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Alfaro-Segura P, Baneth G, Rojas A. Spirocerca lupi. Trends Parasitol 2024:S1471-4922(24)00113-2. [PMID: 38734575 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2024.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Alfaro-Segura
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alicia Rojas
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Laboratory of Helminthology, Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
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Langner T, Otranto D, Bezerra-Santos MA, Franzen J, Johne A, Tonanzi D, Pfeffer M, Birka S. Detection of Spirocerca lupi and an unknown Trichinella-like nematode in raccoon ( Procyon lotor). Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 23:100911. [PMID: 38352914 PMCID: PMC10862008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The raccoon Procyon lotor (Carnivora: Procyonidae) is an invasive species of growing importance for the introduction of alien pathogens or as additional hosts for autochthonous pathogens in Europe, including zoonotic parasites. As the population is steadily increasing and outcompeting the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Germany, the consumption of raccoon meat raises concerns about pathogens they may transmit. Therefore the presence of Trichinella larvae was here investigated in muscle samples (n = 904) of raccoons from northern Germany. No Trichinella larvae were found, thus confirming the general low occurrence of this parasite in Germany. However, Spirocerca lupi (n = 12) and an unidentified Trichinella-like nematode (n = 1) were accidently detected in the examined samples. The first is not a zoonotic parasite but has a high veterinary relevance as it can cause severe diseases in dogs. It is the first documented autochthonous infection of this nematode in Germany. The larvae of an unidentified Trichinella-like nematode were found in high abundance in all examined muscles of one raccoon, though they could not be identified to species level. Histological investigation revealed intramuscular cystic structures. This is the largest study investigating muscular parasites of raccoons in Europe so far, which suggests that this invasive animal species is infected by S. lupi and by a yet unknown Trichinella -like parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Langner
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Food Hygiene, Germany
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Str. prov. per Casamassima km 3, Valenzano, Bari, 70010, Italy
| | - Marcos Antonio Bezerra-Santos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Str. prov. per Casamassima km 3, Valenzano, Bari, 70010, Italy
| | - Jan Franzen
- Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Annette Johne
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, NRL for Trichinella, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniele Tonanzi
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Martin Pfeffer
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Birka
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Food Hygiene, Germany
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Fonti N, Parisi F, Mancianti F, Freer G, Poli A. Cancerogenic parasites in veterinary medicine: a narrative literature review. Infect Agent Cancer 2023; 18:45. [PMID: 37496079 PMCID: PMC10373346 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-023-00522-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasite infection is one of the many environmental factors that can significantly contribute to carcinogenesis and is already known to be associated with a variety of malignancies in both human and veterinary medicine. However, the actual number of cancerogenic parasites and their relationship to tumor development is far from being fully understood, especially in veterinary medicine. Thus, the aim of this review is to investigate parasite-related cancers in domestic and wild animals and their burden in veterinary oncology. Spontaneous neoplasia with ascertained or putative parasite etiology in domestic and wild animals will be reviewed, and the multifarious mechanisms of protozoan and metazoan cancer induction will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Fonti
- Dipartimento di Scienze veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesca Parisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Mancianti
- Dipartimento di Scienze veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Freer
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Poli
- Dipartimento di Scienze veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Di Cataldo S, Cevidanes A, Sepúlveda-García P, Alvarado-Rybak M, Lia RP, Otranto D, Terio K, Müller A, Millán J. Spirocerca lupi in the stomach of two Andean foxes (Lycalopex culpaeus) from Chile. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:1261-1269. [PMID: 37014474 PMCID: PMC10172281 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07825-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The genus Spirocerca includes nematodes that parasitize the stomach and the oesophagus of carnivores, chiefly canids. Herein, we provide new data about the morphological, histopathological, and molecular characterization of Spirocerca sp. in Andean foxes (Lycalopex culpaeus) in Chile. Intact immature worms, identified as Spirocerca sp., were recovered in the lumen of the stomach from two foxes. Histologically, worms morphologically consistent with spirurid nematodes were present within the wall of the stomach and surrounded by nodular areas of inflammation with central necrotic debris. Molecular analysis of the cox1 gene yielded 19 sequences and 5 nucleotide sequence types with 99.95 to 99.98% similarity, being shared between both foxes. Nucleotide similarity ranged from 93.1 (with genotype 2 of S. lupi and S. vulpis) to 95.8% (with genotype 1 of S. lupi), a higher similarity than noted from sequences of S. lupi from an Andean fox from Peru (91.0 to 93.3%). However, the Poisson Tree Processes for species delineation did not support the existence of a new species Spirocerca. Phylogenetic and nucleotide analyses suggest that these specimens belong to a new variant or genotype of S. lupi or to a cryptic species. Whether the presence of the worms in the stomach has to do with genotypic differences in parasites or host or some combination is uncertain. Spirocerca lupi has never been found in Chilean dogs and must be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Di Cataldo
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Aitor Cevidanes
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, P812, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Paulina Sepúlveda-García
- Instituto de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Mario Alvarado-Rybak
- Núcleo de Ciencias Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de las Américas, Echaurren, 140, Santiago, Chile
| | - Riccardo Paolo Lia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, 70010, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, 70010, Bari, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Karen Terio
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Brookfield, IL, USA
| | - Ananda Müller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Javier Millán
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República, 440, Santiago, Chile.
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Fundación ARAID, Avda. de Ranillas, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
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CHARACTERIZATION OF LESIONS INDUCED BY SPIROCERCA VULPIS (SPIRURIDAE: SPIROCERCIDAE) IN RED FOXES (VULPES VULPES). J Wildl Dis 2021; 58:137-147. [PMID: 34788835 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-20-00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Spirocerca lupi infection in dogs (Canis domesticus) is associated with esophageal lesions that may evolve to a neoplastic stage in the form of esophageal sarcoma. In the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) infected with the closely related Spirocerca vulpis, similar lesions may occur in the stomach, but neoplastic forms have not been reported. We characterize Spirocerca vulpis-induced lesions in the fox, using pathology and immunohistochemical (IHC) techniques. Seventy-one out of 163 Spirocerca vulpis-positive red foxes were selected and subjected to histopathological study. Lesions were classified as patchy or diffuse. Ten patchy and 10 diffuse lesion samples were studied using three IHC markers (CD68, CD3, and CD79α for macrophages, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes, respectively) and H&E stain for neutrophils and eosinophils. Intensity of necrosis, hemorrhages, and the presence of collagen was also analyzed. Of the S. vulpis-positive red foxes, 96.9% had S. vulpis nodules localized in the gastric area (wall and/or omentum), and 3.1% had nodules in the small intestine. All the samples had a moderate to severe lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. Mild eosinophil infiltration was observed in both types of lesions, while neutrophil infiltration was significatively higher in the patchy than in the diffuse lesions. Fibrosis with mature collagen fibers was also predominant in the patchy lesions along with the presence of T lymphocytes and macrophages. Both the patchy and diffuse patterns had very few B lymphocytes. These findings suggest that the diffuse form is an earlier stage of the lesion, which eventually evolves into patchy forms. Neoplastic forms were not seen. Although more studies are necessary, this study describes the lesions, characterizes the inflammatory infiltrates, and establishes a possible evolution of the different pathological forms of S. vulpis infection in the red fox.
