1
|
de Melo-Junior RD, Bastos TSA, Couto LFM, Cavalcante ASDA, Zapa DMB, de Morais IML, Heller LM, Salvador VF, Leal LLLL, Franco ADO, Miguel MP, Ferreira LL, Cadioli FA, Machado RZ, Lopes WDZ. Trypanosoma vivax in and outside cattle blood: Parasitological, molecular, and serological detection, reservoir tissues, histopathological lesions, and vertical transmission evaluation. Res Vet Sci 2024; 174:105290. [PMID: 38776695 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This study reports assessment of the sensitivity of diagnostic techniques to detect T. vivax in experimentally infected cattle. Additionally, it describes T. vivax extravascular parasitism during the acute and chronic phases of trypanosomosis and congenital transmission. The T. vivax diagnosis was compared using blood samples collected from the jugular, coccygeal and ear tip veins. For this study, 13 males and two females were infected with ≈ 1 × 106 viable T. vivax trypomastigotes (D0). One animal was kept as a negative control during the entire study. The 13 infected males were euthanized between 14 and 749 days post-infection (DPI). After confirming the cyclicity of both females (9 months of age), they were naturally mated with a bull. One female was euthanized at 840 DPI, and the other at 924 DPI. The two calves, one from each female, were euthanized at six months of age (924 DPI), and the negative control at 924 DPI. During this period, T. vivax in blood was assessed using direct methods (Woo test, cPCR, microscopic examination of fresh wet blood films and parasite quantification - Brener method), and serological methods (IFAT, ELISA, and IA). Tissue samples were collected from the liver, spleen, brain, cerebellum, heart, testicles, epididymis, kidneys, eyeballs, pre-scapular lymph nodes, ear tips, mammary glands, uterus, and ovaries. The protozoan DNA was examined using LAMP. There was no difference in the detection of T. vivax using the Woo test and Brener method among the jugular, coccygeal, and ear tip veins. The sensitivity of the detection methods varied depending on the disease phase. Direct methods (Woo test, Brener method, and cPCR) demonstrated higher sensitivity during the acute phase, while serological methods (IFAT, ELISA, and IA) were more sensitive during the chronic phase. Anti-T. vivax antibodies were detected up to 924 DPI. Tissue evaluation using LAMP demonstrated the presence of T. vivax DNA and associated histopathological changes up to 840 or 924 DPI. Only in mammary glands and ovaries was no DNA detected. The most frequently observed histopathological alteration was lymphohistioplasmocytic inflammatory infiltrate. No transplacental transmission of T. vivax was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thiago Souza Azeredo Bastos
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Faculdade Anhanguera, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Luciana Maffini Heller
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | - Artur de Oliveira Franco
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Marina Pacheco Miguel
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Antonio Cadioli
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Departamento de Patologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Silva J, Silva B, Silva L, Queiroz W, Coelho M, Silva B, Marcusso P, Baêta B, Machado RZ. First detection of Trypanosoma vivax in dairy cattle from the northwest region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J.B. Silva
- Universidade Federal do Vale do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Brazil
| | - B.M. Silva
- Universidade Federal do Vale do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Brazil
| | - L.T. Silva
- Universidade Federal do Vale do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Brazil
| | - W.C.C. Queiroz
- Universidade Federal do Vale do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Brazil
| | - M.R. Coelho
- Universidade Federal do Vale do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Brazil
| | - B.T. Silva
- Universidade Federal do Vale do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Brazil
| | | | - B.A. Baêta
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sereno D, Oury B, Geiger A, Vela A, Karmaoui A, Desquesnes M. Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification to Detect Infection Caused by Parasites of the Trypanosomatidae Family: A Literature Review and Opinion on the Laboratory to Field Applicability. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7543. [PMID: 35886895 PMCID: PMC9322063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Isothermal amplification of nucleic acids has the potential to be applied in resource-limited areas for the detection of infectious agents, as it does not require complex nucleic purification steps or specific and expensive equipment and reagents to perform the reaction and read the result. Since human and animal infections by pathogens of the Tryponasomatidae family occur mainly in resource-limited areas with scant health infrastructures and personnel, detecting infections by these methodologies would hold great promise. Here, we conduct a narrative review of the literature on the application of isothermal nucleic acid amplification for Trypanosoma and Leishmania infections, which are a scourge for human health and food security. We highlight gaps and propose ways to improve them to translate these powerful technologies into real-world field applications for neglected human and animal diseases caused by Trypanosomatidae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Sereno
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, UMR INTERTRYP IRD, CIRAD, Parasite Infectiology and Public Health Group, 34032 Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Oury
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, UMR INTERTRYP IRD, CIRAD, Parasite Infectiology and Public Health Group, 34032 Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Geiger
