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Hinney B, Wiedermann S, Bosco A, Rinaldi L, Hofer M, Joachim A, Krücken J, Steinborn R. Development of a three-colour digital PCR for early and quantitative detection of benzimidazole resistance-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms in Haemonchus contortus. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2023; 22:88-95. [PMID: 37348434 PMCID: PMC10336075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is the most pathogenic nematode in small ruminants and anthelmintic resistance (AR) hampers its efficient control. Early detection of AR status is required to reduce selection for AR and cannot be achieved using phenotypic tests. For benzimidazoles (BZs), the detection of AR-associated alleles characterised by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the isotype 1 β-tubulin gene allows early AR detection in strongyles. The F200Y, F167Y, E198A and E198L polymorphisms have been described in BZ-resistant populations with a clear variation in frequencies between regions. A novel digital PCR (dPCR) enables the detection of all of the above-described polymorphisms in H. contortus. Assays were validated using synthetic DNA fragments containing these SNPs. Then, larvae obtained and pooled at farm level from 26 Austrian and 10 Italian sheep farms were analysed. For all assays a detection limit of 15 copies/μl of resistance alleles and a high level of accuracy were demonstrated, allowing to detect allele frequencies of 1% in most samples. In Austrian samples, elevated frequencies of F200Y resistance alleles were detected on all farms. Polymorphisms in codon 167 and codon 198 were identified in H. contortus from Austria for the first time. In Italian samples, the frequency of resistance alleles was still comparatively low, but F200Y resistance alleles were traceable. In conclusion we developed for the first time dPCR assays that target all SNPs of relevance associated with BZ-resistance in H. contortus. Future research on AR development could benefit from an early onset of SNP-based surveillance that would include the developed assays for all SNPs of relevance. Improved surveillance in the long term will include other important, though less pathogenic, nematode genera in the analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hinney
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sandra Wiedermann
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Bosco
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Martin Hofer
- Genomics Core Facility, VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Joachim
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Str. 7, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Steinborn
- Genomics Core Facility, VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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López-Rodríguez G, Zaragoza-Bastida A, Reyes-Guerrero DE, Olmedo-Juárez A, Valladares-Carranza B, Vega-Castillo LF, Rivero-Perez N. Coffee Pulp: A Natural Alternative for Control of Resistant Nematodes in Small Ruminants. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010124. [PMID: 36678472 PMCID: PMC9866653 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Goat production in Mexico is an important economic activity that is affected by different gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) species. GINs resistant to commercial anthelmintics have been reported. Plant extracts or agro-industrial by-products, such as coffee pulp, have been proposed as control alternatives, given their secondary metabolite content. The aim of the present study was to determine the anthelmintic activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of coffee pulp against benzimidazole-resistant GINs. Stool samples were collected from goats, from which GIN eggs were identified and quantified. Molecular techniques confirmed the genus of GINs and their benzimidazole resistance profile. The percentage of egg hatching inhibition (% EHI) and larval mortality (% LM) with the hydroalcoholic extract of coffee pulp was determined at concentrations from 200 to 0.39 mg/mL. The genera Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. were identified, and the presence of the β-tubulin gene mutation, associated with benzimidazole (BZ) resistance, was determined. Hydroalcoholic extract of coffee pulp inhibited 100% of egg hatching at 200 and 100 mg/mL, with no larvicidal effect at the evaluated concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabino López-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Rancho Universitario Av. Universidad km 1. Ex-Hda. de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo C.P. 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Adrian Zaragoza-Bastida
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Rancho Universitario Av. Universidad km 1. Ex-Hda. de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo C.P. 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - David Emanuel Reyes-Guerrero
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad (CENID SAI-INIFAP), Carrtera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534/Col. Progreso, Jiutepec C.P. 62550, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Agustín Olmedo-Juárez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad (CENID SAI-INIFAP), Carrtera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534/Col. Progreso, Jiutepec C.P. 62550, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Valladares-Carranza
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, km 15.5 Carretera Panamericana, Toluca-Atlacomulco, Toluca C.P. 50200, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Luis Fernando Vega-Castillo
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, km 15.5 Carretera Panamericana, Toluca-Atlacomulco, Toluca C.P. 50200, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Nallely Rivero-Perez