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Porras-Silesky C, Mejías-Alpízar MJ, Mora J, Baneth G, Rojas A. Spirocerca lupi Proteomics and Its Role in Cancer Development: An Overview of Spirocercosis-Induced Sarcomas and Revision of Helminth-Induced Carcinomas. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020124. [PMID: 33530324 PMCID: PMC7911836 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirocerca lupi is a parasitic nematode of canids that induces a myriad of clinical manifestations in its host and, in 25% of infections, leads to the formation of sarcomas. The description of the protein composition of the excretory and secretory products (Sl-ESP) of S. lupi has shed light on its possible interactions with the host environment, including migration within the host and mechanisms of immunomodulation. Despite this, the process by which S. lupi induces cancer in the dog remains poorly understood, and some hypotheses have arisen regarding these possible mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the role of specific ESP from the carcinogenic helminths Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini and Schistosoma haematobium in inducing chronic inflammation and cancer in their host’s tissues. The parasitic worms Taenia solium, Echinococcus granulosus, Heterakis gallinarum, Trichuris muris and Strongyloides stercoralis, which have less-characterized mechanisms of cancer induction, are also analyzed. Based on the pathological findings in spirocercosis and the mechanisms by which other parasitic helminths induce cancer, we propose that the sustained inflammatory response in the dog´s tissues produced in response to the release of Sl-ESP homologous to those of other carcinogenic worms may lead to the malignant process in infected dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Porras-Silesky
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica; (C.P.-S.); (M.J.M.-A.); (J.M.)
| | - María José Mejías-Alpízar
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica; (C.P.-S.); (M.J.M.-A.); (J.M.)
| | - Javier Mora
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica; (C.P.-S.); (M.J.M.-A.); (J.M.)
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
| | - Alicia Rojas
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica; (C.P.-S.); (M.J.M.-A.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +506-2511-8644
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Gama A, Rojas A, Pires I, Coutinho T, Seixas F, Silva F, Lopes AP, Cardoso L, Baneth G. First report of Spirocerca vulpis in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Portugal. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3109-3112. [PMID: 32643084 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06794-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have described Spirocerca lupi-like nematodes in the stomach of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Europe. A phylogenetic analysis of those specimens using mitochondrial DNA and their morphological reexamination allowed their characterization as a different species, Spirocerca vulpis. Between the years of 2010 and 2017, roundworms were collected from seven red foxes of northeastern Portugal found at necropsy with nodular lesions on their stomach wall. Histopathological analysis of four foxes revealed granulomatous lesions of the gastric nodules. On morphological assessment, by light microscopy, nematodes revealed the presence of six triangular teeth-like buccal capsule structures, which are absent in S. lupi. Polymerase chain reaction was run to amplify a 551 bp partial fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene. Sequences were 99% similar to S. vulpis (85% coverage) of red foxes from Spain and Bosnia and Herzegovina, 99% similar (99% coverage) to sequences of Spirocerca sp. of red foxes from Denmark and 93% similar (99% coverage) to S. lupi from South Africa. This is the first report of S. vulpis in foxes or any other host from Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Gama
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Alicia Rojas
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Isabel Pires
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Teresa Coutinho
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Seixas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Filipe Silva
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Patrícia Lopes
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís Cardoso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Insights on Spirocerca lupi, the Carcinogenic Dog Nematode. Trends Parasitol 2019; 36:52-63. [PMID: 31734099 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Spirocerca lupi is a nematode transmitted by dung beetles that infects domestic and wild canids in tropical and subtropical regions and is associated with neoplasia. It produces a distinctive pathology with the formation of esophageal nodules classified as inflammatory, preneoplastic, or neoplastic with metastasis to distant organs. Aberrant central nervous system migration of this nematode is also responsible for severe neurological manifestations. Reports of spirocercosis have increased over the last two decades showing spread of this canine helminth in five continents. S. lupi from different geographical locations is genetically distinct with two genotypes, genotype I from Africa, Asia, and Australia, and genotype II from Europe, and recently separated from Spirocerca vulpis, a new species described in red foxes from Europe.
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Rojas A, Baneth G. Secretome of the carcinogenic helminth Spirocerca lupi reveals specific parasite proteins associated with its different life stages. Vet Parasitol 2019; 275:108935. [PMID: 31704657 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Spirocerca lupi is a parasitic and carcinogenic nematode of canids distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The excretion-secretion proteins (PES) of S. lupi have been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of its infection. We aimed to identify the PES of different stages of S. lupi and search for proteins that would be useful for diagnostic, therapeutic and vaccination purposes as well as understand their functions. A nano-UPLC mass spectrometry de novo analysis was performed on proteins collected from cultures of S. lupi L3 larvae, L4 females, adult females and adult males from naturally infected hosts. A total of 211 proteins were identified in all cultures. Accordingly, 117, 130, 99 and 116 proteins were detected in L3 larva, L4 females, adult females and adult males, respectively, with a strong correlation in the biological replicates (Pearson coefficients > 0.73). Fourty-four proteins were detected in all developmental stages, 64 were stage-specific and 49 were exclusively identified in L4 females. Cell compartment enrichment analysis revealed that proteins common to all stages were cytoplasmatic (p < 9.x10-6), whereas L4 unique proteins were in collagen trimers, and macromolecular complexes (p < 0.00001). Functional enrichment analysis of proteins showed significant enrichment in lipid metabolism in L3-unique proteins (p<0.00005), in mannose metabolism and protein de-glycosylation for L4-unique proteins (p < 0.00004), and in phosphorus metabolism in proteins shared by all stages (p < 2.1 x10-9). Interestingly, annexin 6, associated with cancer in humans, was detected in all life stages, but in a larger abundance in L4 females and adults. These findings indicate that S. lupi establishes complex interactions with its hosts by an arsenal of proteins expressed in different patterns in each life stage which influence the pathogenesis and oncogenesis of S. lupi and may be used as potential targets for diagnostic assays, drug targets or vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rojas
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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McKenna M, Bristow PC, Suarez‐Bonnet A, Fox MT, Glanemann B. Clinical spirocercosis in a dog in the UK. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-000828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myles McKenna
- Clinical Services DivisionRoyal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK
| | | | | | - Mark T Fox
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen BiologyRoyal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK
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Spirocerca vulpis sp. nov. (Spiruridae: Spirocercidae): description of a new nematode species of the red fox, Vulpes vulpes (Carnivora: Canidae). Parasitology 2018; 145:1917-1928. [PMID: 29781422 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018000707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported nematodes of the Spirocercidae family in the stomach nodules of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) described as Spirocerca sp. or Spirocerca lupi (Rudolphi, 1819). We characterized spirurid worms collected from red foxes and compared them to S. lupi from domestic dogs by morphometric and phylogenetic analyses. Nematodes from red foxes differed from S. lupi by the presence of six triangular teeth-like buccal capsule structures, which are absent in the latter. Additionally, in female worms from red foxes, the distance of the vulva opening to the anterior end and the ratio of the glandular-to-muscular oesophagus lengths were larger than those of S. lupi (P < 0.006). In males, the lengths of the whole oesophagus and glandular part, the ratio of the glandular-to-muscular oesophagus and the comparison of the oesophagus to the total body length were smaller in S. lupi (all P < 0.044). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that S. lupi and the red foxes spirurid represent monophyletic sister groups with pairwise nucleotide distances of 9.2 and 0.2% in the cytochrome oxidase 1 and 18S genes, respectively. Based on these comparisons, the nematodes from red foxes were considered to belong to a separate species, for which the name Spirocerca vulpis sp. nov. is proposed.
