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Cooke AS, Mullan S, Morten C, Hockenhull J, Le Grice P, Le Cocq K, Lee MRF, Cardenas LM, Rivero MJ. Comparison of the welfare of beef cattle in housed and grazing systems: hormones, health, and behaviour. THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE 2023; 161:450-463. [PMID: 37641790 PMCID: PMC7614983 DOI: 10.1017/s0021859623000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Animal welfare encompasses all aspects of an animal's life and the interactions between animals. Consequently, welfare must be measured across a variety of factors that consider aspects such as health, behaviour, and mental state. Decisions regarding housing and grazing are central to farm management. In this study, two beef cattle systems and their herds were compared from weaning to slaughter across numerous indicators. One herd ("HH") were continuously housed, the other ("HG") were housed only during winter. Inspections of animals were conducted to assess body condition, cleanliness, diarrhoea, hairlessness, nasal discharge, and ocular discharge. Hair and nasal mucus samples were taken for quantification of cortisol and serotonin. Qualitative behaviour assessments (QBA) were also conducted and performance monitored. Physical health indicators were similar between herds with the exception of nasal discharge which was more prevalent in HH (P < 0.001). During winter, QBA yielded differences between herds over PC1 (arousal) (P = 0.032), but not PC2 (mood) (P = 0.139). Through summer, there was a strong difference across both PC1 (P < 0.001) and PC2 (P = 0.002), with HG exhibiting more positive behaviour. A difference was found in hair cortisol levels, with the greatest concentrations observed in HG (P = 0.011), however such a pattern was not seen for nasal mucus cortisol, or for serotonin. Overall, providing summer grazing (HG) appeared to afford welfare benefits to the cattle as shown with more positive QBA assessments, but also slightly better health indicators, notwithstanding the higher levels of cortisol in that group.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Cooke
- School of Life Sciences, College of Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
- Net Zero and Resilient Farming, Rothamsted Research, Okehampton, UK
| | - S. Mullan
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - C. Morten
- Net Zero and Resilient Farming, Rothamsted Research, Okehampton, UK
| | - J. Hockenhull
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - P. Le Grice
- Net Zero and Resilient Farming, Rothamsted Research, Okehampton, UK
| | - K. Le Cocq
- Net Zero and Resilient Farming, Rothamsted Research, Okehampton, UK
- School of Sustainable Food and Farming, Harper Adams University, Edgmond, UK
| | - M. R. F. Lee
- Net Zero and Resilient Farming, Rothamsted Research, Okehampton, UK
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Sustainable Food and Farming, Harper Adams University, Edgmond, UK
| | - L. M. Cardenas
- Net Zero and Resilient Farming, Rothamsted Research, Okehampton, UK
| | - M. J. Rivero
- Net Zero and Resilient Farming, Rothamsted Research, Okehampton, UK
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Diagnosis of Oestrus ovis infestation in sheep by PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Vet Parasitol 2022; 310:109789. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lins JGG, Almeida FA, Albuquerque ACA, Britton C, Amarante AF. Early-onset immune response to Haemonchus contortus infection in resistant Santa Ines suckling lambs compared with susceptible Ile de France. Vet Parasitol 2022; 307-308:109734. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Influence of breed and parasite challenge on the immune response to naturally acquired intestinal nematode infection in sheep. J Helminthol 2022; 96:e27. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x21000821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Natural infection by intestinal nematodes was assessed in Santa Ines and Ile de France sheep breeds, over a five-month grazing period, with emphasis on the development of the immune response in lambs under two anthelmintic treatment regimens. Nineteen Santa Ines and 19 Ile de France male lambs were allocated into two treatment groups: animals under suppressive treatment with anthelmintics; and animals under targeted selective treatment (TST). The nematodes Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Strongyloides papillosus showed the highest infection intensity in the TST animals in both breeds. Parasite-specific immunoglobulin G levels were significantly higher and more rapidly induced in Santa Ines lambs. Additionally, these lambs had higher levels of parasite-specific immunoglobulin A in intestinal mucus. Animals under TST had higher means of mast cells and globule leukocytes in the intestinal mucosa due to longer and greater parasite challenge in comparison with the suppressive group. A breed effect (P < 0.05) was recorded for mast cells, with Santa Ines lambs presenting the highest counts. Although Santa Ines lambs had lower intestinal nematode counts than Ile de France lambs, they had shown a large variation in T. colubriformis burden, with most of them presenting a marked worm burden, despite showing an earlier and more intense immune response to intestinal nematode infection.
