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Qin Z, Zhang J, Zhang K, Lang J, Wang N, Li J, Zhang L. Morphological and molecular characteristics of a single oocyst for the identification of Eimeria species in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus f. domesticus). Vet Parasitol 2023; 321:109986. [PMID: 37517173 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria is one of the most common diseases in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus f. domesticus), with 11 Eimeria species in domestic rabbits recognized internationally. To identify Eimeria species more accurately, a method based on the molecular characteristics of a single oocyst with multiple gene loci was established by combining morphological and molecular biology. The results showed that the total infection rate of Eimeria in domestic rabbits was 44.2 % (152/344). Ten Eimeria species were identified in domestic rabbits based on morphological characteristics, namely Eimeria vejdovskyi (39.5 %, 136/344), E. magna (18.0 %, 62/344), E. perforans (17.4 %, 60/344), E. intestinalis (12.5 %, 43/344), E. media (11.9 %, 41/344), E. coecicola (4.4 %, 15/344), E. irresidua (3.8 %, 13/344), E. exigua (2.6 %, 9/344), E. stiedai (2.3 %, 8/344), and E. piriformis (1.5 %, 5/344). The molecular biological identification of Eimeria in domestic rabbits was conducted through single oocyst selection and nested polymerase chain reaction amplification with multiple gene loci. We obtained the sequences of the 18S rRNA, ITS-1 and COI gene loci of E. magna, E. perforans, E. vejdovskyi, E. media, E. intestinalis, and E. coecicola. The results showed that the molecular biology and morphological identification results of single oocysts were consistent and could be used for the molecular identification of Eimeria at the single oocyst level. This study provides an efficient tool for identification of Eimeria in domestic rabbits and the population genetic study of Eimeria in domestic rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Junchen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Kaihui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Jiashu Lang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Nanhao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China.
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2
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Athanasiou LV, Tsokana CN, Doukas D, Kantere MC, Katsoulos PD, Papakonstantinou GI, Katsogiannou EG, Dedousi A. Hepatic Coccidiosis in Wild Rabbits in Greece: Parasite Detection on Liver Imprints and the Associated Biochemical Profile. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10040248. [PMID: 37104403 PMCID: PMC10143969 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Rabbit hepatic coccidiosis, caused by Eimeria stiedae, is a devastating disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. The disease is well described in rabbits, but little is known about E. stiedae infection in wild rabbits. In this study, we investigated the presence of E. stiedae infection in wild rabbits from the island of Lemnos, Greece, where this species is overpopulated, and the effects of infection on common hepatic biomarkers. (2) Methods: We used liver impression smears to detect the coccidian oocysts, and we defined the liver biochemical profile of the infected individuals. (3) Results: Overall, 13.3% of the liver imprints examined were positive for the presence of coccidial oocysts. The activities of liver enzymes, that is, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and glutamyltransferase (GGT), as well as globulins (GLOB), were increased while the concentrations of albumins (ALB), total proteins (TP) and the albumin to globulin (A/G) ratio were decreased in the infected individuals compared to the non-infected ones. (4) Conclusions: This study adds to the current knowledge on the pathogens affecting wild rabbits and those circulating in this population on the island of Lemnos, Greece. Moreover, we showed that E. stiedae infection exerts pathological effects on the hepatocyte integrity and liver function of wild rabbits, as reflected by the abnormal values of liver injury and dysfunction biomarkers.
