1
|
Sánchez-Soto MF, Gaona O, Vigueras-Galván AL, Suzán G, Falcón LI, Vázquez-Domínguez E. Prevalence and transmission of the most relevant zoonotic and vector-borne pathogens in the Yucatan peninsula: A review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012286. [PMID: 38959260 PMCID: PMC11251636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Habitat modification and land use changes impact ecological interactions and alter the relationships between humans and nature. Mexico has experienced significant landscape modifications at the local and regional scales, with negative effects on forest cover and biological biodiversity, especially in the Yucatan peninsula in southeastern Mexico. Given the close relationship between landscape modification and the transmission of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases, it is essential to develop criteria for identifying priority zoonoses in the south of the country. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We reviewed 165 published studies on zoonotic and vector-borne diseases in the region (2015-2024). We identified the most frequent vectors, reservoirs, and hosts, the most prevalent infections, and the factors associated with transmission risk and the anthropogenic landscape modification in urban, rural, ecotone, and sylvatic habitats. The most relevant pathogens of zoonotic risk included Trypanosoma cruzi, arboviruses, Leishmania, Rickettsia, Leptospira, and Toxoplasma gondii. Trypanosoma cruzi was the vector-borne agent with the largest number of infected vertebrate species across habitats, while Leishmania and arboviruses were the ones that affected the greatest number of people. Dogs, cats, backyard animals, and their hematophagous ectoparasites are the most likely species maintaining the transmission cycles in human settlements, while rodents, opossums, bats, and other synanthropic animals facilitate connection and transmission cycles between forested habitats with human-modified landscapes. Pathogens displayed different prevalences between the landscapes, T. cruzi, arbovirus, and Leptospira infections were the most prevalent in urban and rural settlements, whereas Leishmania and Rickettsia had similar prevalence across habitats, likely due to the diversity and abundance of the infected vectors involved. The prevalence of T. gondii and Leptospira spp. may reflect poor hygiene conditions. Additionally, results suggest that prevalence of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases is higher in deforested areas and agricultural aggregates, and in sites with precarious health and infrastructure services. CONCLUSIONS Some hosts, vectors, and transmission trends of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases in the YP are well known but others remain poorly recognized. It is imperative to reinforce practices aimed at increasing the knowledge, monitoring, prevention, and control of these diseases at the regional level. We also emphasize the need to perform studies on a larger spatio-temporal scale under the socio-ecosystem perspective, to better elucidate the interactions between pathogens, hosts, vectors, environment, and sociocultural and economic aspects in this and many other tropical regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ma. Fernanda Sánchez-Soto
- Laboratorio de Ecología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ecología, Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Yucatán, México
| | - Osiris Gaona
- Laboratorio de Ecología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ecología, Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Yucatán, México
| | - Ana Laura Vigueras-Galván
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- International Joint Laboratory Ecosystem, biological diversity, habitat modifications, and risk of emerging pathogens and diseases in Mexico (ELDORADO), UNAM-IRD, Mérida, México
| | - Gerardo Suzán
- International Joint Laboratory Ecosystem, biological diversity, habitat modifications, and risk of emerging pathogens and diseases in Mexico (ELDORADO), UNAM-IRD, Mérida, México
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades y Una Salud, Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luisa I. Falcón
- Laboratorio de Ecología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ecología, Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Yucatán, México
| | - Ella Vázquez-Domínguez
- Laboratorio de Genética y Ecología, Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dubey JP, Cerqueira-Cézar CK, Murata FHA, Kwok OCH, Hill D, Yang Y, Su C. All about Toxoplasma gondii infections in pigs: 2009-2020. Vet Parasitol 2020; 288:109185. [PMID: 33271424 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infections are common in humans and animals worldwide. Toxoplasma gondii infection in pigs continues to be of public health concern. Pigs are important for the economy of many countries, particularly, USA, China, and European countries. Among the many food animals, pigs are considered the most important for T. gondii transmission in USA and China because viable parasites have rarely been isolated from beef or indoor raised chickens. Besides public health issues, T. gondii causes outbreaks of clinical toxoplasmosis in pigs in China, associated with a unique genotype of T. gondii (ToxoDB genotype #9 or Chinese 1), rarely found in other countries. The safety of ready to eat pork products with respect to T. gondii infection is a matter of recent debate. Here, we review in detail seroprevalence, prevalence of viable and nonviable T. gondii, epidemiology, risk assessment, diagnosis, and curing of pork products containing T. gondii for the past decade. This review will be of interest to biologists, parasitologists, veterinarians, and public health workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jitender P Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA.