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Bello HJS, Lins JGG, de Albuquerque ACA, Ferreira GB, Amarante MRV, do Amarante AFT. Prophylactic Effects of Ivermectin and Closantel Treatment in the Control of Oestrus ovis Infestation in Sheep. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:798942. [PMID: 35118151 PMCID: PMC8806030 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.798942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sheep nasal bots Oestrus ovis is parasite of the nasal cavities and sinuses of small ruminants causing oestrosis, one of the most frequent parasitic diseases in sheep and goats. The widely use of ivermectin and closantel by the sheep breeders in the treatment and prophylaxis of gastrointestinal nematodes resulted in widespread cases of anthelmintic resistance. However, there is no report about cases of O. ovis with drug-resistance. In this study, we evaluated the prophylactics and therapeutic effects of both antiparasitics in sheep with O. ovis natural infestation. The trial was carried out from early December 2019 to March 2020, with 30 crossbred males lambs allocated into three groups of 10 animals each: control (without treatment), treated with ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg subcutaneously) and treated with closantel (10 mg/kg orally). The animals were kept together grazing the same pasture area. The treatment groups were drenched in two occasions 70 days apart: on 5th December 2019 and on 13th February 2020. On 19th March 2020, all lambs were slaughtered. The lamb heads were removed and sectioned along their longitudinal and sagittal axis to search for larvae. Recovered O. ovis larvae were counted and identified according to their developmental stage (L1, L2, and L3). Seven of the control lambs were infested with O. ovis larvae ranging from six to 17 larvae (11.6 mean infestation intensity). All recovered larvae from control group were intact and active. Three animals treated with ivermectin had O. ovis larvae (1-3 larvae), however they were dead and in degeneration. The animals treated with closantel did not have any larvae. The clinical suggestive signs of oestrosis were scarce over the experimental period. The averages of daily weight gain were similar (p > 0.05) among groups. Closantel and ivermectin had high efficacy against oestrosis and O. ovis parasitism did not hinder the performance of lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hornblenda Joaquina Silva Bello
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
- Institute of Biociences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - José Gabriel Gonçalves Lins
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
- Institute of Biociences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Badial Ferreira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
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Kebeta MM, Hine BC, Walkden-Brown SW, Kahn LP, Piedrafita DP, Bailey S, Doyle EK. Investigation of the combined efficacy of two Haemonchus contortus vaccines in weaner Merino sheep. Vet Parasitol 2021; 301:109637. [PMID: 34922320 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate whether co-administration of Barbervax® (Bvax) with Haemonchus contortus surface larval antigen (HcsL3) would increase the protective efficacy and duration of protection against H. contortus infection in weaner Merino sheep. A total of 132 10-month-old weaned Merino ewe lambs were randomly allocated into six treatment groups (n = 22). Sheep were vaccinated four times with either Barbervax® (Bvax), H. contortus L3 surface larval antigen (HcsL3), combined vaccination (Bvax + HcsL3), Bvax + AlOH, HcsL3 + Saponin or remained as unvaccinated controls. Aluminium hydroxide (AlOH) and saponin adjuvants were included in HcsL3 and Bvax vaccines respectively. The first three vaccinations were given at 4 week intervals and the fourth vaccination provided as booster, 9 weeks later. All animals were treated with Zolvix™ (monepantel 25 mg/mL, Elanco) at the third vaccination and commencing two weeks later, artificially trickle infected with H. contortus L3. Worm egg count (WEC), packed cell volume (PCV), antibody titre and bodyweight were measured throughout the study as was specific antibody directed against each antigen using ELISA. The administration of Bvax and HcsL3, alone or in combination, induced an antibody response against HcsL3 but only the Bvax and the combined treatment elicited an antibody response to the Bvax antigen. The targeting of HcsL3 by each vaccine was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining of H. contortus L3. However, only the booster vaccination in the Bvax treatments reduced WEC to levels below untreated controls. The HcsL3 vaccine did not reduce WEC in this experiment and co-administration with Bvax did not improve the efficacy and duration of protection against H. contortus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Kebeta
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Arsi University, Asella, P.O.Box 193, Ethiopia.