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Fang S, Shi Y, Wang P, Guan C, Gu X, Guan L, Cui P, Suo X. Study on the pathogenicity, immunogenicity, endogenous development and drug sensitivity of Eimeria kongi. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1134193. [PMID: 36950537 PMCID: PMC10025568 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1134193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the discovery of Eimeria kongi, we investigated the pathogenicity, immunogenicity, endogenous development and drug sensitivity of this coccidian. Coccidia-free rabbits were inoculated with 1 × 102 to 5 × 104 sporulated oocysts of E. kongi before challenge 14 days post inoculation. E. kongi was moderately pathogenic and induced good immunity against re-infection. All inoculated doses results in reduced food intake and body weight gain, and an inoculation oocyst dose of 1 × 103 or higher caused various degrees of diarrhea. Except for one death of the highest dose group, all rabbits recovered 12 days post inoculation. An inoculation dose of 1 × 103 or 1 × 104 oocysts conferred the most effective protection from re-infection, which reduced oocyst output by approximately 99% and maintained body weight gain. Four generations of schizogony were observed, and the endogenous development mainly occurred in the jejunum and ileum of rabbits. E. kongi was most sensitive to sulfachloropyrazine sodium, followed by decoquinate; it is resistant to diclazuril. Both decoquinate and sulfachloropyrazine sodium may be effective in the control of E. kongi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufang Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Yubo Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Chen Guan
- Zhangjiakou Animal Husbandry Technology Promotion Station, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaolong Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Lihui Guan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Ping Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Cui
| | - Xun Suo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Xun Suo
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Jenckel M, Hall RN, Strive T. Pathogen profiling of Australian rabbits by metatranscriptomic sequencing. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2629-e2640. [PMID: 35687756 PMCID: PMC9796941 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Australia is known for its long history of using biocontrol agents, such as myxoma virus (MYXV) and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), to manage wild European rabbit populations. Interestingly, while undertaking RHDV surveillance of rabbits that were found dead, we observed that approximately 40% of samples were negative for RHDV. To investigate whether other infectious agents are responsible for killing rabbits in Australia, we subjected a subset of these RHDV-negative liver samples to metatranscriptomic sequencing. In addition, we investigated whether the host transcriptome data could provide additional differentiation between likely infectious versus non-infectious causes of death. We identified transcripts from several Clostridia species, Pasteurella multocida, Pseudomonas spp., and Eimeria stiedae, in liver samples of several rabbits that had died suddenly, all of which are known to infect rabbits and are capable of causing disease and mortality. In addition, we identified Hepatitis E virus and Cyniclomyces yeast in some samples, both of which are not usually associated with severe disease. In one-third of the sequenced total liver RNAs, no infectious agent could be identified. While metatranscriptomic sequencing cannot provide definitive evidence of causation, additional host transcriptome analysis provided further insights to distinguish between pathogenic microbes and commensals or environmental contaminants. Interestingly, three samples where no pathogen could be identified showed evidence of up-regulated host immune responses, while immune response pathways were not up-regulated when E. stiedae, Pseudomonas, or yeast were detected. In summary, although no new putative rabbit pathogens were identified, this study provides a robust workflow for future investigations into rabbit mortality events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robyn N. Hall
- CSIRO Health and BiosecurityCanberraAustralia,Centre for Invasive Species SolutionsUniversity of CanberraBruceAustralia
| | - Tanja Strive
- CSIRO Health and BiosecurityCanberraAustralia,Centre for Invasive Species SolutionsUniversity of CanberraBruceAustralia
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Molecular identification of Eimeria species in liver and feces of naturally infected rabbits in Japan. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2733-2738. [PMID: 35900601 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Among the 11 species of Eimeria in rabbits, some of which are known to be pathogenic and cause enteritis, E. stiedae induces severe liver lesions resulting in elevated mortality. Unlike in other countries, the incidence and prevalence of the parasites in rabbits have not been reported in Japan. In the present study, we histopathologically analyzed hepatic coccidiosis in a rabbit and attempted several primers to genetically identify the parasites and investigated the prevalence of Eimeria species at the same farm. In the liver of the affected rabbit, we observed fibrosis and edema around multiple bile ducts and epithelial cell hyperplasia of the bile ducts. Large numbers of developing parasites of Eimeria spp., mainly oocysts, were present in the bile ducts. PCR and sequencing analyses with the published primers for Cyclospora and Eimeria spp. were used to successfully identify the parasites in the liver as E. stiedae. The oocysts of Eimeria spp. were detected in 13 out of 20 fecal samples collected from other rabbits at the farm, and five Eimeria spp. (E. perforans, E. flavescens, E. exigua, E. magna, and E. vejdovskyi) were genetically confirmed. Our results provide the first indication that Eimeria spp., including highly pathogenic species, are present in Japan and the primer set used herein can be a useful tool for the identification of rabbit Eimeria spp.