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Shank AMM, Teixeria LBC, Dubielzig RR. Canine, feline, and equine corneal vascular neoplasia: A retrospective study (2007-2015). Vet Ophthalmol 2018; 22:76-87. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Maria M. Shank
- Department of Anatomic Pathology; University of Wisconsin Madison; Madison WI USA
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Burns AR, Watral V, Sichel S, Spagnoli S, Banse AV, Mittge E, Sharpton TJ, Guillemin K, Kent ML. Transmission of a common intestinal neoplasm in zebrafish by cohabitation. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:569-579. [PMID: 29023774 PMCID: PMC5844789 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal neoplasms are common in zebrafish (Danio rerio) research facilities. These tumours are most often seen in older fish and are classified as small cell carcinomas or adenocarcinomas. Affected fish populations always contain subpopulations with preneoplastic lesions, characterized by epithelial hyperplasia or inflammation. Previous observations indicated that these tumours are unlikely caused by diet, water quality or genetic background, suggesting an infectious aetiology. We performed five transmission experiments by exposure of naïve fish to affected donor fish by cohabitation or exposure to tank effluent water. Intestinal lesions were observed in recipient fish in all exposure groups, including transmissions from previous recipient fish, and moribund fish exhibited a higher prevalence of neoplasms. We found a single 16S rRNA sequence, most similar to Mycoplasma penetrans, to be highly enriched in the donors and exposed recipients compared to unexposed control fish. We further tracked the presence of the Mycoplasma sp. using a targeted PCR test on individual dissected intestines or faeces or tank faeces. Original donor and exposed fish populations were positive for Mycoplasma, while corresponding unexposed control fish were negative. This study indicates an infectious aetiology for these transmissible tumours of zebrafish and suggests a possible candidate agent of a Mycoplasma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R. Burns
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | - Virginia. Watral
- Department of Microbiology Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Sophie Sichel
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | - Sean Spagnoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Allison V. Banse
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | - Erika Mittge
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | - Thomas J. Sharpton
- Department of Microbiology Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
- Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Karen Guillemin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada
| | - Michael L. Kent
- Department of Microbiology Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
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Segev G, Rojas A, Lavy E, Yaffe M, Aroch I, Baneth G. Evaluation of a spot-on imidacloprid-moxidectin formulation (Advocate®) for the treatment of naturally occurring esophageal spirocercosis in dogs: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:127. [PMID: 29506575 PMCID: PMC5838953 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dogs are the definitive hosts of Spirocerca lupi. Spirocercosis is treated by prolonged avermectin administration by injection or daily oral doses. In this prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, clinical trial, the efficacy of imidacloprid and moxidectin spot-on formulation (Advocate®) was compared to injectable doramectin (Dectomax®). Dogs diagnosed with benign esophageal spirocercosis were divided randomly into doramectin (400 μg/kg IM) or moxidectin and imidacloprid spot-on (2.5–6.25 mg/kg and 10–25 mg/kg, respectively) groups and treated weekly for 12 consecutive weeks. Dogs were followed for 20 weeks by physical examination, owners’ questionnaire, blood work, fecal floatation, PCR and endoscopy. Results All the doramectin group dogs (n = 10) completed the treatment and follow-up, and the disease had completely resolved in all by week 12. Of the Advocate® group (n = 10), four had complete resolution at week 12, four had partial resolution, one dog did not respond to treatment, and one dog was switched to the doramectin protocol on week 5 due to persistent severe clinical signs. PCR analysis was more sensitive in detecting S. lupi eggs compared to fecal floatation. Discrepancies were detected on 22 occasions, of which on 20 occasions, the PCR was positive while fecal floatation was negative, and only on two occasions the PCR results were negative while fecal flotation was positive. Conclusions The present results indicate that weekly Advocate® spot-on administration may be effective for treating benign esophageal spirocercosis, but is less effective than the currently used injectable doramectin therapy at the dose and duration used herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilad Segev
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Alicia Rojas
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eran Lavy
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Marganit Yaffe
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Itamar Aroch
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
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Pazzi P, Kavkovsky A, Shipov A, Segev G, Dvir E. Spirocerca lupi induced oesophageal neoplasia: Predictors of surgical outcome. Vet Parasitol 2017; 250:71-77. [PMID: 29329628 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Canine spirocercosis is caused by the nematode Spirocerca lupi. Migration results in oesophageal fibro-inflammatory nodules that may undergo neoplastic transformation. No studies have assessed pre- or post-surgical prognostic indicators in dogs that undergo intervention for S. lupi induced oesophageal neoplasia. This observational, multi-center study aimed to assess the outcome of dogs with Spirocerca induced sarcoma undergoing endoscopic-guided ablation (n = 12) or surgery (n = 18), and identify prognostic indicators. Parameters evaluated included: age, weight, gender, presenting complaints, duration of clinical signs, complete blood count, serum biochemistry, neoplasia size, placement of percutaneous endoscopically-placed gastrostomy tube, histopathological mitotic indices, days to discharge and chemotherapy administration. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed no difference in survival between ablation and surgery {(median: 73.5 days (range: 0-1511) vs. 108 days (range: 0-1550), respectively (p = 0.982)}. Reduced survival was documented in patients presenting with weight loss (P = 0.027), hypochromasia (MCHC <33 g/dL, P = 0.023) or leucocytosis (>15 × 109/L, P = 0.017) with a hazard ratio of 2.51 (CI95% = 1.071-6.018, P = 0.034), 2.71 (CI95% = 1.10-6.65, P = 0.03) and 4.39 (CI95%: 1.21-15.97, P = 0.025) respectively. In the dogs surviving more than 21 days, Ht <36% and leucocytosis >15.0 × 109/L at presentation were associated with reduced survival (p = 0.016, p = 0.021 respectively) and hazard ratio of 3.29 (CI95% = 1.18-9.2, P = 0.023) and 3.81 (CI95% = 1.15-12.55, P = 0.028) respectively. Intra-intervention-group survival analysis identified increased survival time in dogs receiving chemotherapy, but only within the surgical group (P = 0.02).The hospitalisation time of dogs undergoing ablation (median: 0 days, range: 0-4) was significantly shorter than dogs undergoing surgery (9 days, 1-21) (P < 0.001). In this study, no clear benefit was identified for surgery, thus when ablation is technically possible it should be considered advantageous, as hospitalisation time is significantly shorter. Weight loss, hypochromasia and leucocytosis were identified as long-term prognostic indicators at presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Pazzi
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Anastasia Kavkovsky
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anna Shipov
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gilad Segev
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eran Dvir
- Tel Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, Israel
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16
