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Oksanen A, Kärssin A, Berg RP, Koch A, Jokelainen P, Sharma R, Jenkins E, Loginova O. Epidemiology of Trichinella in the Arctic and subarctic: A review. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2022; 28:e00167. [PMID: 35812081 PMCID: PMC9263860 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The finding of Trichinella in the Arctic was foreseen because captive polar bears and arctic foxes had been found infected during the first decades of the 20th century. Human trichinellosis outbreaks were reported to have taken place in 1944 in Franz Josef Archipelago and 1947 in Greenland, and previous outbreaks in Greenland also appeared to have been trichinellosis. Now, it is known that Trichinella parasites thrive in the Arctic and subarctic and pose a risk for public health. We collated the available information, which show that infection prevalences are high in many animal host species, and that outbreaks of human trichinellosis have been described also recently. The species diversity of Trichinella in the Arctic and subarctic is relatively high, and the circulation is in non-domestic cycles with transmission by predation, scavenging and cannibalism. There are also sporadic reports on the synanthropic species Trichinella spiralis in arctic wild mammals with little known or assumed contact to potential synanthropic cycles. In this paper, we summarize the knowledge on epidemiology of Trichinella parasites in the circumpolar Arctic and subarctic regions, and discuss the challenges and solutions for their control. Trichinella infection is common in wild animals in the Arctic and subarctic regions. The high prevalence of Trichinella infection in some arctic marine mammal species suggests a marine cycle. Outbreaks of human trichinellosis have been described, and public health importance still remains obvious. In this review, we had access to the large amount of Trichinella literature published in the Russian language.
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Keatts LO, Robards M, Olson SH, Hueffer K, Insley SJ, Joly DO, Kutz S, Lee DS, Chetkiewicz CLB, Lair S, Preston ND, Pruvot M, Ray JC, Reid D, Sleeman JM, Stimmelmayr R, Stephen C, Walzer C. Implications of Zoonoses From Hunting and Use of Wildlife in North American Arctic and Boreal Biomes: Pandemic Potential, Monitoring, and Mitigation. Front Public Health 2021; 9:627654. [PMID: 34026707 PMCID: PMC8131663 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.627654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has re-focused attention on mechanisms that lead to zoonotic disease spillover and spread. Commercial wildlife trade, and associated markets, are recognized mechanisms for zoonotic disease emergence, resulting in a growing global conversation around reducing human disease risks from spillover associated with hunting, trade, and consumption of wild animals. These discussions are especially relevant to people who rely on harvesting wildlife to meet nutritional, and cultural needs, including those in Arctic and boreal regions. Global policies around wildlife use and trade can impact food sovereignty and security, especially of Indigenous Peoples. We reviewed known zoonotic pathogens and current risks of transmission from wildlife (including fish) to humans in North American Arctic and boreal biomes, and evaluated the epidemic and pandemic potential of these zoonoses. We discuss future concerns, and consider monitoring and mitigation measures in these changing socio-ecological systems. While multiple zoonotic pathogens circulate in these systems, risks to humans are mostly limited to individual illness or local community outbreaks. These regions are relatively remote, subject to very cold temperatures, have relatively low wildlife, domestic animal, and pathogen diversity, and in many cases low density, including of humans. Hence, favorable conditions for emergence of novel diseases or major amplification of a spillover event are currently not present. The greatest risk to northern communities from pathogens of pandemic potential is via introduction with humans visiting from other areas. However, Arctic and boreal ecosystems are undergoing rapid changes through climate warming, habitat encroachment, and development; all of which can change host and pathogen relationships, thereby affecting the probability of the emergence of new (and re-emergence of old) zoonoses. Indigenous leadership and engagement in disease monitoring, prevention and response, is vital from the outset, and would increase the success of such efforts, as well as ensure the protection of Indigenous rights as outlined in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Partnering with northern communities and including Indigenous Knowledge Systems would improve the timeliness, and likelihood, of detecting emerging zoonotic risks, and contextualize risk assessments to the unique human-wildlife relationships present in northern biomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy O. Keatts
- Wildlife Conservation Society Health Program, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Martin Robards
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Arctic Beringia Program, Fairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Sarah H. Olson
- Wildlife Conservation Society Health Program, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Karsten Hueffer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Arctic and Northern Studies Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Stephen J. Insley
- Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Susan Kutz
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David S. Lee
- Department of Wildlife and Environment, Nunavut Tunngavik Inc., Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Stéphane Lair
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Mathieu Pruvot
- Wildlife Conservation Society Health Program, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Justina C. Ray
- Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Donald Reid
- Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan M. Sleeman
- United States Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Raphaela Stimmelmayr
- North Slope Department of Wildlife Management, Utqiagvik, AK, United States
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Craig Stephen
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Chris Walzer
- Wildlife Conservation Society Health Program, Bronx, NY, United States
- Conservation Medicine Unit, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Penk SR, Bodner K, Vargas Soto JS, Chenery ES, Nascou A, Molnár PK. Mechanistic models can reveal infection pathways from prevalence data: the mysterious case of polar bears
Ursus maritimus
and
Trichinella nativa. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R. Penk
- Laboratory of Quantitative Global Change Ecology, Dept of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Scarborough ON M1C 1A4 Canada
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Toronto 25 Willcocks Street Toronto ON M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Korryn Bodner
- Laboratory of Quantitative Global Change Ecology, Dept of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Scarborough ON M1C 1A4 Canada
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Toronto 25 Willcocks Street Toronto ON M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Juan S. Vargas Soto
- Laboratory of Quantitative Global Change Ecology, Dept of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Scarborough ON M1C 1A4 Canada
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Toronto 25 Willcocks Street Toronto ON M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Emily S. Chenery
- Laboratory of Quantitative Global Change Ecology, Dept of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Scarborough ON M1C 1A4 Canada
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Toronto 25 Willcocks Street Toronto ON M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Alexander Nascou
- Laboratory of Quantitative Global Change Ecology, Dept of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Scarborough ON M1C 1A4 Canada
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Toronto 25 Willcocks Street Toronto ON M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Péter K. Molnár
- Laboratory of Quantitative Global Change Ecology, Dept of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Scarborough ON M1C 1A4 Canada
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Toronto 25 Willcocks Street Toronto ON M5S 3B2 Canada
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Abstract
AbstractIn this review, we identified 63 cases reported since World War II of human trichinellosis linked to the consumption of parasitized polar bear (Ursus maritimus) meat. This low number contrasts to the numerous cases of human trichinellosis related to consumption of the meat of black (U. americanus) or brown bears (U. arctos). The prevalence of Trichinella infection is high in bears, but larval muscular burden is usually lower in polar bears compared to other bear species. Polar bears, therefore, seem to play a limited role in the transmission of trichinellosis to humans, as native residents living in the Arctic traditionally consume well-cooked bear meat, and travellers and foreign hunters have only limited access to this protected species due to the declining polar bear population.
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Goździk K, Odoevskaya IM, Movsesyan SO, Cabaj W. Molecular identification of Trichinella isolates from wildlife animals of the Russian Arctic territories. Helminthologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/helm-2017-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
The parasitic nematodes of genus Trichinella are infective to a wide range of hosts, including humans, and have global distribution from tropic to arctic areas. Muscle samples from animals, collected in two areas of the Russian Federation, Chukotka Peninsula and Arkhangelsk Oblast, were tested for the presence of Trichinella spp. larvae. Trichinella spp. larvae were recovered from tissues of eleven wild and domestic animals: 1 polar bear, 1 wolverine, 3 arctic foxes, 1 ringed seal, 1 brown bear, 1 cat, 1 sled dog, 1 domestic pig and 1 northern sea lion.
Two molecular methods, multiplex PCR and inter-simple sequence repeat polymerase chain reaction (ISSR PCR), were utilized for species identification. T. nativa was identified in the majority of tested animals and mixed infections with two Trichinella species were detected in four animals. T. spiralis/T. pseudospiralis mixed infection was found in a domestic pig and T. spiralis/T. nativa in two arctic foxes and a northern sea lion.
Here, for the first time, Trichinella spp. infection in a northern sea lion and the northern sea lion as a new host for T. spiralis and T. nativa is reported. Discovery of Trichinella spp. infection in a new host, such as a northern sea lion, which is an opportunistic marine predator, mainly feeding on fish, indicates environmental contamination. Leaving of carcasses or waste from animals and improper management of livestock operations is important for spreading Trichinella spp. infection in free living animals. Therefore, further extensive epidemiological and environmental research and molecular studies are needed to investigate the local fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Goździk
- Witold Stefanski Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - I. M. Odoevskaya
- K.I. Skryabin’s All Russian Institute of Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plants, Agricultural Academy of Sciences, Cheremushkinskaya St. 28, 117218 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - S. O. Movsesyan
- Center of Parasitology, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninskij prosp., 119071 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - W. Cabaj
- Witold Stefanski Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
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