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INTENSITY OF INVASION IN EMERIOSIS OF RABBITS IN DIFFERENT METHODS OF KEEPING. EUREKA: HEALTH SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.21303/2504-5679.2020.001419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the important problems in raising rabbits is eimeriosis, regardless of the method of maintenance. The disease affects animals of all ages, causing weight loss, feed conversion, morbidity and death.
The aim. Study of the prevalence and diagnosis of rabbit eimeriosis by different housing technology to improve methods of disease control.
Methods. The experiment was conducted during 2017–2019 in farms with different capacities in four regions of Dnipro, Zaporizhia, Kharkiv and Sumy. A total of 20 farms for keeping rabbits of different breeds were surveyed.
Results. Studies of rabbit farms on business and private ones found that the most common infestation was with the following species of eimeria: Eimeria perforans, E magna, E. media, E. irresidua, E. piriforms and E. іntestinalis. It is proved that the extensiveness of rabbit infestation when kept in farms in metal cages, under the conditions of sanitary and hygienic regime and timely disinvasion of premises, was in the range of 42–15 % in autumn-winter period, and 19–6 % in spring-summer. According to the survey of homestead farms, rabbits kept in wooden cages on deep litter, the level of invasion in the autumn-winter period was 100–56 % and in the spring-summer – 70–29 %.
Conclusions. Keeping rabbits in metal cages in compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards and timely disinvasion reduces the level of extensiveness of the invasion.
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Trejo-Huitrón G, Bautista-Gómez LG, Martínez-Castañeda JS, Romero-Núñez C, Trejo-Castro L, Espinosa-Ayala E. Morphological characterization and first molecular identification of the eleven Eimeria species that infect sheep from Mexico. Parasitol Res 2019; 119:115-122. [PMID: 31836920 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Within livestock production, enteric diseases play an important role, since they cause severe economic losses due to mortality, growth depression, and reduction in the conversion rate. Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria spp. is a parasitic disease of high morbidity that affects various animal species, including sheep. In sheep, eleven species of Eimeria have been identified mainly through microscopical identification of the oocysts; however, this technique has certain limitations that make it difficult to identify the different Eimeria species. The objective of the present study was to morphologically identify the eleven species of Eimeria that infect sheep in the southeastern region of the State of Mexico, as well as obtain the partial sequence of the ITS-1 rRNA region of each species and analyze it phylogenetically. A total of 412 samples were collected from the 13 municipalities that comprise the region I of the State of Mexico, out of which, 40 had approximately 80% of a single Eimeria species. Among these, the eleven Eimeria species reported in sheep were identified. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the species reported in this study are associated with those reported in rabbits, bovines, and birds. It is suggested that the phylogenetic division of sheep in two clades may be associated with the presence or absence of the residual body. It is proposed that the present methodology can be used effectively for diagnosis and to obtain information about the epidemiology of ovine coccidial infection. The results obtained in this study constitute the first report of the ITS-1 region of the eleven Eimeria species that infect sheep worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Trejo-Huitrón
- Centro Universitario UAEM Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km. 2.5 Carretera Amecameca - Ayapango, Amecameca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Linda G Bautista-Gómez
- Centro Universitario UAEM Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km. 2.5 Carretera Amecameca - Ayapango, Amecameca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - J Simón Martínez-Castañeda
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Carretera de Cuota Toluca-Atlacomulco, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Camilo Romero-Núñez
- Centro Universitario UAEM Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km. 2.5 Carretera Amecameca - Ayapango, Amecameca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Lauro Trejo-Castro