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Histopathological changes in the liver and stomach of Didelphis virginiana (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) during natural infection with Gnathostoma turgidum (Nematoda: Gnathostomidae). J Helminthol 2017; 92:765-768. [PMID: 29103381 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x17000980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Gnathostoma turgidum is a nematode parasite that exploits the stomach of Virginian opossums, Didelphis virginiana, in Latin America. The opossum is the definitive host of G. turgidum in the wild. Intrahepatic growth and maturation of the parasite, subsequent migration to the stomach and spontaneous expulsion are common. However, the histopathological lesions caused by G. turgidum are poorly described. A better understanding of the life cycle of this parasite and the pathological changes in natural host-parasite interactions could help to clarify the progression of human infections caused by Gnathostoma binucleatum. The aim of this work was to study morphological changes in the liver and stomach of D. virginiana during natural infection and adult worm expulsion. Three opossums naturally infected with G. turgidum were captured from an endemic area of gnathostomosis. Three uninfected opossums captured from a non-endemic area were used as controls. The opossums were sacrificed at different stages of infection (March, May and December), and a histopathological study of their livers and stomachs was conducted. Injuries in livers were observed by histopathology - areas of necrosis and collagen septa were identified. Parasites caused nodules with necrosis on the periphery of lesions, and collagen fibres were also observed in stomachs. Collagen septa may be caused by antigenic remains of the parasite. Further immunological studies are necessary to verify that stimulation is caused by these factors.
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Sako K, Rensburg IJ, Clift S, Naidoo V. The use of primary murine fibroblasts to ascertain if Spirocerca lupi secretory/excretory protein products are mitogenic ex vivo. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:262. [PMID: 28830546 PMCID: PMC5568052 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spirocerca lupi is a nematode that parasitizes vertebrates in particular canids, by forming nodules in the thoracic cavity specifically in the oesophagus. In 25% of Spirocerca infections of the domestic dog, nodules progress from inflammatory to pre-neoplastic to sarcomatous neoplasia. With the mechanism of neoplastic transformation being incompletely understood, this study investigates if S. lupi parasite proteinaceous secretory/excretory products (ESPs) play a role in the neoplastic transformation. Methods To facilitate collection of ESPs, we maintained naturally harvested adult parasites in the laboratory under artificial conditions. Media in which the parasites were grown was subsequently evaluated for the presence of proteinaceous compounds using a mass spectroscopy library as well as for their ability to be mitogenic in primary murine fibroblastic cells. Results Chromatrography of the ethyl acetate extracted incubation media showed the presence of 9 protein compounds, of which three were identified as non-specific proteins isolated from Nematostella vectensis, Caenorhabditis brenneri and Sus scrofa, with the rest being unknown. Acetone, methanol, hexane and ethylacetate extracted culture media were unable to induce a mitogenic change in primary murine fibroblasts in comparison to the controls. Conclusion While no mitogenic effect was evident, further studies are required to understand the role of worm excretory/secretory products on clastogenesis under chronic exposure. In addition, while not of primary importance for this study, the observed duration of parasite survival indicates that ex vivo studies on S. lupi are possible. For the latter we believe that the worm culture method can be further optimized if longer survival times are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kgomotso Sako
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Ilse Jv Rensburg
- University of Pretoria Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Sarah Clift
- Section of Pathology, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Vinny Naidoo
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa. .,University of Pretoria Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
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18
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Bumby MM, Williams MC, Steyl JCA, Harrison-White R, Lutermann H, Fosgate GT, de Waal PJ, Mitha J, Clift SJ. Genotyping and comparative pathology of Spirocerca in black-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas) in South Africa. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:245. [PMID: 28814297 PMCID: PMC5559831 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1175-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathology of spirocercosis, a disease caused by the infestation of carnivores with the nematode Spirocerca lupi, has been extensively described in domestic dogs and coyotes. However, it has not been described in wild carnivores in South Africa. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether black-backed jackals are a host for Spirocerca species and to provide a detailed description of the associated pathology. Jackals were also stratified according to age and the Spirocerca species recovered were characterized using molecular techniques. Methods Standard necropsies were performed on routinely culled jackals from three of the nine provinces of South Africa during the period June 2012 to February 2013. Jackals were screened for the presence of pathognomonic Spirocerca-induced lesions and for evidence of aberrant migration. Relevant samples were submitted for histopathology and collected larvae were genotyped at nine microsatellite loci. Results Spirocerca lupi-associated aortic lesions were found in 16 of 93 (17%) black-backed jackals. Of these, four (25%) were associated with S. lupi larvae. Genotyping of the larvae revealed amplification of all nine loci that amplified dog-derived S. lupi, with the same level of polymorphism in the allele size ranges. Only 1 of 93 jackals had an esophageal nodule with concurrent S. lupi-induced aortic aneurysms. The single esophageal nodule found did not contain adult nematodes, nor did it communicate with the esophageal lumen. None of the jackals that were examined had macroscopically evident spondylitis, which is frequently reported in the dog. Histopathology of the S. lupi-induced aortic lesions in the jackal revealed replacement of elastic and smooth muscle fibers by fibrous connective tissue. In cases where inflammation was present, the inflammatory infiltrate consisted predominantly of eosinophils. The single esophageal nodule histologically resembled the early inflammatory nodule described in dogs and consisted of fibrous connective tissue, multifocal accumulation of lymphocytes, plasma cells and rare hemosiderin-laden macrophages. Conclusions These lesions suggest that the life cycle of S. lupi may not or only rarely be completed in jackals. A possible explanation might be that jackals are relatively resistant to developing significant pathology associated with S. lupi-infection. However, before any conclusions can be drawn, many more jackals, including those that die naturally will have to be investigated for evidence of S. lupi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Bumby
- Section Pathology, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - M C Williams
- Section Pathology, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - J C A Steyl
- Section Pathology, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - R Harrison-White
- Wildlife Damage- Research and Management, North West Parks and Tourism Board, Madikwe and SA Lombard Nature Reserves, North West province, South Africa, P.O. Box 783540, Sandton, Johannesburg, 2146, South Africa
| | - H Lutermann
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - G T Fosgate
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - P J de Waal
- Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - J Mitha
- Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - S J Clift
- Section Pathology, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
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Himmel L, Cianciolo R. Nodular typhlocolitis, heterakiasis, and mesenchymal neoplasia in a ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) with immunohistochemical characterization of visceral metastases. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:561-565. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638717707555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 9-y-old, male ring-necked pheasant ( Phasianus colchicus) was autopsied following euthanasia because of acute distress, recumbency, and dyspnea. The bird had experienced a protracted period of neuromuscular disease localized to the left sciatic nerve. Gross and histologic examination of the large intestine revealed intramural nodules predominantly comprised of atypical, whorling spindle cells with small cores of granulomatous inflammation centered on cross-sections of immature adult nematodes. The body structures of these metazoan organisms and clinical disease manifestation are consistent with Heterakis isolonche infection. Nodular spindle cell proliferations without granulomatous inflammation or intralesional nematodes were also found throughout the liver and lungs, suggesting metastasis from the intestine. Immunohistochemical staining of the hepatic and pulmonary tumor tissue with vimentin and S100 suggests a neurofibroblastic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Himmel