- Centre International de Recherche en Agronomie pour le Développement, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, UMR INTERTRYP IRD, 34032 Montpellier, France
| | - Andrea Vela
- One Health Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Américas-Quito, Calle de los Colimes y Avenida De los Granados, Quito 170513, Ecuador
| | - Ahmed Karmaoui
- Bioactives (Health and Environmental, Epigenetics Team), Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Errachidia (UMI), Moroccan Center for Culture and Sciences, University Moulay Ismail, Meknes 50000, Morocco
| | - Marc Desquesnes
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, 31076 Toulouse, France
- INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, 34032 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Machado RZ, Castilho Neto KJGDA, Gonçalves LR, Machado GF, Luvizotto MCR, Vasconcelos RDO, Jussiani G, Silva TMVD, Gimenes LU, Jackson A, Wright G, Teixeira MMG. Detection of Trypanosoma vivax in tissues of experimentally infected goats: what is the role of adipose tissue in the life cycle of this protozoon? REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2021; 30:e017721. [PMID: 34910020 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612021092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma vivax, is responsible for great economic losses among livestock in Africa and South America. During the life cycle of these parasites, they may present different morphological, metabolic and physiological characteristics depending on the interactions that are encountered at each point of their life cycle. Although T. vivax is frequently reported in the circulation of its mammalian hosts, it has the ability to migrate to the tissues of these individuals. However, this characteristic is poorly understood. In this context, we aimed to investigate the presence of T. vivax and the changes caused in different tissues of experimentally infected goats. Despite the animals were not perfused before tissues collection, using different approaches, we demonstrated its presence in different samples, including in the adipose tissue and skin of infected animals. In addition, a mononuclear inflammatory reaction, mostly characterized by an infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages were observed. The results highlight the possibility that, like other trypanosomatids, T. vivax may use these tissues during its life cycle. Future studies aiming to elucidate the length of time for which T. vivax remains active in these sites, and whether it uses these sites as a refuge from trypanocidal drugs, and whether it is capable of recolonizing the blood circulation, are much needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Kayo José Garcia de Almeida Castilho Neto
- Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Gonçalves
- Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Gisele Fabrino Machado
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FMVA, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Cecília Rui Luvizotto
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FMVA, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Rosemeri de Oliveira Vasconcelos
- Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Giulia Jussiani
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FMVA, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Thiago Merighi Vieira da Silva
- Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Lindsay Unno Gimenes
- Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Andrew Jackson
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Wright
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Maria Geraldes Teixeira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas - ICB, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Castilho Neto KJGDA, Garcia ABDCF, Fidelis Junior OL, Nagata WB, André MR, Teixeira MMG, Machado RZ, Cadioli FA. Follow-up of dairy cattle naturally infected by Trypanosoma vivax after treatment with isometamidium chloride. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e020220. [PMID: 33909833 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612021019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma vivax infections cause nonspecific clinical signs in cattle associated with aparasitemic intervals, making disease diagnosis a challenge. In Brazil, diminazene aceturate and isometamidium chloride (ISM) are available to treat bovine trypanosomosis. The objective of this study was to follow-up, by molecular and serological techniques, dairy cattle naturally infected by T. vivax after ISM treatment. Thirty cattle naturally infected with T. vivax received two applications of ISM, at a dosage of 1.0 mg/kg intramuscularly, on days 0 and 150. For T. vivax diagnosis, EDTA-blood and serum samples were evaluated on 0, 7, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, and 240 days after treatment PCR, Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and ELISA. Animals with persistent detection of T. vivax DNA by both PCR and LAMP were found and continuous detection of anti-T. vivax IgG antibodies by ELISA, suggesting the presence of T. vivax resistance to ISM. The combination of LAMP and ELISA tests can prevent misdiagnosis of the parasite clearance in treated cattle, contributing to better disease control. This is the first experiment that demonstrates the persistence infection of T. vivax under ISM treatment in a natural infected herd and evidence of ISM chemotherapy-resistant T. vivax in Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Walter Beterquini Nagata
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Fabiano Antonio Cadioli