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Centro Nacional de Servicios de Constatación en Salud Animal, Carretera Federal Cuernavaca - Cuautla No. 8534, Col. Progreso Morelos, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Enrique Espinosa-Ayala
- Centro Universitario UAEM Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km. 2.5 Carretera Amecameca - Ayapango, Amecameca, Estado de México, Mexico
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Eladl AH, Mahgoub HA, El-Shafei RA, Al-Kappany YM. Comparative effects of Herba Cox®, a commercial herbal extract, on rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) experimentally infected with Eimeria stiedae. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 68:101378. [PMID: 31812120 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Herba Cox®, a commercial herbal compound containing extracts from Bombax malabaricum, Aegle marmelos, Anethum foeniculum, Resina salvia, Ferula asafoetida and Papaver somniferum, for the treatment of rabbit hepatic coccidiosis. Thirty rabbits were allocated into three groups (10 × 3), the G1 group served as a negative control group, G2 group (positive control group) was infected with 5 × 104 sporulated E. stiedaeoocysts and served as infected-untreated group, and G3 group was infected with 5 × 104 sporulated E. stiedaeoocysts and treated with Herba Cox®, 1 ml/liter of drinking water, starting 7 days before infection and continuing for 4 weeks post-infection. When compared to the infected group (G2), body weight and weight gain were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased, the feed conversion rate was improved and no mortality was detected in infected treated group (G3) and similar to negative control group (G1). In addition, faecal oocyst output and liver enzymes were significantly decreased. Malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and glutathione concentrations observed in G3 were similar to those in G1. In infected-untreated rabbits (G2), the haemoglobin, lymphocytes, and CD4+/ CD8+ ratio were significantly decreased, while the total leukocyte count, percentage of heterophils, and heterophil/lymphocyte ratio were increased. Significantly more severe histopathological hepatic lesions were observed in G2 when compared to G1 and G3. In conclusion, the obtained results showed that Herba Cox® should be considered a safe and novel effective compound for the treatment of E. stiedae infection in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelfattah H Eladl
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Hebatallah A Mahgoub
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Reham A El-Shafei
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Yara M Al-Kappany
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Development of Conventional Multiplex PCR: A Rapid Technique for Simultaneous Detection of Soil-Transmitted Helminths. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030152. [PMID: 31527459 PMCID: PMC6789620 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are the most common intestinal parasites infecting humans worldwide. STH infections are a major cause of morbidity and disability. Accurate diagnostic tools are pivotal for assessing the exact prevalence of parasitic infections. Microscopic examination and culture techniques have been used to observe the presence of eggs or larvae of parasites in stool samples, but they are time-consuming and have low sensitivity. Therefore, accurate, simple, and inexpensive diagnostic techniques are still required for simultaneous detection of STH infections. Although molecular-based techniques, such as real-time PCR and multiplex real-time PCR, have been developed, they are not suitable for routine diagnosis due to the requirement for expensive reagents and instruments. In this study, we established a conventional multiplex PCR for simultaneous rapid detection of Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus, and Strongyloides stercoralis in stool samples. Our results show that the multiplex PCR could detect the DNA of STHs at a very low target gene concentrations (lower than 1 pg) with no cross-amplification. Multiplex PCR had five times higher sensitivity than the formalin–ethyl acetate concentration technique (FECT) in the detection of multiple infections, and two times higher for detection of S. stercoralis. However, multiplex PCR was comparable to FECT in the detection of A. lumbricoides and N. americanus. In conclusion, this method could be used as an alternative method for the detection of STHs, especially for S. stercoralis.