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Rachel Cianciolo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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20
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Evaluation of the efficacy of monthly oral administration of afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime (NexGard Spectra(®), Merial) in the prevention of adult Spirocerca lupi establishment in experimentally infected dogs. Vet Parasitol 2016; 226:150-61. [PMID: 27514901 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The nematode Spirocerca lupi (Rudolphi, 1809) is widely distributed but mostly occurs sporadically with stable populations only in certain geographic areas. This helminth mainly infects dogs and wild canids. Primary pathology relates to migration of third stage larvae (L3) damaging the thoracic aorta and establishment of adults in nodules in the oesophagus. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of milbemycin oxime in combination with afoxolaner (NexGard Spectra(®), Merial), administered monthly, in preventing establishment of adult worms after experimental infection. Two groups consisting of eight animals each were experimentally infected with 15 L3 on Days -28, -14 and -2, respectively (45 L3 per animal in total). Group 1 dogs served as untreated (negative) control, whereas animals in group 2 were treated with NexGard Spectra(®) at a minimum dose of 0.5mg/kg milbemycin oxime on Day 0 and from then onwards every 28 days up to Day 140 (six treatment occasions). Endoscopy was performed on Day 112 and for some animals also Day 140. Necropsy for worm recovery and nodule/lesion scoring was performed on Day 168. All eight animals in the control group (group 1) presented with 1-3 nodules and worm counts ranging from 9 to 41. Six animals in the NexGard Spectra(®) group presented with 1-4 nodules and worm counts ranging from 1 to 5. Significantly (p<0.05) fewer worms were collected from treated animals in the treated group (geometric mean 1.7) versus the negative control group (geometric mean 22.0) with 92.3% efficacy calculated. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference between groups with reference to number of nodules in the oesophagus. However, nodules in the control group were significantly (p<0.05) larger than those in the treated group. Number and size of lesions in the dorsal aorta did not differ statistically between groups 1 and 2. Because NexGard Spectra(®) was administered 28 days after onset of inoculation, migrating and developing L3 caused damage to the aorta wall of animals in the treated group. Milbemycin oxime (administered as NexGard Spectra(®)) demonstrated effectiveness in reducing infection with adult Spirocerca lupi worms in the oesophagus.
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Dvir E. Developments in the therapy of spirocercosis-induced sarcoma. Vet Rec 2015; 177:363-4. [PMID: 26449905 DOI: 10.1136/vr.h5310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eran Dvir
- Tel Hai College and MIGAL Galilee Research Institute, Upper Galilee, Israel
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22
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Shipov A, Kelmer G, Lavy E, Milgram J, Aroch I, Segev G. Long-term outcome of transendoscopic oesophageal mass ablation in dogs with Spirocerca lupi
-associated oesophageal sarcoma. Vet Rec 2015; 177:365. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.103356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Shipov
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - G. Kelmer
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - E. Lavy
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - J. Milgram
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - I. Aroch
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - G. Segev
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
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Kirberger RM, Cassel N, Stander N, McLean M, Dvir E. Triple phase dynamic computed tomographic perfusion characteristics of spirocercosis induced esophageal nodules in non-neoplastic versus neoplastic canine cases. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2014; 56:257-63. [PMID: 25393217 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neoplastic transformation of Spirocerca lupi induced esophageal nodules carries a poor prognosis. Clinical, clinicopathological, endoscopic, and radiographic characteristics may be indicative of neoplastic transformation but variable sensitivity and specificity of these parameters makes their use questionable. We hypothesized that CT would be a better diagnostic modality to discriminate between non-neoplastic and neoplastic nodules. In this prospective study of 38 dogs, the appearance and perfusion characteristics of confirmed spirocercosis-induced neoplastic and non-neoplastic esophageal nodules were described using survey CT and triple phase dynamic CT angiography (CTA). Pre- and post-contrast early arterial, late arterial, and venous CTA images were evaluated. Non-neoplastic nodules were smooth and nonmineralized with a higher proportion of hypoattenuating necropurulent cavities compared to neoplastic nodules that had a more irregular surface, with 93% having mineralized foci and rarely any hypoattenuating pockets. Non-neoplastic nodules were significantly more perfused than neoplastic nodules with the difference being up to 23 Hounsfield units. The difference was most marked in the early and late arterial phases (P = 0.0005 and 0.00005, respectively). Ratios of the normal esophagus adjacent to the neoplastic and non-neoplastic nodules did not differ significantly from each other. Perfusion findings demonstrated relative hypoperfusion of the esophageal sarcomas. Findings from the current study indicated that CT characteristics of relative postcontrast hypoperfusion, combined with nodule irregularity and mineralization warrant a high level of concern for neoplastic transformation in canine spirocercosis-induced esophageal nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Kirberger
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, Republic of South Africa
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Blume GR, Reis Junior JL, Gardiner CH, Hoberg EP, Pilitt PA, Monteiro RV, de Sant’Ana FJF. Spirocerca lupi granulomatous pneumonia in two free-ranging maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) from central Brazil. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:815-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638714554442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current report describes granulomatous pneumonia due to Spirocerca lupi in 2 free-ranging maned wolves ( Chrysocyon brachyurus). Both wolves had multiple, white, 1–1.5 cm in diameter, soft, encapsulated granulomas in the caudal lung lobes, which contained centrally placed parasites on cut sections. Microscopically, there was granulomatous inflammation with numerous intralesional sections of spirurid nematodes. Representative complete adult specimens of nematodes derived from these lesions were submitted for parasitological exam and identified as the spirurid S. lupi. To the authors’ knowledge, there have been no published reports of S. lupi in maned wolves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme R. Blume
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology (Blume, Reis Junior, Sant’Ana), University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
- Laboratory of Research in Wildlife Animals (Veríssimo Monteiro), University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
- Veterinary Pathology Service, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, MD (Gardiner)
- U.S. National Parasite Collection, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Hoberg, Pilitt)
| | - Janildo L. Reis Junior
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology (Blume, Reis Junior, Sant’Ana), University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
- Laboratory of Research in Wildlife Animals (Veríssimo Monteiro), University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
- Veterinary Pathology Service, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, MD (Gardiner)
- U.S. National Parasite Collection, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Hoberg, Pilitt)
| | - Chris H. Gardiner
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology (Blume, Reis Junior, Sant’Ana), University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
- Laboratory of Research in Wildlife Animals (Veríssimo Monteiro), University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
- Veterinary Pathology Service, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, MD (Gardiner)
- U.S. National Parasite Collection, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Hoberg, Pilitt)
