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Jin W, Zhang Y, Su X, Wang R, Xie Z, Wang Y, Qiu Y. Development of Colloidal Gold Immunochromatography and Reverse-Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assays to Detect Lychnis Mottle Virus. PLANT DISEASE 2023:PDIS08221970RE. [PMID: 36383991 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-22-1970-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lychnis mottle virus (LycMoV; genus Unassigned, family Secoviridae) infection of Angelica sinensis produces mottle and mosaic symptoms, damaging the host. Early detection of relevant pathogens is the most critical step in preventing the potential transmission of infectious disease. Polyclonal antibodies with high potency and high specificity were prepared using the recombinant LycMoV capsid protein as an antigen. Here, we developed and optimized a rapid colloidal gold immunochromatography assay (GICA) detection system for LycMoV using this antibody. Under optimum conditions, GICA specifically detected (up to 10,000-fold) positive LycMoV samples. A real-time reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) system was also established by selecting the primers with high sensitivity and specificity to LycMoV. The RT-LAMP detection threshold was 1.42 fg/μl (291 copies/μl). A GICA-RT-LAMP assay system was further established and optimized. The minimum GICA detection line was calculated at 1.52 × 10-2 ng/μl. Although GICA did not detect positive samples after capturing virus at 2.53 × 10-3 ng/μl, GICA-LAMP and GICA-RT-PCR did, whose sensitivity was comparatively greater than sixfold. This is the first report showing that GICA-RT-LAMP is a cost-effective approach for use in detecting LycMoV without extracting nucleic acids. These sensitive assays will help improve virus disease management in A. sinensis crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Jin
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Gansu Gaolan Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Agricultural Ecosystem, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yubao Zhang
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Gaolan Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Agricultural Ecosystem, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xuesi Su
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Gansu Gaolan Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Agricultural Ecosystem, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Gaolan Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Agricultural Ecosystem, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhongkui Xie
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Gaolan Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Agricultural Ecosystem, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Gaolan Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Agricultural Ecosystem, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yang Qiu
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Gaolan Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Agricultural Ecosystem, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Gao X, Xire L, Zhang Z, Quan C, Zhou S, Li K, Song R, Zhao S, Kong X, Naori C, Kulyar MFEA, Bao Y, Li J. Seroprevalence of Cystic Echinococcosis in Yaks and Sheep During 2017 on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:849500. [PMID: 35400089 PMCID: PMC8987501 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.849500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a livestock disease caused by a parasite known as Echinococcus granulosus. It is one of the primary cause for illness and poverty especially for herders on the Qinghai–Tibet plateau, China. Meanwhile, the Qinghai–Tibet plateau has been a key area for echinococcosis control in China. Here in current study, we determined the seroprevalence of E. granulosus in ruminants on this region. A total of 2,730 serum samples (1,638 samples from yaks and 1,092 samples from sheep) were collected on the plateau during the period of 2017. The samples were assayed for E. granulosus antibodies by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Our results exhibited a prevalence percentage of 52.2% in Tibetan yaks and 38.2% in Tibetan sheep. Moreover, there was more chance of being infected with E. granulosus infection in old animals due to more exposure to contaminated sources of infection. However, no significant difference was observed. Furthermore, we observed that the rainfall and presence of several lakes has increased the risk of CE infection in yaks and sheep in the Qinghai, Qinglong, and Baingoin areas. Hence, with this investigation, it was possible to determine the frequency and distribution of CE in yaks and Tibetan sheep on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, that laying the groundwork for its prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Luosong Xire
- Veterinary Biological Medicine Manufacturing Factory of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuxian Quan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shimeng Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kewei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rende Song
- Qinghai Animal and Veterinary Sciences Work Station, Yushu, China
| | - Suonan Zhao
- Haibei Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences Institute, Haibei, China
| | - Xiangying Kong
- Haibei Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences Institute, Haibei, China
| | - Cairang Naori
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Research Institute of Gannan Prefecture, Gannan, China
| | | | - Yuhua Bao
- Veterinary Biological Medicine Manufacturing Factory of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa, China
- Yuhua Bao
| | - Jiakui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Animals Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, China
- *Correspondence: Jiakui Li