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Xue R, Yan W, Qian W, Wang T, Zhang M, Wei Z, Han L, He B, Dou J. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Sarcocystis infections of retail beef products from central China. Acta Trop 2019; 190:339-343. [PMID: 30543767 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cattle are the intermediate hosts for five Sarcocystis species including S. hominis and S. heydorni, which also infect humans. To investigate the prevalence of Sarcocystis infections in beef products from 17 cities in the Henan Province of central China, 62 raw beef samples from markets were collected and analyzed for Sarcocystis presence via muscle squashing microscopic observation, histological section examination, and molecular characterization with 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Sarcocystis were detected in a total of 20 of the meat samples. Four species were identified that comprised S. cruzi, S. rommeli, S. heydorni, and S. hirsuta, with S. cruzi as the dominant species. In addition, seven of the 20 infected samples were infected with two or three species. Analysis of the 18S rRNA sequences recovered from these samples suggested very little genetic diversity within each species. This study represents the first molecular identification of Sarcocystis species infection in retail beef products from China. These findings will provide valuable information for evaluating the potential public health risk of bovine Sarcocystis species infections and the control of sarcocystosis in cattle.
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Maziz-Bettahar S, Aissi M, Ainbaziz H, Bachene MS, Zenia S, Ghisani F. Prevalence of coccidian infection in rabbit farms in North Algeria. Vet World 2018; 11:1569-1573. [PMID: 30587890 PMCID: PMC6303494 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1569-1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and intensity of rabbit coccidiosis (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in North Algeria. Materials and Methods: During the study, 40 rabbit farms were investigated. The farms are located in the provinces of Tizi Ouzou, Médéa, and Djelfa which distributed, respectively, into three regions: East Tell Atlas Mountains, Central Tell Atlas Mountains, and High Plateaus. The number of oocyst per gram of feces (OPG) was determined by McMaster technique, and the Eimeria species were identified using morphological criteria. Results: In the farms investigated, the prevalence of coccidian infection was estimated to 90% (80.7-99.3%) in rabbits after weaning. The classification of the farms according to their parasite load allowed us to show that 37.5% of the prospective farms have an oocyst excretion between 104 and 5×104 oocysts per gram and 22.5% excrete >5×104 oocysts per gram. Excretion levels by region show that the region of East Tel Atlas Mountains ranks first with 79% of farms with a parasitic load >104 coccidians compared to the regions of Central Tel Atlas Mountains and High Plateaus. In total, eight species of Eimeria were identified from oocyst-positive samples. Mixed infections with four Eimeria species were common. E. magna is the dominant species in comparison with E. media and E. irresidua with respective frequencies of 42.5% and 17.6% and 14.9% (p<0.001). Our results showed that the farms using anticoccidial drugs for their rabbits were low (25%) and the percentage of farms with poor hygienic conditions was 65%. There was a significant association between increased oocysts excretion and control measures of coccidian infection. Conclusion: The study revealed an overall prevalence of 90% in the three Algerian regions. A strong association was observed between Eimeria infection and hygienic status and preventional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Maziz-Bettahar
- Clinical Department, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Blida 1, Ouled Yaich 9000 Blida, Algeria.,Higher National Veterinary School, Laboratory Research of Health and Animal Production, BP161, Rue Issad Abbes, Oued Smar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Miriem Aissi
- Higher National Veterinary School, Laboratory Research of Health and Animal Production, BP161, Rue Issad Abbes, Oued Smar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Hacina Ainbaziz
- Higher National Veterinary School, Laboratory Research of Health and Animal Production, BP161, Rue Issad Abbes, Oued Smar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Mohamed Sadek Bachene
- Higher National Veterinary School, Laboratory Research of Health and Animal Production, BP161, Rue Issad Abbes, Oued Smar, Algiers, Algeria.,Department of Nature and Life Sciences, Dr. Yahia Farès University, Médéa, Algeria
| | - Safia Zenia
- Higher National Veterinary School, Laboratory Research of Health and Animal Production, BP161, Rue Issad Abbes, Oued Smar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fairouz Ghisani
- Renewable Energy and Environmental, Faculty of Technology, University of Blida 1, Ouled Yaich 9000 Blida, Algeria