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Rancho Universitario Av. Universidad km 1. Ex-Hda. de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo C.P. 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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Rinaldi L, Krücken J, Martinez-Valladares M, Pepe P, Maurelli MP, de Queiroz C, Castilla Gómez de Agüero V, Wang T, Cringoli G, Charlier J, Gilleard JS, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Advances in diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematodes in livestock and companion animals. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2022; 118:85-176. [PMID: 36088084 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematodes in livestock and companion animals has been neglected for years and there has been an historical underinvestment in the development and improvement of diagnostic tools, undermining the undoubted utility of surveillance and control programmes. However, a new impetus by the scientific community and the quickening pace of technological innovations, are promoting a renaissance of interest in developing diagnostic capacity for nematode infections in veterinary parasitology. A cross-cutting priority for diagnostic tools is the development of pen-side tests and associated decision support tools that rapidly inform on the levels of infection and morbidity. This includes development of scalable, parasite detection using artificial intelligence for automated counting of parasitic elements and research towards establishing biomarkers using innovative molecular and proteomic methods. The aim of this review is to assess the state-of-the-art in the diagnosis of helminth infections in livestock and companion animals and presents the current advances of diagnostic methods for intestinal parasites harnessing (i) automated methods for copromicroscopy based on artificial intelligence, (ii) immunodiagnosis, and (iii) molecular- and proteome-based approaches. Regardless of the method used, multiple factors need to be considered before diagnostics test results can be interpreted in terms of control decisions. Guidelines on how to apply diagnostics and how to interpret test results in different animal species are increasingly requested and some were recently made available in veterinary parasitology for the different domestic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - J Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Martinez-Valladares
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - P Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - M P Maurelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - C de Queiroz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3331 Hospital Drive, Host-Parasite Interactions (HPI) Program University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, St Georges University, Grenada
| | - V Castilla Gómez de Agüero
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - T Wang
- Kreavet, Kruibeke, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Cringoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - J S Gilleard
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3331 Hospital Drive, Host-Parasite Interactions (HPI) Program University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - G von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Ali Q, Zahid O, Mhadhbi M, Jones B, Darghouth MA, Raynes G, Afshan K, Birtles R, Sargison ND, Betson M, Chaudhry U. Genetic characterisation of the Theileria annulata cytochrome b locus and its impact on buparvaquone resistance in bovine. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 20:65-75. [PMID: 36183440 PMCID: PMC9529669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Control of tropical theileriosis, caused by the apicomplexan Theileria annulata, depends on the use of a single drug, buparvaquone, the efficacy of which is compromised by the emergence of resistance. The present study was undertaken to improve understanding of the role of mutations conferring buparvaquone resistance in T. annulata, and the effects of selection pressures on their emergence and spread. First, we investigated genetic characteristics of the cytochrome b locus associated with buparvaquone resistance in 10 susceptible and 7 resistant T. annulata isolates. The 129G (GGC) mutation was found in the Q01 binding pocket and 253S (TCT) and 262S (TCA) mutations were identified within the Q02 binding pocket. Next, we examined field isolates and identified cytochrome b mutations 129G (GGC), 253S (TCT) and 262S (TCA) in 21/75 buffalo-derived and 19/119 cattle-derived T. annulata isolates, providing evidence of positive selection pressure. Both hard and soft selective sweeps were identified, with striking differences between isolates. For example, 19 buffalo-derived and 7 cattle-derived isolates contained 129G (GGC) and 253S (TCT) resistance haplotypes at a high frequency, implying the emergence of resistance by a single mutation. Two buffalo-derived and 12 cattle-derived isolates contained equally high frequencies of 129G (GGC), 253S (TCT), 129G (GGC)/253S (TCT) and 262S (TCA) resistance haplotypes, implying the emergence of resistance by pre-existing or recurrent mutations. Phylogenetic analysis further revealed that 9 and 21 unique haplotypes in buffalo and cattle-derived isolates were present in a single lineage, suggesting a single origin. We propose that animal migration between farms is an important factor in the spread of buparvaquone resistance in endemic regions of Pakistan. The overall outcomes will be useful in understanding how drug resistance emerges and spreads, and this information will help design strategies to optimise the use and lifespan of the single most drug use to control tropical theileriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasim Ali
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Osama Zahid
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Moez Mhadhbi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Ben Jones
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, UK
| | - Mohamed Aziz Darghouth
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - George Raynes
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kiran Afshan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Richard Birtles
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, UK
| | - Neil D. Sargison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Martha Betson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, UK
| | - Umer Chaudhry
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, UK,Corresponding author. School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK.