| | - Camila K Cerqueira-Cézar
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Fernando H A Murata
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Oliver C H Kwok
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Dolores Hill
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Yurong Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Chunlei Su
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0845, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
|
4
|
Cubas-Atienzar AI, Hide G, Smith JE. Mat Seroprevalence Infers Low Rates of Toxoplasma gondii in Domestic Pigs from Yucatan, Mexico. J Parasitol 2019. [DOI: 10.1645/18-188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Cubas-Atienzar
- Biomedical Research Center, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, U.K
| | - Geoff Hide
- Biomedical Research Center, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, U.K
| | - Judith Elisabeth Smith
- Biomedical Research Center, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Valenzuela-Moreno LF, Rico-Torres CP, Cedillo-Peláez C, Luna-Pastén H, Méndez-Cruz ST, Lara-Martínez G, Correa D, Caballero-Ortega H. Mixed Toxoplasma gondii infection and new genotypes in feral cats of Quintana Roo, México. Acta Trop 2019; 193:199-205. [PMID: 30851257 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii that infects homeothermic animals, including humans. To date, as many as 287 genotypes have been described worldwide. Genetic characterization of the parasite is crucial because the parasite type can determine the presentation and severity of toxoplasmosis. Previously, we reported that the Yucatán Peninsula has a frequency of infection of over 70% in humans and other animals; moreover, there are seven species of felids, including domestic cats; thus, we hypothesized that this might be a region with a high diversity of the parasite. Nevertheless, no genotyping of this protozoan has been performed in this region. Thus, the aim of this study was to genotype T. gondii from naturally infected feral cats of Quintana Roo, within the Yucatán Peninsula, and to describe its genetic variability. Eleven feral cats were captured and bled to obtain the buffy coat; then, they were euthanized to collect target organs or tissues to extract DNA. Samples were processed by PCR for diagnosis, and ten polymorphic markers were genotyped by PCR-RFLP. Atypical GRA6 gene products were cloned and sequenced. Ten of the eleven cats were PCR positive for toxoplasmosis in blood; of these, seven had mixed infections. Also, two isolates were obtained from the heart and diaphragm of two animals. At least 23 different genotypes were detected, from which 18 are new worldwide. From the atypical GRA6 gene cloning and sequencing analysis, a mixed infection was discovered, due to one strain identical to GT1 and another to VAND. In conclusion, T. gondii genetic diversity in the region is high and different from that in other regions, with new genotypes exclusive to México and some others shared with USA and South America.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Y, Mi R, Huang Y, Xia L, Cai Y, Jia H, Zhang X, Yang H, Wang X, Han X, Chen Z. Molecular detection and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in pork in Shanghai, China. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
7
|
Foroutan M, Fakhri Y, Riahi SM, Ebrahimpour S, Namroodi S, Taghipour A, Spotin A, Gamble HR, Rostami A. The global seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pigs: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Parasitol 2019; 269:42-52. [PMID: 31079827 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is an important disease with worldwide distribution. Infection can occur from ingesting raw or undercooked infected meat, and among food animal species, pork is known to be one of the main sources of meat-borne infection. Here, we present results of the first systematic review and meta-analysis on the global T. gondii seroprevalence in pigs. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and EMBASE databases were comprehensively searched for relevant studies published between January 1, 1990 and October 25, 2018. We used a random effects model to calculate pooled seroprevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and analyzed data from five continents. We also conducted subgroup and meta-regression analyses to evaluate the effects of geographical and climate variables on pooled seroprevalence rates. Among 1542 publications identified, 148 studies containing 150 datasets were included in the meta-analysis, and comprised 148,092 pigs from 47 countries. The pooled global T. gondii seroprevalence in pigs was estimated to be 19% (95%CI, 17-22%; 23,696/148,092), with the lowest seroprevalence in Europe (13%; 10-15%) and highest seroprevalence in Africa (25%; 17-34%) and North America (25%; 19-33%). The seropositivity rates in Asia and South America regions were (21%, 16-26%) and (23%; 17-30%), respectively. A significantly higher T. gondii seroprevalence was associated with higher mean annual temperature and lower geographical latitude. The presence of cats on farms was identified as a potential risk factor for T. gondii seropositivity (OR, 1.41; 95%CI, 1.00-2.02). Our findings highlight the importance of pigs as a possible source of human T. gondii infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Foroutan
- Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Riahi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Soheil Ebrahimpour
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Somayeh Namroodi
- Department of Environmental sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adel Spotin
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - H Ray Gamble