| | - B C Hine
- CSIRO, Livestock & Aquaculture, F.D. McMaster Laboratory, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
| | - S W Walkden-Brown
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - L P Kahn
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - D P Piedrafita
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Bailey
- Invetus Pty Ltd., Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
| | - E K Doyle
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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Alborzi A, Pirkoreshk J, Bahrami S, Ghorbanpoor M, Tabandeh MR. An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Detection of Antibodies to Linguatula serrata in Experimentally Infected Dogs. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 16:402-410. [PMID: 34630585 PMCID: PMC8476738 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v16i3.7093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Linguatula serrata is a causative agent of visceral and nasopharyngeal linguatulosis in humans and animals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the immune response of dogs experimentally infected by L. serrata with ELISA. Methods: Five puppies were infected by inserting the L. serrata nymphs in their nasal cavities (infected group) in the Department of Parasitology of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, during 2018–2019. Three animals were kept as the non-infected control group. Blood samples were collected from the animals for seven months at approximately monthly intervals for serum preparation. Nasal samples were taken weekly from the fourth month. ELISA was designed and performed on 64 sera (24 negatives, and 40 positives) using somatic (S), and excretory-secretory (ES) antigens. Results: Overall, 100% of the animals were infected with the parasite. Based on the results of ELISA, the ES antigen (sensitivity 95% and specificity 92%) was more preferred than the S antigen (sensitivity 95% and specificity 85%). Female parasites had significant effects on the immune response. There was a significant correlation between the clinical symptoms and the presence of female parasites (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed a practical method for dogs’ experimental infection. ELISA method is suitable for the detection of infection at different stages of development, especially before the maturation stage of the parasite. In this regard, the ES antigen of the parasite was more immunogenic. Therefore, ELISA can be used as a serological method in the early detection and epidemiological studies of infection with L. serrata in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- AliReza Alborzi
- Department of Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Javad Pirkoreshk
- Department of Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Somayeh Bahrami
- Department of Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Masoud Ghorbanpoor
- Department of Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Tabandeh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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Atiba EM, Li Y, Cheng W, Li Y, Sun N, Sun Z, Zhong Q. Dietary protein degradability effect on performance of lambs experimentally infected with Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:381. [PMID: 34195890 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02822-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated the effects of dietary protein degradation rate on growth performance and immune response of crossbred Dorper × short-tail Han ram lambs experimentally infected with Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Eighteen lambs were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments, rapidly degradable protein (RDP), moderately degradable protein (MDP), and slowly degradable protein (SDP) diets. Feed intake and body weight of the lambs were recorded weekly until 42 days post-infection. The fecal egg count (FEC), FAMACHA scores, and immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM and IgA) were also monitored during the experimental period. A metabolic trial was conducted to assess apparent digestibility and volatile fatty acids were also determined. The lambs in SDP and MDP groups had higher feed, nutrient intake, weight gain, and feed efficiency than those in the RDP group. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the lambs in RDP group was higher than those in the SDP and MDP groups. A significant (P < 0.001) decrease in FEC was observed in the SDP and MDP groups. Dietary treatment had no significant effect on FAMACHA scores and concentration of serum antibodies. Concentration of acetic acid was higher (P < 0.013) in the lambs fed RDP than those fed the SDP and MDP diets. The lambs fed SDP diet had higher apparent digestibility than those fed the RDP diet. The poor performances in RDP group could be overcome by including SDP that ensures adequate post-ruminal protein supply reaching the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel M Atiba
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province , People's Republic of China
- Department of Animal Production, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Juba, P.O. Box 82, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Yunfei Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Wenge Cheng
- Biological Research Institute of Jilin Province, 1244 Qianjin Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Ningning Sun
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Zewei Sun
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province , People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingzhen Zhong
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province , People's Republic of China
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Magalhães HIR, Silva ACRD, Romão FB, Bombonato NG, Cunha GN. Prevalence of Oestrus ovis (Diptera: Oestridae) in sheep from Ituiutaba, south-east region of Brazil. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-6891v22e-67800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Among the diseases which can afflict the nasal cavities of small ruminants, oestrosis stands out. In Brazil, more specifically in its South-East region, the reports are limited only to the State of São Paulo and to the municipality of Araxá, Minas Gerais. Therefore, it has been sought to assess the parasitic prevalence of Oestrus ovis in sheep farmed in the municipality of Ituiutaba, Minas Gerais-Brazil, while correlating the larval size and stage, and its anatomical localization. Eighty-eight hemiheads of healthy Santa Inês/Dorper crossbreds Ovis aries have been used at random. The larvae in view were then collected and fixated to be quantified and analyzed in regard of size and stage of development. It is concluded that the oestrosis is an existing problem in the municipality of Ituiutaba, this being the first complete study on the prevalence of this parasite in the State of Minas Gerais. By anatomical distribution, only the differences of total larval averages between the frontal sinus and the ventral nasal meatus, the common nasal meatus and the nasopharynx have been significant. In size, the significant difference has been there only upon comparison between the size and the larval stage, information that is crucial for a better understanding of the cyclic progression, of the clinical symptomatology, and animal prophylaxis.