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Positivity Rate Investigation and Anthelmintic Resistance Analysis of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Sheep and Cattle in Ordos, China. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070891. [PMID: 35405881 PMCID: PMC8997026 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In order to understand the positivity rates of gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle and sheep in Ordos, and the effects of different pasture types on the distribution of gastrointestinal nematodes, we conducted an epidemiological investigation and analysis in four banner districts of Ordos. The results showed that the positive rates of sheep and cattle were 38.84% and 4.48%, respectively. The anthelmintic resistance analysis revealed that the nematode population in the area was severely resistant to ivermectin and albendazole, and resistance to levamisole, nitroxynil and closantel was suspected. Abstract Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs), such as Trichostrongylidae, are important pathogens in small ruminants, causing significant losses in these livestock species. Despite their veterinary importance, GINs have not been studied in certain regions of the world. Therefore, much of their epidemiology and economic impact on production remain unknown. In the present study, a systematic epidemiological survey based on the modified McMaster technique was conducted to investigate the type and infection of GINs in sheep and cattle. In 9622 fecal samples from 491 sampling sites in the four main banner districts of Ordos, the prevalence of GIN infection was found to be 38.84% and 4.48% in sheep and cattle, respectively. At the same time, the effects of four pasture types on the distribution of GINs were analyzed. This study also found severe resistance to ivermectin and albendazole in GINs and suspected anthelmintic resistance in nitroxynil, levamisole and closantel. We report the type and infection of GINs in Ordos, with the aim to help the prevention and control of GINs. Based on the results of the questionnaire survey and GIN resistance test, we found several reasons for the anthelmintic resistance of GINs, consequently providing new ideas for controlling the occurrence of anthelmintic resistance.
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A journey through 50 years of research relevant to the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminant livestock and thoughts on future directions. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:1133-1151. [PMID: 34774857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This review article provides an historical perspective on some of the major research advances of relevance to ruminant livestock gastrointestinal nematode control over the last 50 years. Over this period, gastrointestinal nematode control has been dominated by the use of broad-spectrum anthelmintic drugs. Whilst this has provided unprecedented levels of successful control for many years, this approach has been gradually breaking down for more than two decades and is increasingly unsustainable which is due, at least in part, to the emergence of anthelmintic drug resistance and a number of other factors discussed in this article. We first cover the remarkable success story of the discovery and development of broad-spectrum anthelmintic drugs, the changing face of anthelmintic drug discovery research and the emergence of anthelmintic resistance. This is followed by a review of some of the major advances in the increasingly important area of non-pharmaceutical gastrointestinal nematode control including immunology and vaccine development, epidemiological modelling and some of the alternative control strategies such as breeding for host resistance, refugia-based methods and biological control. The last 50 years have witnessed remarkable innovation and success in research aiming to improve ruminant livestock gastrointestinal nematode control, particularly given the relatively small size of the research community and limited funding. In spite of this, the growing global demand for livestock products, together with the need to maximise production efficiencies, reduce environmental impacts and safeguard animal welfare - as well as specific challenges such as anthelmintic drug resistance and climate change- mean that gastrointestinal nematode researchers will need to be as innovative in the next 50 years as in the last.
