respectively. These plants may be used as potent source of molluscicides against the snail L. acuminata.