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Barbosa Toscano JH, Okino CH, Barbosa Dos Santos I, Giraldelo LA, Borsch von Haehling M, Novita Esteves S, Bassetto CC, Talamini do Amarante AF, de Souza Chagas AC. Local and systemic immune mediators of Morada Nova lambs with divergent Haemonchus contortus resistance phenotypes. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12790. [PMID: 32894881 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Local and systemic immune mediators of Morada Nova lambs with divergent Haemonchus contortus resistance phenotypes were evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS Lambs were ranked through faecal egg counts (FEC) after two parasitic challenges with 4,000 H.contortus L3 . After the second challenge, the lambs underwent a third artificial infection and were euthanized 7 days later. Immune-related genes were quantified locally in abomasal mucosa and lymph nodes (CD4, IFNγ, IL4, IL5, IL13, IL2RA and MS4A2) and systemically in the whole blood (IL4 and IL13). Anti-H. contortus IgG and IgA antibodies and eosinophils and mast cells counts were also investigated. Resistant animals presented higher systemic IgG and IgA titres, both negatively correlated with FEC. Susceptible animals had higher blood levels of IL4 transcripts. At the local level, resistant lambs had higher eosinophils counts and superior MS4A2 levels in abomasal fundic mucosa, besides higher IgA levels in abomasal mucus, while susceptible lamb had superior IL4 expression in abomasal lymph nodes. CONCLUSION These data indicate that resistant lambs had an immune response mediated by antibody-mediated cytotoxicity. Also, the systemic humoral profile, particularly IgA isotype, seems to be a good resistance marker for Morada Nova sheep, as we found differences between groups even when FEC did not differ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marei Borsch von Haehling
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
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Pereira FC, Longo C, Castilho C, Leme DP, Seugling J, Bassetto CC, Amarante AFT, Bricarello PA. Peripartum Phenomenon in Crioula Lanada Sheep Susceptible and Resistant to Gastrointestinal Nematodes. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:598. [PMID: 33102550 PMCID: PMC7505945 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating parasitological and blood variables in native breed Crioula Lanada sheep belonging to the same herd, to identify and compare susceptible or resistant individuals to gastrointestinal nematodes during gestation and lactation phases. For this purpose, 18 Crioula sheep were used within 2 years of evaluation, in which blood and feces samples and weight of the animals were taken from their 4th month of gestation until the weaning of their lambs, in the 4th month postpartum. Feces samples were used for counting eggs per gram of feces (EPG) and, thus, to identify 12 resistant ewes (EPG < 1,000) and 6 susceptible (EPG > 1,000) to gastrointestinal nematodes. The identification of infective larvae was also performed. Blood was used for analysis of packed cell volume (PCV), eosinophil count, total plasma protein, and immunoglobulin G level against Haemonchus contortus infective larvae. The Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric comparison test was used to evaluate the differences between days of parturition and linear mixed-effects model using package lme4 in R to evaluate the groups. The main parasite species observed in the feces samples were Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum, Ostertagia, and Cooperia in similar proportions in both groups. Susceptible ewes presented peaks of EPG at the beginning of lactation and lower PCV values throughout the study. No difference between groups was observed concerning other blood variables or body weight, but some changes were observed along with the gestation and lactation phases within each group. The physiological response of sheep to nematode infection is a useful tool to identify the most susceptible individuals within the same breed and herd and to select the most genetically resistant individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiellen Cristina Pereira
- Department of Animal Science and Rural Development, Agricultural Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Cibele Longo
- Department of Animal Science and Rural Development, Agricultural Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Caliê Castilho
- Pro-Rectory Graduate Studies and Research, University of Oeste Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Pereira Leme
- Department of Animal Science and Rural Development, Agricultural Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Seugling
- Department of Animal Science and Rural Development, Agricultural Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | | | - Patrizia Ana Bricarello