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil.,Escola de Medicina Veterinária Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chiweshe SM, Steketee PC, Jayaraman S, Paxton E, Neophytou K, Erasmus H, Labuschagne M, Cooper A, MacLeod A, Grey FE, Morrison LJ. Parasite specific 7SL-derived small RNA is an effective target for diagnosis of active trypanosomiasis infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007189. [PMID: 30779758 PMCID: PMC6413958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and animal African trypanosomiasis (HAT & AAT, respectively) remain a significant health and economic issue across much of sub-Saharan Africa. Effective control of AAT and potential eradication of HAT requires affordable, sensitive and specific diagnostic tests that can be used in the field. Small RNAs in the blood or serum are attractive disease biomarkers due to their stability, accessibility and available technologies for detection. Using RNAseq, we have identified a trypanosome specific small RNA to be present at high levels in the serum of infected cattle. The small RNA is derived from the non-coding 7SL RNA of the peptide signal recognition particle and is detected in the serum of infected cattle at significantly higher levels than in the parasite, suggesting active processing and secretion. We show effective detection of the small RNA in the serum of infected cattle using a custom RT-qPCR assay. Strikingly, the RNA can be detected before microscopy detection of parasitaemia in the blood, and it can also be detected during remission periods of infection when no parasitaemia is detectable by microscopy. However, RNA levels drop following treatment with trypanocides, demonstrating accurate prediction of active infection. While the small RNA sequence is conserved between different species of trypanosome, nucleotide differences within the sequence allow generation of highly specific assays that can distinguish between infections with Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax. Finally, we demonstrate effective detection of the small RNA directly from serum, without the need for pre-processing, with a single step RT-qPCR assay. Our findings identify a species-specific trypanosome small RNA that can be detected at high levels in the serum of cattle with active parasite infections. This provides the basis for the development of a cheap, non-invasive and highly effective diagnostic test for trypanosomiasis. African trypanosomes cause significant disease in humans and animals across sub-Saharan Africa. For both human and animal infections diagnostics that can accurately identify an active infection are lacking–this is particularly the case in animal disease where most diagnosis is based upon clinical signs, which is not a specific or sensitive means of detecting infection. There is therefore a significant unmet need for a pathogen marker of active infection that accurately indicates whether an animal or human is currently infected. Through analysing the blood of cattle infected with trypanosomes, we identified a short sequence of RNA that was present at very high levels. This small RNA derives from the trypanosome genome, and we could identify its presence in the genome of all three species that are responsible for human and animal disease. We were able to design species-specific tests, and showed that in samples from infected animals the assays were more sensitive than the traditional microscope-based detection, importantly the signal disappeared relatively quickly after successful treatment, and when treatment failed, the assay was able to accurately identify when infection persisted. We also demonstrated that the causative agent of human trypanosomiasis secretes the marker at similar levels to that seen in the animal-infective trypanosomes. Therefore, we have discovered a marker of trypanosome infection that is present at high levels in the blood of infected animals, disappears quickly upon successful treatment, but is effective at detecting instances of unsuccessful treatment and persistent infection. This represents a potentially powerful diagnostic tool for human and animal trypanosomiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Chiweshe
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Pieter C Steketee
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Siddharth Jayaraman
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Paxton
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Kyriaki Neophytou
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi Erasmus
- Clinvet Research Innovation, Uitzich Road, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Michel Labuschagne
- Clinvet Research Innovation, Uitzich Road, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Anneli Cooper
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Bearsden Road, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Annette MacLeod
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Bearsden Road, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Finn E Grey
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Besuschio SA, Llano Murcia M, Benatar AF, Monnerat S, Cruz I, Picado A, Curto MDLÁ, Kubota Y, Wehrendt DP, Pavia P, Mori Y, Puerta C, Ndung'u JM, Schijman AG. Analytical sensitivity and specificity of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) kit prototype for detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in human blood samples. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005779. [PMID: 28727723 PMCID: PMC5544240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess analytical parameters of a prototype LAMP kit that was designed for detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in human blood. The prototype is based on the amplification of the highly repetitive satellite sequence of T.cruzi in microtubes containing dried reagents on the inside of the caps. The reaction is carried out at 65°C during 40 minutes. Calcein allows direct detection of amplified products with the naked eye. Inclusivity and selectivity were tested in purified DNA from Trypanosoma cruzi stocks belonging to the six discrete typing units (DTUs), in DNA from other protozoan parasites and in human DNA. Analytical sensitivity was estimated in serial dilutions of DNA samples from Sylvio X10 (Tc I) and CL Brener (Tc VI) stocks, as well as from EDTA-treated or heparinized blood samples spiked with known amounts of cultured epimastigotes (CL Brener). LAMP sensitivity was compared after DNA extraction using commercial fiberglass columns or after “Boil & Spin” rapid preparation. Moreover, the same DNA and EDTA-blood spiked samples were subjected to standardized qPCR based on the satellite DNA sequence for comparative purposes. A panel of peripheral blood specimens belonging to Chagas disease patients, including acute, congenital, chronic and reactivated cases (N = 23), as well as seronegative controls (N = 10) were evaluated by LAMP in comparison to qPCR. LAMP was able to amplify DNAs from T. cruzi stocks representative of the six DTUs, whereas it did not amplify DNAs from Leishmania sp, T. brucei sp, T. rangeli KPN+ and KPN-, P. falciparum and non-infected human DNA. Analytical sensitivity was 1x10-2 fg/μL of both CL Brener and Sylvio X10 DNAs, whereas qPCR detected up to 1x 10−1 fg/μL of CL Brener DNA and 1 fg/μl of Sylvio X10 DNA. LAMP detected 1x10-2 parasite equivalents/mL in spiked EDTA blood and 1x10-1 par.eq/mL in spiked heparinized blood using fiberglass columns for DNA extraction, whereas qPCR detected 1x10-2 par.eq./mL in EDTA blood. Boil & Spin extraction allowed detection of 1x10-2 par.eq /mL in spiked EDTA blood and 1 par.eq/ml in heparinized blood. LAMP was able to detect T.cruzi infection in peripheral blood samples collected from well-characterised seropositive patients, including acute, congenital, chronic and reactivated Chagas disease. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a prototype LAMP kit with appropriate analytical sensitivity for diagnosis of Chagas disease patients, and potentially useful for monitoring treatment response. Trypanosoma cruzi, a parasite transmitted to humans from hematophagous insects, causes Chagas Disease, a Neglected Tropical Disease with public health impact, affecting 7 million people in Latin America. Although mainly related to low income populations inhabiting rural environments, migrations have conveyed Chagas Disease to urban areas of endemic and non-endemic countries. It often presents non-specific symptoms, and direct, low cost microscopy-based diagnosis only detects acute infections, missing a high proportion of cases. Serology is the “gold standard” diagnostic technique for chronic stages and needs the concordance of at least two different assays to confirm infection. In this context, we aimed to evaluate the analytical sensitivity and specificity of a prototype kit based on a novel and rapid molecular biology reaction, named Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), using standardized Real Time PCR as a comparator. To our knowledge, this is the first LAMP prototype kit with an analytical performance appropriate for human diagnosis of Chagas disease and potentially useful for monitoring treatment response. Its simple handling using basic laboratory devices will enable point-of-care diagnosis and screening for congenital infection at birth as well as early detection of acute infections due to oral contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana A. Besuschio
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Mónica Llano Murcia
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias -Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandro F. Benatar
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires Argentina
| | | | - Israel Cruz
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Albert Picado
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - María de los Ángeles Curto
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires Argentina
| | | | - Diana P. Wehrendt
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Paula Pavia
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias -Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Concepción Puerta
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias -Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Alejandro G. Schijman
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires Argentina
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kong JE, Wei Q, Tseng D, Zhang J, Pan E, Lewinski M, Garner OB, Ozcan A, Di Carlo D. Highly Stable and Sensitive Nucleic Acid Amplification and Cell-Phone-Based Readout. ACS NANO 2017; 11:2934-2943. [PMID: 28234452 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b08274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Key challenges with point-of-care (POC) nucleic acid tests include achieving a low-cost, portable form factor, and stable readout, while also retaining the same robust standards of benchtop lab-based tests. We addressed two crucial aspects of this problem, identifying a chemical additive, hydroxynaphthol blue, that both stabilizes and significantly enhances intercalator-based fluorescence readout of nucleic acid concentration, and developing a cost-effective fiber-optic bundle-based fluorescence microplate reader integrated onto a mobile phone. Using loop-mediated isothermal amplification on lambda DNA we achieve a 69-fold increase in signal above background, 20-fold higher than the gold standard, yielding an overall limit of detection of 25 copies/μL within an hour using our mobile-phone-based platform. Critical for a point-of-care system, we achieve a >60% increase in fluorescence stability as a function of temperature and time, obviating the need for manual baseline correction or secondary calibration dyes. This field-portable and cost-effective mobile-phone-based nucleic acid amplification and readout platform is broadly applicable to other real-time nucleic acid amplification tests by similarly modulating intercalating dye performance and is compatible with any fluorescence-based assay that can be run in a 96-well microplate format, making it especially valuable for POC and resource-limited settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janay E Kong