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Borriello G, Guccione J, Di Loria A, Bosco A, Pepe P, Prisco F, Cringoli G, Paciello O, Rinaldi L, Ciaramella P. Fast Focus Ultrasound Liver Technique for the Assessment of Cystic Echinococcosis in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020452. [PMID: 33572256 PMCID: PMC7914832 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic zoonosis caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. The liver ultrasonography can be considered as the gold standard for the in vivo diagnosis detection of CE. Nevertheless, control programs against E. granulosus are considered long-term actions that require an integrated approach and the high expenditure of time and financial resources. This parasitosis still causes severe economic losses both in human healthcare and in the entire livestock breeding system, with loss in milk, meat, and wool production. Considering the impact of this zoonosis in the modern sheep’s breeding system, a reliable hepatic ultrasound could represent an innovative strategy to control and even eradicate the disease in sheep farms. Based on these considerations, the present study aimed to evaluate a fast-focused technique for hepatic CE detection in different sheep breeds and compare the performance of the latter with another fast-scan (previously evaluated in Sarda sheep breed), the complete ultrasound liver examination, and the anatomopathological examination. Abstract A complete ultrasound examination (cUS) of the liver was performed on 172 female sheep and compared to the performance of a fast-focused ultrasound technique to diagnose echinococcal cysts. The scanned area was divided in: HYP (right hypocondrium), zone (Z)1 from HYP to the 11th intercostal space (IS), Z2 (10th–8th IS) and Z3 (7th–5th IS). Contiguous scans were also examined (HYP + Z1, Z1 + Z2, Z2 + Z3). Furthermore, during the procedures, the sheep were divided into three groups according to the body weight: Group (G) 1 (lighter), G2 (medium), and G3 (heavier). Finally, diagnostic outcomes were compared with necropsy findings. cUS obtained the highest values of sensitivity (Se) (91%), Specificity (Sp) (80%), and positive-zones (124/138, 90%), as compared to the other scans. cUS was also characterized by high values of Se and Sp and was able to identify a great number of positive-zones, when sheep were divided by body-weight groups. Similar performances were obtained in G1 by HYP (Se: 91%–Sp: 82%; 18/20, 90% of positive-zones) and HYP + Z1 scans (Se: 91%–Sp: 82; 90% of positive-zones, 18/20). Thus, in lighter breeds, the examination of HYP and HYP + Z1 scan windows could be considered reliable techniques for identifying the infected animals, while in heavier sheep the cUS still represents the best option.
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Han W, Chen Z, Niu P, Ren X, Ding C, Yu S. Development of a colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip for rapid detection of Riemerella anatipestifer in ducks. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4741-4749. [PMID: 32988508 PMCID: PMC7598101 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer is one of the major bacterial pathogens of ducks and causes significant economic losses in poultry agriculture. Usually, methods for detecting R. anatipestifer infection need specialized equipment and highly skilled personnel. In this study, a novel colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip was developed for rapid detection of R. anatipestifer in ducks. The monoclonal antibodies 2D5 and 2A6 against R. anatipestifer were used as colloidal gold-labeled protein and capture protein, respectively, to recognize the bacteria in tryptic soy broth medium culture and in hearts of infected ducks. The goat anti-mouse IgG antibody was labeled on nitrocellulose membrane as a control for C line. The labeling pH was optimized as 10.0, and the concentration of 2D5 labeled to colloidal gold particles was optimized as 18 μg/mL. The strip specifically detected serotypes 1, 2, and 10 R. anatipestifer strains and showed no cross-reaction with Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Pasteurella multocida strains. The sensitivity of the strip for detecting R. anatipestifer was 1.0 × 106 colony forming unit. The strips remained stable for up to 8 mo at 4°C, and the detection can be completed within 15 min. The strip can detect R. anatipestifer in hearts of the ducks experimentally infected with R. anatipestifer but not infected with E. coli, which were also confirmed with bacterial isolation followed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. These results suggested that the strips are reliable methods for identification of R. anatipestifer in laboratories and in duck farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Han
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Zongchao Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Niu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomei Ren
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China; Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Liang Y, Song H, Wu M, Xie Y, Gu X, He R, Lai W, Jing B, Peng X, Yang G. Preliminary Evaluation of Recombinant EPC1 and TPx for Serological Diagnosis of Animal Cystic Echinococcosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:177. [PMID: 32426296 PMCID: PMC7203340 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most important helminthic diseases and affects many mammalian intermediate hosts. Practical and effective diagnosis is crucial for animal CE control. Two different recombinant antigens derived from Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus protoscolex calcium binding protein 1 (rEg-EPC1) and thioredoxin peroxidase (rEg-TPx), were evaluated in this study to detect the specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) in sheep and goat with CE by the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The diagnostic effect of the above-listed proteins was determined to their sensitivity and specificity and compared with hydatid cyst fluid, two previously reported immunogenic recombinant proteins (dihydrofolate reductase and P29), and two commercial kits available in China. Of these, the best diagnostic results were obtained in the anti-TPx IgG ELISA, with 92.6% sensitivity, 98.8% specificity, and no cross-reactivity with anti-Eg95 IgG. Recombinant E. granulosus thioredoxin peroxidase shows good potential for serological diagnosis of animal cystic echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Liang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyu Song
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Maodi Wu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ran He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiming Lai