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Song H, Dong R, Qiu B, Jing J, Zhu S, Liu C, Jiang Y, Wu L, Wang S, Miao J, Shao Y. Potential Vaccine Targets against Rabbit Coccidiosis by Immunoproteomic Analysis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2017; 55:15-20. [PMID: 28285502 PMCID: PMC5365254 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2017.55.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify antigens for a vaccine or drug target to control rabbit coccidiosis. A combination of 2-dimensional electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and mass spectrometric analysis were used to identify novel antigens from the sporozoites of Eimeria stiedae. Protein spots were recognized by the sera of New Zealand rabbits infected artificially with E. stiedae. The proteins were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS) analysis in combination with bioinformatics. Approximately 868 protein spots were detected by silver-staining, and a total of 41 immunoreactive protein spots were recognized by anti-E. stiedae sera. Finally, 23 protein spots were successfully identified. The proteins such as heat shock protein 70 and aspartyl protease may have potential as immunodiagnostic or vaccine antigens. The immunoreactive proteins were found to possess a wide range of biological functions. This study is the first to report the proteins recognized by sera of infected rabbits with E. stiedae, which might be helpful in identifying potential targets for vaccine development to control rabbit coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Song
- Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Ronglian Dong
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 21009, China
| | - Baofeng Qiu
- Nantong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Nantong 226004, China
| | - Jin Jing
- Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Shunxing Zhu
- Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Chun Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yingmei Jiang
- Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Liucheng Wu
- Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Shengcun Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jin Miao
- Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yixiang Shao
- Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
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Etiological aspects of Eimeria spp. infection in Brazilian rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) farms. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2017; 8:78-81. [PMID: 31014643 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Hassan KM, Arafa WM, Mousa WM, Shokier KAM, Shany SA, Aboelhadid SM. Molecular diagnosis of Eimeria stiedae in hepatic tissue of experimentally infected rabbits. Exp Parasitol 2016; 169:1-5. [PMID: 27423971 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The early detection of Eimeria stiedae in the hepatic tissue of experimentally infected rabbits was investigated using molecular assay. Forty 6-week-old male New Zealand rabbits were divided into two groups. Group A (30 animals) was infected with 2.5 × 10(4) sporulated oocysts of E. stiedae per animal on Day 0 and Group B (10 animals) was used as the uninfected controls. Three animals from Group A and one from Group B were sacrificed at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 and 27 days post infection (PI). Gross and microscopic post-mortem findings were recorded. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the E. stiedae internal transcribed spacer 1 genomic region was conducted on blood, liver tissue, and feces from the Group A experimentally infected animals. Macroscopically, the liver showed irregular yellowish white nodules pathognomonic to E. stiedae infection beginning on Day 15 PI. Hepatomegaly and ascites were obvious from Day 21-24 PI. The presence of different E. stiedae schizonts and gametocytes in the histopathological sections of the biliary epithelium were evident on Day 15 PI. The E. stiedae PCR was first positive in liver tissues on Day 12 and in fecal samples on Day 18 PI, but the blood samples were negative. In conclusion, the PCR can be used for early diagnosis and control of E. stiedae schizonts before shedding of the oocysts in feces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Waleed M Arafa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Waheed M Mousa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Salama A Shany
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni- Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Shawky M Aboelhadid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
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15
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Multiplex PCR primer design for simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1275:91-101. [PMID: 25697653 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2365-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiplex PCR provides a powerful tool for simultaneous detection and discrimination of multiple pathogens or different subtypes of a causative agent from humans, animals, and plants in a single reaction, and saves time and cost in the clinical diagnostic laboratory. Here, we describe the specific protocol of multiplex PCR primer design for simultaneous identification of more than one target from a same specimen. Different sizes of amplicons and similar T m values of primer sets are essential to successfully develop a feasible multiplex PCR assay.