- Department of Animal Science and Rural Development, Agricultural Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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12
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Immunoglobulins as Biomarkers for Gastrointestinal Nematodes Resistance in Small Ruminants: A systematic review. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7765. [PMID: 32385321 PMCID: PMC7210940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64775-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise of anthelmintic resistance worldwide has led to the development of alternative control strategies for gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) infections, which are one of the main constraints on the health of grazing small ruminants. Presently, breeding schemes rely mainly on fecal egg count (FEC) measurements on infected animals which are time-consuming and requires expertise in parasitology. Identifying and understanding the role of immunoglobulins in the mechanisms of resistance could provide a more efficient and sustainable method of identifying nematode-resistant animals for selection. In this study we review the findings on immunoglobulin response to GIN in the literature published to date (june 2019) and discuss the potential to use immunoglobulins as biomarkers. The literature review revealed 41 studies which measured at least one immunoglobulin: 35 focused on lamb immune response (18 used non-naïve lambs) and 7 on yearlings. In this review we propose a conceptual model summarizing the role of immunoglobulins in resistance to GIN. We highlight the need for more carefully designed and documented studies to allow comparisons across different populations on the immunoglobulin response to GIN infection.
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Attia MM, El-Gameel SM, Ismael E. Evaluation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α); gamma interferon (IFN-γ) genes and oxidative stress in sheep: immunological responses induced by Oestrus ovis (Diptera: Oestridae) infestation. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:332-337. [PMID: 32508407 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01220-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the cell mediated immune responses against Oestrus ovis (O. ovis) in sheep through measurement of the changes in mRNA expression of the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) cytokines using quantitative Real time-PCR (qRt-PCR). Also; to detect the role of Oestrus ovis infestation in the oxidative stress markers in sheep. Fifty sheep head were examined in Cairo abattoir from the period of May to August 2019. Sera were separated and collected for measurement of nitric oxide, zinc and malondialdehyde (MDA). While TNF-α and IFN-γ mRNA were extracted from nasal mucosa. Levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α were significantly higher in infested sheep than that in non-infested one. Also, oxidative stresses were indicated by high level of nitric oxide as one of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and serum MDA as oxidative stress marker and low antioxidant capacity (zinc concentration in serum) in infested sheep. The obtained results indicated that measurements of TNF-α and IFN-γ cytokines using qRT-PCR could be used as an association and reproducible quantitative method for the diagnosis of O. ovis infestation in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M Attia
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211 Egypt
| | - Sohila M El-Gameel
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211 Egypt
| | - Elshaimaa Ismael
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211 Egypt
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Albuquerque ACA, Bassetto CC, Almeida FA, Hildersley KA, McNeilly TN, Britton C, Amarante AFT. Differences in immune responses to Haemonchus contortus infection in the susceptible Ile de France and the resistant Santa Ines sheep under different anthelmintic treatments regimens. Vet Res 2019; 50:104. [PMID: 31783921 PMCID: PMC6884896 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0722-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the immunological basis of resistance to gastrointestinal nematode infections in livestock is important in order to develop novel methods of parasite control such as vaccination or genetic selection for parasite resistance. The present study aimed to investigate differences in immune response between parasite resistant Santa Ines and susceptible Ile de France sheep breeds to natural Haemonchus contortus infection. Parasitological parameters, humoral immunity, local and circulating cellular immune responses were evaluated in 19 Santa Ines and 19 Ile de France lambs undergoing different anthelmintic treatments regimens: suppressive treatments (SUP) or targeted selective