| | - Eric P. Hoberg
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology (Blume, Reis Junior, Sant’Ana), University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
- Laboratory of Research in Wildlife Animals (Veríssimo Monteiro), University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
- Veterinary Pathology Service, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, MD (Gardiner)
- U.S. National Parasite Collection, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Hoberg, Pilitt)
| | - Patricia A. Pilitt
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology (Blume, Reis Junior, Sant’Ana), University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
- Laboratory of Research in Wildlife Animals (Veríssimo Monteiro), University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
- Veterinary Pathology Service, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, MD (Gardiner)
- U.S. National Parasite Collection, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Hoberg, Pilitt)
| | - Rafael Veríssimo Monteiro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology (Blume, Reis Junior, Sant’Ana), University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
- Laboratory of Research in Wildlife Animals (Veríssimo Monteiro), University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
- Veterinary Pathology Service, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, MD (Gardiner)
- U.S. National Parasite Collection, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Hoberg, Pilitt)
| | - Fabiano J. F. de Sant’Ana
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology (Blume, Reis Junior, Sant’Ana), University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
- Laboratory of Research in Wildlife Animals (Veríssimo Monteiro), University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
- Veterinary Pathology Service, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, MD (Gardiner)
- U.S. National Parasite Collection, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Hoberg, Pilitt)
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Serum acute phase protein concentrations in dogs with spirocercosis and their association with esophageal neoplasia – A prospective cohort study. Vet Parasitol 2014; 203:153-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ibba F, Lepri E, Veronesi F, Di Cesare A, Paltrinieri S. Gastric cylicospirurosis in a domestic cat from Italy. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:522-6. [PMID: 24065709 PMCID: PMC11112190 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13505577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
A gastric nodule was found in a cat examined following a car accident. Cytological examination showed a mixed, mainly eosinophilic, inflammation with reactive fibroblasts and ovoidal elements resembling nematode eggs. The cat was euthanased because of rapid worsening of clinical signs due to secondary injuries, and the gastric nodule was excised for examination. The intramural mass was smooth and spherical, with an intact mucosal surface and a little opening from which several reddish worms were extruding. Histopathological examination confirmed severe reactive fibroplasia and inflammation, surrounding sections of a nematode worm. The latter was then identified with polymerase chain reaction as belonging to the Cylicospirura genus. Cylicospirura species worms should be considered in the differential diagnosis of gastric nodules in the cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Ibba
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Heath, University of Milan, Milan, Italy Private Laboratory, Poggio dei Pini, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elvio Lepri
- Department of Biopathological Sciences and Hygiene of Animal and Food Productions, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Veronesi
- Department of Biopathological Sciences and Hygiene of Animal and Food Productions, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Di Cesare
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Heath, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Pazzi P, Goddard A, Kristensen AT, Dvir E. Evaluation of hemostatic abnormalities in canine spirocercosis and its association with systemic inflammation. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 28:21-9. [PMID: 24147754 PMCID: PMC4895557 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine spirocercosis is caused by the nematode Spirocerca lupi and is characterized by esophageal fibro-inflammatory nodules that may undergo neoplastic transformation. No sensitive and specific laboratory assays other than histopathology have been reported to differentiate non-neoplastic from neoplastic disease. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Dogs with spirocercosis will have evidence of hypercoagulability based on thromboelastography (TEG)-derived maximal amplitude (MA); increased MA will be correlated with increased acute phase protein (APP) concentrations (C-reactive protein [CRP] and fibrinogen); increased MA and APPs will be exacerbated with neoplastic spirocercosis. ANIMALS Thirty-nine client-owned dogs with naturally occurring spirocercosis and 15 sex-matched healthy controls. METHODS A prospective comparative study evaluating TEG, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, antithrombin (AT) activity, platelet count and D-dimer concentration, and APPs of dogs with non-neoplastic (n = 24) and neoplastic (n = 15) spirocercosis compared to control dogs. RESULTS Median MA was significantly increased in the non-neoplastic group (P < .01) and neoplastic group (P < .01) compared to the controls. Both APPs were significantly increased in the neoplastic group compared to the non-neoplastic and control groups. MA was strongly correlated with fibrinogen (r = 0.85, P < .001) and CRP (r = 0.73, P < .001). An MA >76 mm provided 96% specificity and 73% sensitivity for differentiation of disease state. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Canine spirocercosis is associated with increased TEG variables, MA and α, and decreased AT activity, which may indicate a hypercoagulable state seemingly more severe with neoplastic transformation. MA was correlated with APP in dogs with spirocercosis and can be used as an adjunctive test to support the suspicion of neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pazzi
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, SA
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28
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Rosa C, Schoeman J, Berry J, Mellanby R, Dvir E. Hypovitaminosis D in Dogs with Spirocercosis. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:1159-64. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C.T. Rosa
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies; Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria; Onderstepoort South Africa
| | - J.P. Schoeman
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies; Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria; Onderstepoort South Africa
| | - J.L. Berry
- Department of Medicine; Vitamin D Research Group; Manchester Royal Infirmary; Manchester UK
| | - R.J. Mellanby
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies; The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Hospital for Small Animals; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; The University of Edinburgh; Midlothian UK
| | - E. Dvir
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies; Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria; Onderstepoort South Africa
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29
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Pazzi P, Tompkins S, Kirberger RM. Canine spirocercosis-associated extraskeletal osteosarcoma with central nervous system metastasis. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2013; 84:E1-4. [DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v84i1.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A five-year-old male Boerboel presented for examination, collapsed for an unknown period of time. On clinical examination, multifocal subcutaneous masses and enlarged prescapular lymph nodes as well as neurological deficits that suggested a multifocal neurological syndrome were found. Fine needle aspirates of the prescapular lymph nodes revealed cells suggestive of osteosarcoma. Radiographs showed foci of mineralisation within the soft tissue masses as well as diffuse pulmonary metastasis and a caudodorsal mediastinal mass believed to be a Spirocerca lupi nodule. Computed tomography imaging, necropsy and histopathology confirmed S. lupi oesophageal neoplastic transformation (extraskeletal osteosarcoma), believed to be the primary lesion, and the majority of secondary metastasis to the brain, spine, heart, multiple muscular groups and abdominal organs. This is the first known report of extraskeletal osteosarcoma metastasis to the brain and spinal cord in a dog.