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A Multiplex PCR for Simultaneous Detection of Three Zoonotic Parasites Ancylostoma ceylanicum, A. caninum, and Giardia lamblia Assemblage A. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:406168. [PMID: 26447336 PMCID: PMC4568324 DOI: 10.1155/2015/406168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ancylostoma ceylanicum, A. caninum, and Giardia lamblia assemblage A are common intestinal parasites of dogs and cats; they can also infect humans, causing parasitic zoonoses. In this study, a multiplex PCR method was developed for simultaneous identification and detection of those three zoonotic parasites. Three pairs of specific primers were designed based on ITS sequence of A. ceylanicum and A. caninum and TPI gene of G. lamblia available in the GenBank. The multiplex PCR reaction system was established by optimizing the reaction condition, and a series of tests on the sensitivity, specificity, and clinical application were also conducted. Results showed that three target fragments were amplified specifically; the detection limit was 10 eggs for both A. ceylanicum and A. caninum, 72 pg DNA for G. lamblia. Of 112 clinical fecal samples, 34.8% and 17.8% samples were positive for A. caninum and A. ceylanicum, respectively, while only 2.7% samples were positive for G. lamblia assemblage A. It is concluded that the established multiplex PCR assay is a convenient, rapid, cost-effective, and high-efficiency method for molecular detection and epidemiological investigation of three zoonotic parasites.
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Nowland MH, Brammer DW, Garcia A, Rush HG. Biology and Diseases of Rabbits. LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE 2015. [PMCID: PMC7150064 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Beginning in 1931, an inbred rabbit colony was developed at the Phipps Institute for the Study, Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis at the University of Pennsylvania. This colony was used to study natural resistance to infection with tuberculosis (Robertson et al., 1966). Other inbred colonies or well-defined breeding colonies were also developed at the University of Illinois College of Medicine Center for Genetics, the Laboratories of the International Health Division of The Rockefeller Foundation, the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands, and Jackson Laboratories. These colonies were moved or closed in the years to follow. Since 1973, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has reported the total number of certain species of animals used by registered research facilities (1997). In 1973, 447,570 rabbits were used in research. There has been an overall decrease in numbers of rabbits used. This decreasing trend started in the mid-1990s. In 2010, 210,172 rabbits were used in research. Despite the overall drop in the number used in research, the rabbit is still a valuable model and tool for many disciplines.
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Woo SH, Seo JS, Lee EH. Discrimination and simultaneous detection of two myxozoan parasites belonging to genus Thelohanellus by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Vet Parasitol 2014; 203:212-6. [PMID: 24582523 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thelohanellus kitauei and Thelohanellus hovorkai are myxozoan parasites pathogenic in cyprinid fish especially adult Israel carp and common carp. In the present study, the complete 18S rRNA-ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2 sequences of these two Thelohanellus species were cloned with primers designed from information from Genbank and previous studies. The results revealed that ITS1 and ITS2 sequences of T. kitauei and T. hovorkai were clearly distinguished although the 18S rRNA regions of the two parasites were highly conserved. Based on these sequences, new primer sets were designed for specific identification of these two parasites by multiplex PCR. Both single and multiplex PCR methods using these primers could identify these two myxozoan parasites from mixed DNA samples successfully. Our findings provide a powerful tool for the differentiation of the highly similar pathogenic Thelohanellus species for specific detection for the early diagnosis of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Woo
- Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, 474, Ilgwang-Ro, Ilgwang-myeon, Gijang-gun, Busan, 619-911, South Korea
| | - Jung Soo Seo
- Pathology Division, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute (NFRDI), 152-1, Haean-Lo, Gijang-Up, Gijang-Gun, Busan 619-705, South Korea.
| | - Eun Hye Lee
- Center for Food and Drug Analysis, Busan Regional Korea Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 65, 356-Gil, Shinseon-Ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 608-829, South Korea.
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