treatments (TST) over a 5-month grazing period. Santa Ines lambs had significantly lower Haemonchus faecal egg count and worm burden compared to Ile de France regardless of treatment regime. In addition, circulating blood eosinophils count and parasite-specific IgG levels were significantly higher and more rapidly induced in Santa Ines lambs. Abomasal immune responses were generally greater in the resistant breed, which had significantly higher levels of parasite-specific IgA in mucus, and elevated number of globule leukocytes and CD3+ T cells within the abomasal mucosal. Furthermore, numbers of POU2F3+ epithelial cells, a tuft-cell specific transcription factor, were also elevated in the Santa Ines breed, suggesting that this breed is better able to initiate T-helper type 2 immune responses within the abomasum. In conclusion, the differential immunological responses detailed here are relevant to understanding resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in other host breeds, as well as to resistance breeding as a sustainable control approach for parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia A. Albuquerque
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP–São Paulo State University, Rua Professor Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa s/n, Botucatu, SP 18618-681 Brazil
| | - Cesar Cristiano Bassetto
- Institute of Biosciences, UNESP–São Paulo State University, Rua Professor Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Botucatu, SP 18618-689 Brazil
| | - Fabiana A. Almeida
- Institute of Biosciences, UNESP–São Paulo State University, Rua Professor Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Botucatu, SP 18618-689 Brazil
| | - Katie A. Hildersley
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, UoG–University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
- Disease Control Division, MRI –Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ UK
| | - Tom N. McNeilly
- Disease Control Division, MRI –Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ UK
| | - Collette Britton
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, UoG–University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
| | - Alessandro F. T. Amarante
- Institute of Biosciences, UNESP–São Paulo State University, Rua Professor Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Botucatu, SP 18618-689 Brazil
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Ahaduzzaman M. The global and regional prevalence of oestrosis in sheep and goats: a systematic review of articles and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:346. [PMID: 31300017 PMCID: PMC6625052 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3597-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oestrosis, caused by the larvae of Oestrus ovis, commonly known as sheep nose bot, is an obligatory cavitary myiasis of sheep and goats. Oestrus ovis is a widespread parasite, but little is known about the prevalence of oestrosis at the global and broad geographical levels. The present study aimed to explore the epidemiology of oestrosis at the global and regional level to estimate prevalences and their associated factors using a systematic approach. This is, to the author’s knowledge, the first meta-analysis of oestrosis in sheep and goats. Methods Published articles were obtained from nine electronic databases (PubMed, CAB Abstracts, Web of Science, Scopus, UCB library, Medline, Biosis Citation Index, Indian journals and Google Scholar) reporting the prevalence of O. ovis in sheep and goats from 1970 to 2018. Pooled prevalences were estimated using a random effect meta-analysis model. Results Sixty-six studies were eligible, and data from 40,870 sheep and 18,216 goats were used for quantitative analysis. The random effect estimated prevalence of oestrosis at the global level in sheep was 51.15% (95% CI: 42.80–59.51%) and in goats was 42.19% (95% CI: 33.43–50.95%). The pooled prevalence estimates for Africa, Asia, Europe and the Americas were 47.85% (95% CI: 36.04–59.66%), 44.48% (95% CI: 33.09–55.87%), 56.83% (95% CI: 48.92–64.74%) and 34.46% (95% CI: 19.90–49.01%), respectively. Heterogeneity (I2 > 80%) was detected in most pooled estimates. Conclusions Oestrosis is highly prevalent in many geographical regions of the world, especially in Europe and Africa. Factors that contribute to the pooled prevalence estimate of oestrosis need to be emphasised in any survey to estimate the true prevalence of oestrosis. Furthermore, there is a need for immunisation or implementation of other preventive measures to reduce the burden of oestrosis in sheep and goats and to improve the health and welfare status. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3597-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ahaduzzaman
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary & Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh.
