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Efficacy of Broadline® in cats against induced infections with developing fourth-stage larval and adult Ancylostoma ceylanicum hookworms. Vet Parasitol 2020; 277S:100025. [PMID: 32904740 PMCID: PMC7458367 DOI: 10.1016/j.vpoa.2020.100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ancylostomaceylanicum hookworms parasitize dogs and cats in subtropical and tropical South East Asia and Pacific region, the Arab Peninsula, southern Africa and South America but cause patent infections in humans too. To evaluate the efficacy of Broadline®, a combination product comprising eprinomectin, fipronil, (S)-methoprene and praziquantel, against developing fourth-larval stage (L4) and adult A. ceylanicum in cats, a blinded, induced infection study was conducted. Following oral inoculation of 24 purpose bred cats with ˜300 infectious A. ceylanicum larvae each, cats were allocated to one of three groups of eight animals, each which served either as untreated controls or received Broadline® (once topically at the minimum label dose of 0.12mL per kg bodyweight) when the hookworms were L4 (five days post inoculation, dpi) or adults (25 dpi). Efficacy was determined on nematode counts following necropsy of the cats. Fecal examination at 22 dpi confirmed that all cats of the control group and of the group to be treated when the hookworms were adult were excreting hookworm eggs (range, 100 to 1000 eggs per gram) while no eggs were recovered from the feces of the cats treated with Broadline® 5 dpi. Nematode counts established 35 dpi demonstrated that Broadline® treatment was 100% efficacious against both, developing L4 and adult A. ceylanicum: no hookworms were recovered from any Broadline®-treated cat while all control animals harbored A. ceylanicum (range, 8-35) (p<0.001). No health problems were observed throughout the study.
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Taweethavonsawat P, Chaimee T, Priyavoravong P, Traub RJ. Efficacy of single topical treatment of Selamectin (Revolution®) against Ancylostoma ceylanicum in experimentally infected cats. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 18:100346. [PMID: 31796176 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ancylostoma ceylanicum, a species of hookworm, is a common parasite of dogs and cats in the Asia-Pacific region. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a single topical treatment of selamectin (Revolution®) against A. ceylanicum in experimentally infected cats. 12 kittens were injected with 300 infective stage larvae (L3) of A. ceylanicum by the subcutaneous route. Faecal samples were examined daily (days 7-15) for the presence of hookworm eggs. On day 18 kittens were stratified by faecal egg count and randomly allocated in equal numbers to control (n = 6) and treatment (n = 6) groups. Faecal egg counts were then performed daily (days 14-27) or every 3 days (days 28-51) until the end of the study and compared between the treated and control groups. Kittens in the treatment group were administered a single topical dose of selamectin (Revolution®), per label recommendations (6 mg/kg), on day 19. Kittens in the control group were not treated. At 4 days post-treatment, no hookworm eggs were detected in the treated group. Faecal samples from this group remained negative throughout the study, the treatment efficacy was 100% egg reduction (P < .0001). Average faecal egg counts remained high (558 ± 231 eggs per gram) in the untreated control group until the end of the study period. In conclusion, a single topical treatment of selamectin (Revolution®) at the recommended dose was highly efficacious against infection with A. ceylanicum in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyanan Taweethavonsawat
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | | | - Rebecca J Traub
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Crisi PE, Di Cesare A, Boari A. Feline Troglostrongylosis: Current Epizootiology, Clinical Features, and Therapeutic Options. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:126. [PMID: 29974053 PMCID: PMC6019465 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic bronchopneumonia plays an important role in feline respiratory medicine, thus it is receiving growing attention by researchers and practitioners. In recent years, Troglostrongylus brevior, a lungworm usually infecting wild felids, has been recognized as an agent of the lower respiratory tract in domestic cats. In particular, as a likely consequence of a spill-over from wild reservoirs (e.g., the European wildcat), T. brevior infection is increasingly reported in cats from Mediterranean and Balkan countries. This parasitic nematode has an indirect life cycle, and its biology overlaps that of the better known "cat lungworm" Aelurostrongylus abstrusus. In fact, cases of co-infections caused by both lungworms are not infrequent in domestic cats. Knowledge on clinical features of troglostrongylosis is still incomplete. Available data indicates that clinical signs and radiographic evidence are severe especially in kittens and young cats, are non-specific and often overlap with those of other feline respiratory diseases, such as feline bronchial disease/asthma, or infectious pneumonia. These characteristics make a definitive diagnosis of troglostrongylosis challenging, this disease requires a timely ancillary therapy and an appropriate anthelminthic treatment. As feline troglostrongylosis is an emerging parasitic disease of domestic cats, it should be included in differential diagnosis for lower respiratory tract disease in cats from regions where this parasite is present but also where it is unexpected. This article reviews current knowledge on the pathogenic role of T. brevior in domestic cats and resulting respiratory illness, with a special focus on clinical aspects, diagnosis, and management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo E. Crisi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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Traversa D, Di Cesare A. Diagnosis and management of lungworm infections in cats: Cornerstones, dilemmas and new avenues. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:7-20. [PMID: 26733545 PMCID: PMC11148874 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15623113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Respiratory parasites infecting domestic cats are attracting increased attention in feline clinical practice. In addition to the most commonly recognised 'cat lungworm' Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, Troglostrongylus brevior and Capillaria aerophila are now considered important pathogens of the respiratory tract of cats. GLOBAL IMPORTANCE These parasites are being increasingly diagnosed in several regions of the world and a continuous update on epidemiological changes and advances in diagnosis and control is of practical importance. AIMS This article reviews current knowledge of lungworms affecting cats, with a special focus on recent insights into diagnosis and management of the diseases they cause. The article also explores some potential new avenues for control of feline parasitic respiratory diseases, and highlights some key areas requiring further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Traversa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Teaching Veterinary Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Angela Di Cesare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Teaching Veterinary Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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Little SE, Hostetler JA, Thomas JE, Bailey KL, Barrett AW, Gruntmeir K, Gruntmeir J, Starkey LA, Basel C, Blagburn BL. Moxidectin steady state prior to inoculation protects cats from subsequent, repeated infection with Dirofilaria immitis. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:107. [PMID: 25880531 PMCID: PMC4340871 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0710-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection of cats with Dirofilaria immitis causes seroconversion on antibody tests and pulmonary pathology, often without subsequent development of adult heartworms. Consistent administration of topical 10% imidacloprid-1% moxidectin has been shown to result in sustained plasma levels of moxidectin in cats after three to five treatments, a pharmacokinetic behavior known as "steady state". METHODS To evaluate the ability of moxidectin at "steady state" to protect cats from subsequent infection with D. immitis, cats (n = 10) were treated with the labeled dose of topical 10% imidacloprid-1% moxidectin for four monthly treatments. Each cat was inoculated with 25 third-stage larvae of D. immitis 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after the last treatment; non-treated cats (n = 9) were inoculated on the same days, serving as infection controls. Blood samples were collected from each cat from 1 month prior to treatment until 7 months after the final inoculation and tested for antibody to, and antigen and microfilaria of, D. immitis. RESULTS Measurement of serum levels of moxidectin confirmed steady state in treated cats. Cats treated with topical 10% imidacloprid-1% moxidectin prior to trickle inoculation of D. immitis L3 larvae throughout the 28 day post-treatment period remained negative on antibody and antigen tests throughout the study and did not develop gross or histologic lesions characteristic of heartworm infection. A majority of non-treated cats tested antibody positive by 3-4 months post infection (6/9) and, after heat treatment, tested antigen positive by 6-7 months post-infection (5/9). Histologic lesions characteristic of D. immitis infection, including intimal and medial thickening of the pulmonary artery, were present in every cat with D. immitis antibodies (6/6), although adult D. immitis were confirmed in only 5/6 antibody-positive cats at necropsy. Microfilariae were not detected at any time. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data indicate that prior treatment with 10% imidacloprid-1% moxidectin protected cats from subsequent infection with D. immitis for 28 days, preventing both formation of a detectable antibody response and development of pulmonary lesions by either immature stages of D. immitis or young adult heartworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Little
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
| | | | - Jennifer E Thomas
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
| | - Keith L Bailey
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
| | - Anne W Barrett
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
| | - Kaylynn Gruntmeir
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
| | - Jeff Gruntmeir
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
| | - Lindsay A Starkey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
| | - Chris Basel
- Bayer HealthCare, Animal Health, Shawnee, KS, USA.
| | - Byron L Blagburn
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
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d'Ovidio D, Pepe P, Ianniello D, Noviello E, Quinton JF, Cringoli G, Rinaldi L. First survey of endoparasites in pet ferrets in Italy. Vet Parasitol 2014; 203:227-30. [PMID: 24768317 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Endoparasites are infrequently reported in ferrets. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in pet ferrets in southern Italy. Fresh fecal samples were randomly collected from 50 ferrets housed in pet shops or privately owned. All fecal samples were processed using the FLOTAC pellet technique to identify and count helminthic eggs/larvae and protozoan cysts/oocysts. In addition, the samples were analyzed also by the Remel XpectGiardia/Cryptosporidium immunoassay. Intestinal parasites were detected in 15 out of 50 ferrets (30%). Eggs of ancylostomids were found in 28.0% (14/50) of the animals and oocysts of Sarcocystis were detected in one ferret (2.0%). None of the samples was positive for Cryptosporidium or Giardia. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of sarcosporidiosis in a pet ferret in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR Regione Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - D Ianniello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR Regione Campania, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - G Cringoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR Regione Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - L Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR Regione Campania, Naples, Italy.
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Comparative efficacy of a spot-on formulation containing emodepside and praziquantel (Profender®, Bayer) and praziquantel and pyrantel oral tablets (Drontal® for Cats) against experimental Ancylostoma ceylanicum infections in cats. Vet Parasitol 2013; 191:172-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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