- Department of Bioengineering, ‡Department of Electrical Engineering, ∥Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, ^Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, ⊥California NanoSystems Institute, and ¶Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Qingshan Wei
- Department of Bioengineering, ‡Department of Electrical Engineering, ∥Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, ^Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, ⊥California NanoSystems Institute, and ¶Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Derek Tseng
- Department of Bioengineering, ‡Department of Electrical Engineering, ∥Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, ^Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, ⊥California NanoSystems Institute, and ¶Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jingzi Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, ‡Department of Electrical Engineering, ∥Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, ^Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, ⊥California NanoSystems Institute, and ¶Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Eric Pan
- Department of Bioengineering, ‡Department of Electrical Engineering, ∥Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, ^Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, ⊥California NanoSystems Institute, and ¶Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Michael Lewinski
- Department of Bioengineering, ‡Department of Electrical Engineering, ∥Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, ^Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, ⊥California NanoSystems Institute, and ¶Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Omai B Garner
- Department of Bioengineering, ‡Department of Electrical Engineering, ∥Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, ^Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, ⊥California NanoSystems Institute, and ¶Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Department of Bioengineering, ‡Department of Electrical Engineering, ∥Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, ^Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, ⊥California NanoSystems Institute, and ¶Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, ‡Department of Electrical Engineering, ∥Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, ^Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, ⊥California NanoSystems Institute, and ¶Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Detection of Trypanosoma vivax using PCR and LAMP during aparasitemic periods. Vet Parasitol 2015; 214:174-7. [PMID: 26414906 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma vivax affects cattle herds in Africa and Americas and has been spreading rapidly in Brazil, through introduction of animals with subclinical infections and without apparent parasitemia, which makes its diagnosis challenging. PCR and LAMP are effective in detecting the presence of T. vivax DNA in situations of low parasitemia. LAMP is simpler and faster technique than PCR, and can be performed in the field, with limited resources. In this study, the capacities of conventional PCR and LAMP for detecting T. vivax in bovine blood samples classified as aparasitemic were evaluated. The capacity of conventional PCR (56.25%) for detecting positive samples was lower than that of LAMP (93.73%). This may influence the choice of screening tests for cattle herds infected with T. vivax.
Collapse
|
10
|
Prevalence and species distribution of caprine trypanosomosis in Sinazongwe and Kalomo districts of Zambia. Vet Parasitol 2015; 210:125-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
11
|
Determination of the prevalence of trypanosome species in cattle from Monduli district, northern Tanzania, by loop mediated isothermal amplification. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 47:1139-43. [PMID: 25953023 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0840-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine African trypanosomosis (BAT) remains one of the major vector-borne diseases with serious impediment to cattle production and economic advancement in sub-Saharan Africa. The present study evaluated the performance of the trypanosome-species-specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), using parasite DNA obtained from 295 indigenous Tanzanian short horn Zebu (TSHZ) and Boran crosses in Monduli district within northern Tanzania, against routine microscopy on Giemsa-stained blood films. Compared to parasitological data in which the prevalence of BAT was estimated at 2.4% (95% CI 0.7-4.1%), LAMP increased the prevalence to 27.8% (95% CI 22.3-32.5%), of which 11.9% (95% CI 8.2-15.6%) were monolytic infections with Trypanosoma vivax, while 13.6% (95% CI 9.7-17.5%) were coinfections of either T. vivax and Trypanosoma brucei subspecies or T. vivax and Trypanosoma congolense, respectively. Among the T. brucei subspecies detected, 0.7% (95% CI 0-1.7%) were human-infective Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Our study is in concordance with previous reports and suggests that LAMP is a potential tool for routine diagnosis of trypanosomes in domestic animals in BAT endemic regions. According to LAMP, T. vivax seems to be the predominant trypanosome species circulating among the indigenous Monduli cattle. Importantly, the detection of T. b. rhodesiense in cattle in such wildlife-domestic-animal-human-interface areas poses a risk of contracting human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) by local communities and tourists. Continuous trypanosome surveillances in domestic animals, humans, and tsetse flies using sensitive and specific tests such as LAMP are recommended.