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30
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Paquette CE, Kent ML, Buchner C, Tanguay RL, Guillemin K, Mason TJ, Peterson TS. A retrospective study of the prevalence and classification of intestinal neoplasia in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish 2013; 10:228-36. [PMID: 23544991 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2012.0828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For over a decade, spontaneous intestinal neoplasia has been observed in zebrafish (Danio rerio) submitted to the ZIRC (Zebrafish International Resource Center) diagnostic service. In addition, zebrafish displayed preneoplastic intestinal changes including hyperplasia, dysplasia, and enteritis. A total of 195 zebrafish, representing 2% of the total fish submitted to the service, were diagnosed with these lesions. Neoplastic changes were classified either as adenocarcinoma or small cell carcinoma, with a few exceptions (carcinoma not otherwise specified, tubular adenoma, and tubulovillous adenoma). Tumor prevalence appeared similarly distributed between sexes and generally occurred in zebrafish greater than 1 year of age, although neoplastic changes were observed in fish 6 months of age. Eleven lines displayed these preneoplastic and neoplastic changes, including wild-types and mutants. Affected zebrafish originated from 18 facilities, but the majority of fish were from a single zebrafish research facility (hereafter referred to as the primary facility) that has submitted numerous samples to the ZIRC diagnostic service. Zebrafish from the primary facility submitted as normal sentinel fish demonstrate that these lesions are most often subclinical. Fish fed the diet from the primary facility and held at another location did not develop intestinal lesions, indicating that diet is not the etiologic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen E Paquette
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-3804, USA
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31
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Kirberger RM, Stander N, Cassel N, Pazzi P, Mukorera V, Christie J, Carstens A, Dvir E. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC AND RADIOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AORTIC LESIONS IN 42 DOGS WITH SPIROCERCOSIS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 54:212-22. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Kirberger
- From the Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies; Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria; Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110,; Republic of South Africa
| | - Nerissa Stander
- From the Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies; Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria; Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110,; Republic of South Africa
| | - Nicky Cassel
- From the Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies; Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria; Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110,; Republic of South Africa
| | - Paolo Pazzi
- From the Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies; Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria; Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110,; Republic of South Africa
| | - Varaidzo Mukorera
- From the Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies; Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria; Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110,; Republic of South Africa
| | - Jevan Christie
- From the Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies; Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria; Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110,; Republic of South Africa
| | - Ann Carstens
- From the Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies; Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria; Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110,; Republic of South Africa
| | - Eran Dvir
- From the Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies; Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria; Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110,; Republic of South Africa
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Kirberger RM, Clift SJ, van Wilpe E, Dvir E. Spirocerca lupi-associated vertebral changes: a radiologic-pathologic study. Vet Parasitol 2012; 195:87-94. [PMID: 23298568 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Spirocerca lupi causes a caudal esophageal mass in dogs which may be accompanied by aortic changes and caudal thoracic spondylitis. Previous literature hypothesized that the spondylitis was caused by either aberrant larval migration or was secondary to the inflammation caused by the aortic migration. The current study aimed to evaluate these hypotheses. Ten dogs of various breeds and ages with radiographic evidence of spondylitis, which were necropsied, had the affected vertebrae removed and prepared for light and transmission electron microscopy examination. Transverse and sagittal sections of the ventral vertebrae were taken from 27 spondylitis and 8 spondylosis deformans lesions as well as from 8 normal vertebrae. Early spondylitis changes were characterized by periosteal woven new bone covered by hyperplastic periosteum with some involvement of the ventral longitudinal ligament. More mature lesions were characterized by nodules of denser trabecular bone and cartilage, also covered by hyperplastic periosteum and involved the ventral longitudinal ligament. It was difficult to distinguish the spondylitis and spondylosis deformans new bone. Inflammation was seen in five spondylitis cases (edema, lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils and fibrin fibers). Spirocerca eggs were seen in one histologic section. This study shows that inflammation is mild and inconsistent in spirocercosis-induced spondylitis and that aberrant migration of the larvae or adults did not appear to be a predominant cause. Inflammatory mediators or osteoproliferative growth factors, which may be related to the primary esophageal lesion or to the worm itself, could be involved. This requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Kirberger
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
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van der Merwe LL, Christie J, Clift SJ, Dvir E. Salivary gland enlargement and sialorrhoea in dogs with spirocercosis: a retrospective and prospective study of 298 cases. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2012; 83:920. [PMID: 23327138 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v83i1.920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This longitudinal cross-sectional clinical study investigated the incidence of sialorrhoea in dogs with spirocercosis and determined whether breed, body weight and the extent of the oesophageal involvement was associated with this presentation. A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical records of 233 dogs and information pertaining to 65 dogs was collected as part of a prospective study. All the animals were client-owned. Patients from the retrospective study underwent thoracic radiography or oesophageal endoscopy to diagnose and characterise the infection and were placed on therapy with a macrocyclic lactone, whereas the patients in the prospective study had both radiography and endoscopy routinely performed and biopsies of the oesophageal nodules collected where possible. Tru-cut biopsies of affected salivary glands were taken in 10 of 13 patients demonstrating clinical signs of sialorrhoea and salivary gland enlargement. The entire salivary gland was sectioned in an additional three dogs with spirocercosis and no sialorrhoea that were presented for post mortem examination. Sialorrhoea was present in 33/298 cases (11%). Fox terrier breeds were over-represented in the patients with sialorrhoea, comprising 36% of cases, whereas they only comprised 1.5% of the patients without sialorrhoea (p < 0.001, chi squared test) and 5% of the combined group. Dogs weighing 12 kg or less were significantly over-represented in the sialorrhoea group, 69% versus 19.5% (p < 0.001, chi square test). Age was not significantly different between the two groups (p < 0.08, Mann-Whitney test). The number of oesophageal nodules per case was significantly higher in the non-sialorrhoea cases (p = 0.048, Mann-Whitney test). The prevalence of distal oesophageal and lower oesophageal sphincter involvement, and neoplastic transformation of the nodules were not statistically different between the two groups. None of the fox terriers in either group showed neoplastic transformation of the parasitic nodules even though they were over-represented as a breed. Mandibular salivary glands were affected in 86% of cases showing sialorrhoea. Histopathology revealed acinar hyperplasia in all cases with concurrent necrosis detected in only two cases.Sialorrhoea and salivary gland enlargement has an incidence of 11% (33/298 cases) in canine spirocercosis. Small breeds (≤ 12 kg) and particularly fox terrier breeds are over-represented in the group demonstrating sialorrhoea and this appeared to be the only risk factor.The conclusion was that sialorrhoea secondary to canine spirocercosis occurs frequently and its presence should prompt further investigation for oesophageal and gastro-intestinal disease. Severely affected patients can be managed with phenobarbitone to control the dysphagia in addition to the routine macrocyclic lactones treatment.
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Dvir E, Mellanby R, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Schoeman J. Plasma IL-8 concentrations are increased in dogs with spirocercosis. Vet Parasitol 2012; 190:185-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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35
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Serum acute phase proteins in dogs with symptomatic esophageal spirocercosis. Vet Parasitol 2012; 190:191-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kirberger RM, van der Merwe LL, Dvir E. Pneumoesophagography and the appearance of masses in the caudal portion of the esophagus in dogs with spirocercosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 240:420-6. [PMID: 22309014 DOI: 10.2460/javma.240.4.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the usefulness of pneumoesophagography, compared with that of survey radiography, for characterization of esophageal pathological changes in dogs with endoscopically confirmed intraluminal Spirocerca lupi nodules in the caudal portion of the esophagus. DESIGN Diagnostic test evaluation. ANIMALS 30 dogs with endoscopically confirmed spirocercosis. PROCEDURES Dorsoventral (DV) and right lateral recumbent (RLR) thoracic survey radiographs were obtained for each dog. Endoscopy was subsequently performed, the esophagus was inflated with air, and left lateral recumbent, RLR, DV, and ventrodorsal thoracic radiographs were obtained. The amount of esophageal and gastric distention was recorded. Visibility, location, and surface characteristics of lesions and total length of esophageal involvement were recorded independently for each radiograph and modality and compared with each other. RESULTS Survey DV radiographs were more reliable than survey RLR radiographs for detecting caudal esophageal pathological changes. Lateral pneumoesophagograms showed more esophageal air and had more visible nodules than did their orthogonal counterparts. Right lateral recumbent pneumoesophagograms allowed for evaluation of the air-filled stomach, particularly the cardiac portion, for additional pathological changes. Pneumoesophagography allowed the mural position (47% located dorsally) and surface characteristics of Spirocerca nodules to be determined. Six of 9 dogs with confirmed malignant disease had an irregular nodule surface suggestive of neoplastic transformation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Pneumoesophagography was easily performed in dogs with spirocercosis and showed promise as a cost-effective and safe initial diagnostic procedure for further evaluation and characterization of suspected caudal esophageal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Kirberger
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, Republic of South Africa.
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Dvir E, Schoeman JP, Clift SJ, McNeilly TN, Mellanby RJ. Immunohistochemical characterization of lymphocyte and myeloid cell infiltrates in spirocercosis-induced oesophageal nodules. Parasite Immunol 2012; 33:545-53. [PMID: 21770972 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Spirocerca lupi is a nematode that infects the dog's oesophagus and promotes the formation of an inflammatory fibroblastic nodule that progresses to sarcoma in approximately 25% of cases. Spirocercosis-associated oesophageal sarcoma is an excellent and under-utilized spontaneous model of parasite-associated malignancy. The inflammatory infiltrate of paraffin-embedded, non-neoplastic oesophageal nodules (n = 46), neoplastic nodules (n = 25) and normal oesophagus (n = 14) was examined by immunohistochemistry using MAC387 (myeloid cells), CD3 (T cells), Pax5 (B cells) and FoxP3 (T regulatory cells) antibodies. Myeloid cells predominated in 70% of nodules, in pockets around the worms' migratory tracts and in necro-ulcerative areas in neoplastic cases. T cells predominated in 23% of cases with a focal or diffuse distribution, in the nodule periphery. No significant differences were observed between neoplastic and non-neoplastic stages. FoxP3+ cells were observed in low numbers, not significantly different from the controls. The inflammation in spirocercosis is characterized by pockets of pus surrounded by organized lymphoid foci. There was no evidence of a local accumulation of FoxP3+ cells, unlike many previous studies that have reported an increase in FoxP3+ T cells in both malignancies and parasite infections. The triggering factor(s) driving the malignant transformation of the spirocercosis-associated chronic inflammatory nodule warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dvir
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Mukorera V, Dvir E, van der Merwe L, Goddard A. Serum C-Reactive Protein Concentration in Benign and Malignant Canine Spirocercosis. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:963-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Dvir E, Clift SJ. Evaluation of selected growth factor expression in canine spirocercosis (Spirocerca lupi)-associated non-neoplastic nodules and sarcomas. Vet Parasitol 2010; 174:257-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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LINDSAY NICOLETTE, KIRBERGER ROBERT, WILLIAMS MARK. IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-SPINAL CORD CHONDROSARCOMA ASSOCIATED WITH SPIROCERCOSIS IN A DOG. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010; 51:614-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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