- National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ali Rostami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; mmunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gomez-Rios A, Ortega-Pacheco A, Gutierrez-Blanco E, Acosta-Viana KY, Guzman-Marin E, Guiris-Andrade MD, Hernandez-Cortazar IB, López-Alonso R, Cruz-Aldán E, Jiménez-Coello M. Toxoplasma gondii in Captive Wild Felids of Mexico: Its Frequency and Capability to Eliminate Oocysts. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:619-624. [PMID: 30615592 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is little information about Toxoplasma gondii in wild felids, even when these species have been associated with cases of toxoplasmosis in humans. In this study, samples of serum and whole blood were collected from 42 felids from 10 different species, in 4 Mexican zoos. Stool samples from 36 animals were also collected, corresponding to 82% of the felids included in the study. Stool samples were used for the search of oocysts by light field microscopy and PCR. Serum samples were analyzed by indirect immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). DNA samples were purified from whole blood and stool for the amplification of a fragment of the SAG1 gene of T. gondii by a nested PCR (nPCR). The seroprevalence of IgG anti-T. gondii-specific antibodies by means of the ELISA was 100% (42/42) and 52.4% (22/42) by IFAT. The titers obtained varied from 1:80 to 1:2560. DNA of T. gondii was detected in 9.5% (4/42) of the blood samples by using nPCR. No oocysts were observed in the stool samples analyzed by light field microscopy. However, the DNA of the parasite was identified in 14.3% (5/35) of the stool samples evaluated. These results indicate a high prevalence of T. gondii in the studied populations of wild felids in captivity, with evidence of parasitemia and elimination of few oocysts even in adult hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gomez-Rios
- 1Laboratory of Cell Biology, CA Biomedicine of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, C.I.R. 'Dr. Hideyo Noguchi', University Autonomous of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico.,2Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zoothecnics, Campus of Biological and Agropecuary Sciences, University Autonomous of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Antonio Ortega-Pacheco
- 2Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zoothecnics, Campus of Biological and Agropecuary Sciences, University Autonomous of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Gutierrez-Blanco
- 2Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zoothecnics, Campus of Biological and Agropecuary Sciences, University Autonomous of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Karla Y Acosta-Viana
- 1Laboratory of Cell Biology, CA Biomedicine of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, C.I.R. 'Dr. Hideyo Noguchi', University Autonomous of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Eugenia Guzman-Marin
- 1Laboratory of Cell Biology, CA Biomedicine of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, C.I.R. 'Dr. Hideyo Noguchi', University Autonomous of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Marcelino D Guiris-Andrade
- 3Academic Group "Biomedics and Health Studies of Fauna in Chiapas, Mexico", Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, University Autonomous of Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico
| | - Ivonne B Hernandez-Cortazar
- 1Laboratory of Cell Biology, CA Biomedicine of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, C.I.R. 'Dr. Hideyo Noguchi', University Autonomous of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | | | | | - Matilde Jiménez-Coello
- 1Laboratory of Cell Biology, CA Biomedicine of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, C.I.R. 'Dr. Hideyo Noguchi', University Autonomous of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yoo WG, Kim SM, Won EJ, Lee JY, Dai F, Woo HC, Nam HW, Kim TI, Han JH, Kwak D, Cho YS, Kang SW, Kim TS, Zhu XQ, Wang C, Youn H, Hong SJ. Tissue Fluid Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay for Piglets Experimentally Infected with Toxoplasma gondii and Survey on Local and Imported Pork in Korean Retail Meat Markets. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2018; 56:437-446. [PMID: 30419729 PMCID: PMC6243190 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pork on the market in Korea, an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for tissue fluid (CAU-tf-ELISA) was developed using a soluble extract of T. gondii RH strain tachyzoites. As the standard positive controls, the piglets were experimentally infected with T. gondii: Group A (1,000 cysts-containing bradyzoites), Group B (500 cysts-containing bradyzoites) and Group C (1.0×103 or 1.0×104 tachyzoites). The CAU-tf-ELISA demonstrated infection intensity-dependent positivity toward tissue fluids with average cut-off value 0.15: 100% for Group A, 93.8% for Group B and 40.6% for Group C. When tissue-specific cut-off values 0.066-0.199 were applied, CAU-tf-ELISA showed 96.7% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive and 90.0% negative predictive values. When compared with the same tissue fluids, performance of CAU-tf-ELISA was better than that of a commercial ELISA kit. Of the 583 Korea domestic pork samples tested, anti-T. gondii antibodies were detected from 9.1% of whole samples and 37.9% from skirt meat highest among pork parts. In the 386 imported frozen pork samples, 1.8% (skirt meat and shoulder blade) were positive for anti-T. gondii antibodies. In Korea, prevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in the pork on retail markets appeared high, suggesting that regulations on pig farming and facilities are necessary to supply safe pork on the tables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won Gi Yoo
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Sun-Min Kim
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Won
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Lee
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06974, Korea.,KoreaBioGroup Co., Incheon 22013, Korea
| | - Fuhong Dai
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06974, Korea.,Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ho Choon Woo
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Ho-Woo Nam
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Catholic University, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Tae Im Kim
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06974, Korea.,Division of Planning and Management, Nakdong-gang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hee Han
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Dongmi Kwak
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Kyungpook National University College of Veterinary Sciences, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Yun Sang Cho
- Parasitic and Insect Disease Laboratory, Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Seung-Won Kang
- VexPert Co., Suwon 16614, Korea; 11KoreaBioGroup Co., Incheon 22013, Korea
| | - Tong-Soo Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine and Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22333, Korea
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P. R. China
| | - Chunren Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P. R. China
| | - Heejeong Youn
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sung-Jong Hong
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06974, Korea
| |
Collapse
|