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Jimenez Castro PD, Venkatesan A, Redman E, Chen R, Malatesta A, Huff H, Zuluaga Salazar DA, Avramenko R, Gilleard JS, Kaplan RM. Multiple drug resistance in hookworms infecting greyhound dogs in the USA. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2021; 17:107-117. [PMID: 34492564 PMCID: PMC8426179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ancylostoma caninum is the most prevalent nematode parasite of dogs. We confirmed multiple-drug resistance (MDR) in several A. caninum isolates to all anthelmintic drug classes approved for the treatment of hookworms in dogs in the USA. Cases of MDR hookworms appear to be highly overrepresented in greyhounds. The aims of this study were to evaluate the drug-resistant phenotypes and genotypes of the A. caninum infecting greyhounds. Fecal samples from greyhounds of the USA were acquired from two greyhound adoption kennels, one active greyhound racing kennel, and three veterinary practices. Fecal egg counts (FECs) were performed on fecal samples from 219 greyhounds, and despite treatment with anthelmintics, the mean FEC was 822.4 eggs per gram (EPG). Resistance to benzimidazoles and macrocyclic lactones were measured using the egg hatch assay (EHA) and the larval development assay (LDA), respectively. We performed 23 EHA and 22 LDA on either individual or pooled feces, representing 54 animals. Mean and median IC50 and IC95 values for the EHA were 5.3 μM, 3.6 μM, and 24.5 μM, 23.4 μM, respectively. For the LDA, the median IC50 value was >1000 nM. These values ranged 62–81 times higher than our susceptible laboratory isolate. Only post-treatment samples were available. For samples collected <10 days post-treatment with albendazole, moxidectin, or a combination of febantel-pyrantel-moxidectin, the mean FEC were 349, 333, and 835 EPG, respectively. We obtained DNA from hookworm eggs isolated from 70 fecal samples, comprised of 60 individual dogs and 10 pools. Deep sequencing of the isotype 1 β-tubulin gene only revealed the presence of the F167Y (TTC>TAC) resistance polymorphism in 99% of these samples. These clinical, in vitro, and genetic data provide strong evidence that greyhound dogs in the USA are infected with MDR A. caninum at very high levels in prevalence and infection intensity. Conclusive evidence that most racing greyhounds in the USA are infected with MDR A. caninum. 79% of the samples from racing or retired greyhounds were positive. IC50 values for BZs and MLs were 62–81 times higher in greyhounds. The F167Y SNP was detected in 99% of samples, and in more than 2/3 the frequency was ≥ 75%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo D Jimenez Castro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA; Grupo de Parasitología Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia.
| | - Abhinaya Venkatesan
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Redman
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rebecca Chen
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Abigail Malatesta
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Hannah Huff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Daniel A Zuluaga Salazar
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Veterinaria, Corporación Universitaria Santa Rosa de Cabal-UNISARC, Santa Rosa de Cabal, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Russell Avramenko
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - John S Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ray M Kaplan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Pitaksakulrat O, Chaiyasaeng M, Artchayasawat A, Eamudomkarn C, Boonmars T, Kopolrat KY, Prasopdee S, Petney TN, Blair D, Sithithaworn P. Genetic diversity and population structure of Haemonchus contortus in goats from Thailand. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 95:105021. [PMID: 34363986 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is one of the most economically important parasitic nematodes affecting small ruminant livestock worldwide. This study was conducted to elucidate the genetic diversity and population structure of this nematode in Thailand based on mitochondrial DNA markers, the nicotinamide dehydrogenase subunit 4 (nad4) and the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) genes. One hundred and thirty-six adult worms were obtained from 86 abomasa of slaughtered goats from 13 different localities in 5 regions of Thailand. Identification to the genus Haemonchus was done using morphology. DNA sequences of the nuclear ribosomal second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) identified each specimen to species: three fixed nucleotide (SNP) differences distinguished H. contortus from H. placei. Genetic analysis defined 118 and 122 unique haplotypes in partial sequences of nad4 (alignment length 723 bp) and cox1 (645 bp) genes, respectively. Nucleotide diversities were 0.031 and 0.043 for nad4 and cox1 genes, respectively. Low genetic differentiation was observed among H. contortus samples from various provinces in Thailand. This is the first study on the genetic diversity and population structure of H. contortus of goats in Thailand. This study has provided insights into the transmission dynamics of this parasitic nematode, information which is essential for farm management and parasite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opal Pitaksakulrat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| | - Monticha Chaiyasaeng
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Atchara Artchayasawat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chatanun Eamudomkarn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Thidarut Boonmars
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Neglected, Zoonosis and Vector-Borne Disease Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kulthida Y Kopolrat
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sattrachai Prasopdee
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Klong-luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Trevor Neil Petney
- Evolution and Paleontology, State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - David Blair
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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