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Naqvi MAUH, Aimulajiang K, Memon MA, Hasan MW, Naqvi SZ, Lakho SA, Chu W, Xu L, Song X, Li X, Yan R. Recombinant cold shock domain containing protein is a potential antigen to detect specific antibody during early and late infections of Haemonchus contortus in goat. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:36. [PMID: 32013987 PMCID: PMC6998305 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-2261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) is one of the most important parasites that cause huge economic losses to small ruminant industry worldwide. Effective prognosis and treatment depend upon the early diagnosis of H. contortus infection. To date, no widely-approved methods for the identification of prepatent H. contortus infection are available to identify prepatent H. contortus infection properly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic potential of recombinant cold shock H. contortus protein (rHc-CS) during early and late infections of H. contortus in goat. RESULTS Purified rHc-CS exhibited a clear band, with a molecular weight about 38 kDa. H. contortus eggs were not detected by fecal egg count technique from feces collected at 0 to 14 days post infection (D.P.I). However, eggs were detected at 21, 28 and 35 D.P.I. Hence, results of immunoblotting assay showed specific anti rHc-CS antibody detection in all goat sera collected at early stage (14 D.P.I) and late stage (21-103 D.P.I) of H. contortus infection. Furthermore, no cross reactivity was observed against Trichinella spiralis, Fasciola hepatica and Toxoplasma gondii or uninfected goats. Among several evaluated rHc-CS indirect-ELISA format variables, favorable antigen coating concentration was found 0.28 μg/well at 37 °C 1 h and overnight at 4 °C. Moreover, optimum dilution ratio of serum and rabbit anti-goat IgG was recorded as 1:100 and 1:4000, respectively. The best blocking buffer was 5% Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) while the best time for blocking, serum incubation and TMB reaction were recorded as 60, 120 and 10 min, respectively. The cut-off value for positive and negative interpretation was determined as 0.352 (OD450). The diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of the rHc-CS, both were recorded as 100%. CONCLUSION These results validated that rHc-CS is a potential immunodiagnostic antigen to detect the specific antibodies during early and late H. contortus infections in goat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali-ul-Husnain Naqvi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China 210095
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China 210095
| | - Muhammad Ali Memon
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China 210095
| | - Muhammad Waqqas Hasan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China 210095
| | - Sana Zahra Naqvi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China 210095
| | - Shakeel Ahmed Lakho
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China 210095
| | - Wen Chu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China 210095
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China 210095
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China 210095
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China 210095
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China 210095
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Maurelli MP, Bosco A, Pepe P, Ianniello D, Amadesi A, Cringoli G, Rinaldi L. Innovative tools for the diagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus in definitive hosts. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2607-2612. [PMID: 29858944 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5952-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and validate an innovative protocol for the diagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus and other Taeniidae in dogs. For this purpose, three experiments were performed, using faecal samples from naturally infected dogs. Firstly, the FLOTAC technique was calibrated with five flotation solutions: saturated sodium chloride (specific gravity, s.g. = 1.20), zinc sulphate (s.g. = 1.35), zinc chloride (s.g. = 1.45), Breza (s.g. = 1.30) and modified Breza (s.g. = 1.40). Then, FLOTAC was compared with four techniques of flotation in centrifuge using: zinc sulphate (s.g. = 1.20), Breza (s.g. = 1.30), modified Breza (s.g. = 1.40), and zinc chloride (s.g. = 1.45). Finally, four different protocols of DNA extraction were compared for Taeniidae identification: QIAamp Tissue Kit and QIAamp Stool from eggs; QIAamp Stool and Wizard Magnetic Purification System for Food from faeces. FLOTAC with zinc sulphate was the most efficient method to detect Taeniidae eggs, showing highest mean of eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces. The QIAamp Stool, using eggs concentrated by FLOTAC, was the best method for DNA extraction. The combination of these protocols provided the highest number of positive samples with PCR, i.e., 47/50 (94.0%). The three negative samples showed a low faecal egg count (2 EPG) below the detection limit (4 EPG) of the protocol. From sequencing of the 47 positive samples: 6 samples were identified as E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.), 28 as Taenia hydatigena and 6 as T. pisiformis. A co-infection between different genera of Taeniidae was found in 7 samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paola Maurelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR Campania Region, Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonio Bosco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR Campania Region, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR Campania Region, Naples, Italy
| | - Davide Ianniello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR Campania Region, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Amadesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR Campania Region, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cringoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR Campania Region, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR Campania Region, Naples, Italy
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