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17
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Infection with gastrointestinal nematodes in lambs in different integrated crop-livestock systems (ICL). Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Silva BFD, Bassetto CC, Amarante AFTD. Immune humoral response of young lambs naturally infested by Oestrus ovis (Diptera: Oestridae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 27:295-300. [PMID: 30133592 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120180045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-six newborn lambs were evaluated for 21 weeks, from birth to slaughter, to assess their plasma anti-Oestrus ovis immunoglobulin (IgG) using the ELISA technique. On the last day of sampling, all the lambs were slaughtered and O. ovis larvae were recovered, quantified and identified according to the larval stage. High levels of IgG were observed over the first three weeks of life, thus indicating that antibodies are transferred via colostrum from ewes to lambs. Afterwards, the antibody levels declined progressively until the lambs were 11 weeks of age and subsequently started to increase again when they were around 13 weeks of age, reaching the apex on the last week of sampling. All the lambs were parasitized with different larval stages of O. ovis, with an average of 39 larvae per lamb, and the intensity of the infestation ranged from 10 to 97 larvae. However, there was non-significant correlation coefficients between IgG levels and O. ovis larval burden (P > 0.05). In conclusion, although the lambs became infested with O. ovis at an early age, the larval burden was not associated with specific IgG levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Fernanda da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ambiente e Saúde, Universidade do Planalto Catarinense - UNIPLAC, Lages, SC, Brasil
| | - César Cristiano Bassetto
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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Carvalho N, Neves JHD, Nazato C, Louvandini H, Amarante AF. The effects of Diet and corticosteroid-induced immune suppression during infection by Haemonchus contortus in lambs. Vet Parasitol 2015; 214:289-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Oxidative stress by Haemonchus contortus in lambs: Influence of treatment with zinc edetate. Res Vet Sci 2015; 102:22-4. [PMID: 26412513 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of zinc edetate on the oxidative stress of lambs infected by Haemonchus contortus. Twenty-four lambs were allocated into four groups: Group I--uninfected animals; Group II--uninfected animals treated subcutaneously with zinc edetate; Group III--animals infected by H. contortus and Group IV--animals infected and treated. The oxidative stress index (OSI) and the eggs per gram of feces (EPG) were assessed after 10, 17, 24, 31 and 38 days post-infection. Based on the EPG and the quantity of adult H. contortus, the infection did not differ between groups III and IV. Zinc edetate reduced the OSI in Group IV in relation to Group I after 24 days post-infection, and in relation to group III after 31 days post-infection. Treatment with zinc edetate could help reduce the oxidative stress induced by H. contortus in lambs.
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Santos MC, Xavier JK, Amarante MR, Bassetto CC, Amarante AF. Immune response to Haemonchus contortus and Haemonchus placei in sheep and its role on parasite specificity. Vet Parasitol 2014; 203:127-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Veronesi F, Lepri E, Morganti G, Di Palma S, Mechelli L, Moretti A, Traversa D. Nasal eucoleosis in a symptomatic dog from Italy. Vet Parasitol 2013; 195:187-91. [PMID: 23433985 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A dog with chronic muco-purulent nasal discharge, sneezing, reverse sneezing and impaired scenting ability was diagnosed as being affected by nasal eucoleosis based upon rhinoscopic evidence of Eucoleus boehmi in situ, identification of the adult parasites in nasal biopsies, and eggs in the faeces by light and scanning electron microscopy. The dog was successfully treated with a single administration of moxidectin. A second course of moxidectin was required for about 10 weeks after the first treatment, because clinical signs recurred due to a likely re-infection. This second administration, along with measures undertaken to prevent geo- and coprophagic pica, resolved the parasitism, as demonstrated by negative copromicroscopic and rhinoscopic examinations, and prevented reinfestation for the next 4 months. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this represents the first report describing a clinical case of nasal eucoleosis with a demonstration of the adult parasites in situ in a dog from Italy where, until recently, infestation of E. boehmi was only detected by a coprological examination. Veterinarians and parasitologists should be aware of the occurrence of canine infection with E. boehmi. They should include this parasite in the differential diagnoses for animals suffering from upper airway distress and look systematically for it during rhinoscopic and copromicroscopic examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizia Veronesi
- Department of Biopathological and Hygiene of Animal and Food Productions, Section of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy.
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