Collapse
|
12
|
Sanni TM, Onasanya GO, Adefenwa MA, Yakubu A, Ikeobi CON, Adebambo OA, Talabi AO, Ozoje MO, Wheto M, Takeet MI, Peters SO, Donato MD, Thomas BN, Imumorin IG. Molecular Diagnosis of Subclinical African Trypanosoma vivax Infection and Association with Physiological Indices and Serum Metabolites in Extensively Managed Goats in the Tropics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2013.31007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
13
|
Khan MGM, Bhaskar KRH, Salam MA, Akther T, Pluschke G, Mondal D. Diagnostic accuracy of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for detection of Leishmania DNA in buffy coat from visceral leishmaniasis patients. Parasit Vectors 2012. [PMID: 23206441 PMCID: PMC3545740 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) remains as one of the most neglected tropical diseases with over 60% of the world’s total VL cases occurring in the Indian subcontinent. Due to the invasive risky procedure and technical expertise required in the classical parasitological diagnosis, the goal of the VL experts has been to develop noninvasive procedure(s) applicable in the field settings. Several serological and molecular biological approaches have been developed over the last decades, but only a few are applicable in field settings that can be performed with relative ease. Recently, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has emerged as a novel nucleic acid amplification method for diagnosis of VL. In this study, we have evaluated the LAMP assay using buffy coat DNA samples from VL patients in Bangladesh and compared its performance with leishmania nested PCR (Ln-PCR), an established molecular method with very high diagnostic indices. Methods Seventy five (75) parasitologically confirmed VL patients by spleen smear microcopy and 101 controls (endemic healthy controls −25, non-endemic healthy control-26, Tuberculosis-25 and other diseases-25) were enrolled in this study. LAMP assay was carried out using a set of four primers targeting L. donovani kinetoplast minicircle DNA under isothermal (62 °C) conditions in a heat block. For Ln-PCR, we used primers targeting the parasite’s small-subunit rRNA region. Results LAMP assay was found to be positive in 68 of 75 confirmed VL cases, and revealed its diagnostic sensitivity of 90.7% (95.84-81.14, 95% CI), whereas all controls were negative by LAMP assay, indicating a specificity of 100% (100–95.43, 95% CI). The Ln-PCR yielded a sensitivity of 96% (98.96-87.97, 95% CI) and a specificity of 100% (100–95.43, 95% CI). Conclusion High diagnostic sensitivity and excellent specificity were observed in this first report of LAMP diagnostic evaluation from Bangladesh. Considering its many fold advantages over conventional PCR and potential to be used as a simple and rapid test in the VL endemic areas of the Indian subcontinent, our findings are encouraging, but further evaluation of LAMP is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Gulam Musawwir Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Grab DJ, Nikolskaia OV, Inoue N, Thekisoe OMM, Morrison LJ, Gibson W, Dumler JS. Using detergent to enhance detection sensitivity of African trypanosomes in human CSF and blood by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1249. [PMID: 21829738 PMCID: PMC3149022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay, with its advantages of simplicity, rapidity and cost effectiveness, has evolved as one of the most sensitive and specific methods for the detection of a broad range of pathogenic microorganisms including African trypanosomes. While many LAMP-based assays are sufficiently sensitive to detect DNA well below the amount present in a single parasite, the detection limit of the assay is restricted by the number of parasites present in the volume of sample assayed; i.e. 1 per µL or 10(3) per mL. We hypothesized that clinical sensitivities that mimic analytical limits based on parasite DNA could be approached or even obtained by simply adding detergent to the samples prior to LAMP assay. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS For proof of principle we used two different LAMP assays capable of detecting 0.1 fg genomic DNA (0.001 parasite). The assay was tested on dilution series of intact bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or blood with or without the addition of the detergent Triton X-100 and 60 min incubation at ambient temperature. With human CSF and in the absence of detergent, the LAMP detection limit for live intact parasites using 1 µL of CSF as the source of template was at best 10(3) parasites/mL. Remarkably, detergent enhanced LAMP assay reaches sensitivity about 100 to 1000-fold lower; i.e. 10 to 1 parasite/mL. Similar detergent-mediated increases in LAMP assay analytical sensitivity were also found using DNA extracted from filter paper cards containing blood pretreated with detergent before card spotting or blood samples spotted on detergent pretreated cards. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This simple procedure for the enhanced detection of live African trypanosomes in biological fluids by LAMP paves the way for the adaptation of LAMP for the economical and sensitive diagnosis of other protozoan parasites and microorganisms that cause diseases that plague the developing world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Grab
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|