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Kuzi S, Zgairy S, Byrne BA, Suchodolski J, Turjeman SC, Park SY, Aroch I, Hong M, Koren O, Lavy E. Giardiasis and diarrhea in dogs: Does the microbiome matter? J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:152-160. [PMID: 37890857 PMCID: PMC10800182 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia duodenalis (Gd) causes intestinal parasitosis. The involvement of the intestinal microbiome in determining the infection's clinical phenotype is unknown. OBJECTIVE Investigate the fecal microbiome features in dogs with giardiasis. ANIMALS AND METHODS Cross-sectional study, including fecal samples of kenneled dogs with Gd diagnosed by fecal Giardia antigen dot ELISA. The fecal microbial compositional characteristics and dysbiosis index (DI) were compared between diarrheic and nondiarrheic dogs. RESULTS Fecal samples of 38 Gd-infected dogs (diarrheic, 21; nondiarrheic, 17) were included. No differences were found in Faith's phylogenic diversity and beta diversity (weighted UniFrac distances) and in specific taxa abundances at the phylum, genus, and species levels, as well as in alpha and beta diversities between diarrheic and nondiarrheic dogs, and also when divided by sex or age. Among diarrheic dogs, alpha diversity was higher in males than in females (pairwise Kruskal-Wallis, q = 0.01). Among males, fecal abundances of the genus Clostridium (W = 19) and Clostridium spiroforme species (W = 33) were higher in diarrheic compared to nondiarrheic dogs. In diarrheic dog fecal samples, Proteobacteria were more prevalent (W = 1), whereas Verrucomicrobia were less prevalent in dogs <1 year of age than in older dogs. The fecal sample DI of 19 diarrheic and 19 nondiarrheic dogs was similar (median, -0.2; range, -4.3 to 4.5 and median, -1.0; range, -4.3 to 5.8, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The fecal microbial composition of symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs with giardiasis is similar. Based on fecal DI, giardiasis is not characterized by prominent dysbiosis. Other host and parasite characteristics might determine the severity of giardiasis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Kuzi
- Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of AgricultureFood and Environment Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Soha Zgairy
- Azrieli Faculty of MedicineBar‐Ilan UniversitySafedIsrael
| | - Barbara A. Byrne
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and ImmunologyUniversity of California—DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jan Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | | | - So Young Park
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Itamar Aroch
- Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of AgricultureFood and Environment Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Mike Hong
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Omry Koren
- Azrieli Faculty of MedicineBar‐Ilan UniversitySafedIsrael
| | - Eran Lavy
- Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of AgricultureFood and Environment Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
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Šmit I, Potočnjak D, Matijatko V, Torti M, Jović I, Grden D, Crnogaj M, Beck R. The Influence of Giardia duodenalis on the Occurrence of Clinical Signs in Dogs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:694. [PMID: 38133245 PMCID: PMC10748341 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis infections are common in dogs and are mainly caused by assemblages C and D. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the presence of Giardia duodenalis and different Giardia assemblages detected in symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs and the occurrence of certain clinical signs. All the dogs included (n = 82) were clinically examined, and fecal samples were examined for other parasites and Clostridium spp. Also, G. duodenalis assemblages were detected and the occurrence of certain clinical signs was assessed. A total of 42/82 (51.2%) dogs were symptomatic and had one or more gastrointestinal signs, and 40/82 (48.8%) dogs were asymptomatic. G. duodenalis was found in 25/82 (30.5%) dogs: assemblage C in 10/25 (40%) and assemblage D in 15/25 (60%). Only Cryptosporidium spp. showed a higher coinfection rate with G. duodenalis but that did not have an influence on clinical sign appearance. There was no correlation between the presence of different assemblages of G. duodenalis and the sex of the host or the duration and appearance of certain clinical signs, except the presence of mucus in feces, which was more frequent in dogs invaded with G. duodenalis assemblage C. Further research of other assemblages is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Šmit
- Clinic for Internal Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.)
| | - Dalibor Potočnjak
- Clinic for Internal Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.)
| | - Vesna Matijatko
- Clinic for Internal Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.)
| | - Marin Torti
- Clinic for Internal Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.)
| | - Ines Jović
- Clinic for Internal Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.)
| | - Darko Grden
- Clinic for Internal Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.)
| | - Martina Crnogaj
- Clinic for Internal Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.)
| | - Relja Beck
- Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Kanski S, Weber K, Busch K. [Feline and canine giardiosis: An Update]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2023; 51:411-421. [PMID: 38056479 DOI: 10.1055/a-2191-1723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a facultative pathogenic intestinal parasite. Giardiosis in dogs and cats may appear with or without clinical signs. Typical signs include diarrhea with or without vomiting. The prevalence in young animals is high and may amount to up to 50%. There are 8 different genotypes (A - H), which are called assemblages. Assemblages C and D are most common in dogs and assemblage F most frequent in cats. However, animals may also be infected with the zoonotically effective assemblages A and B or exhibit mixed infections. The immunofluorescence test (IFA), the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and fecal centrifugation using zinc sulphate solution are currently recommended as diagnostic methods. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may be used to determine the corresponding assemblage. Approved treatments for giardiosis include fenbendazole and metronidazole. In addition, undertaking specific hygiene measures is warranted. Only animals showing clinical signs or those living in the same household with high-risk patients (e. g. immunosuppressed humans) are recommended to receive medication. The aim of treatment is clinical improvement of the diseased dogs and cats. Frequently, complete elimination of Giardia is not attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Kanski
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Karin Weber
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Kathrin Busch
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Ilana A, Upievich BE, Kenesovich KA, Bekbosynovna MS, Bakitzhanovna ZF, Esmagambetovich MK, Maratovich SY, Garipullievich SB, Gabdullinovich AR. Epizootiology and biological characteristics of echinococcosis in agricultural animals, dogs, wild carnivores, and rodents in the Western region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Vet World 2023; 16:2277-2286. [PMID: 38152272 PMCID: PMC10750758 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2277-2286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Echinococcosis is one of the most dangerous parasitic diseases common to humans and animals. In Kazakhstan, echinococcosis is widespread in animals. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and biological characteristics of echinococcosis in agricultural animals, dogs, wild carnivores, and rodents in the Western region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Materials and Methods The study analyzed slaughtered carcasses of cattle (2500), sheep (4200), pigs (250), horses (91), and camels (45). Furthermore, the study analyzed 144 dogs (herding, rural, and urban), 41 wild carnivores (wolves, red foxes, and corsac foxes), and 339 wild rodents (great gerbils, tamarisk jirds, little ground squirrels, yellow ground squirrels, and muskrats). Postmortem and vital examination methods were used in the helminthological studies of dogs, wild carnivores, and rodents. In agricultural animals, localization and intensity were determined by counting echinococcal cysts in parenchymatous organs. Results Extensiveness of invasion (EI) averaged 19.2% in cattle, 27.5% in sheep, 5.6% in pigs, and 13.3% in camels. Echinococcal cysts mainly affected the liver in sheep (45.4%) and the lungs in cattle (35.5%). The fertility of echinococcal cysts decreased with age in animals. Acephalocysts were registered mainly in cattle. The highest invasiveness of Echinococcus granulosus was found in herding dogs with an EI of 12.5%. Experimental infestations of dogs showed that maturation of echinococcal eggs occurred by days 36-40 and maturation of segments by day 50. Studies of wild carnivores and rodents showed the presence of E. granulosus (imago stage) in wolves, Alveococcus multilocularis (imago stage) in red foxes and corsac foxes, and A. multilocularis (larval stage) in great gerbils and muskrats. Conclusion Our data provide evidence of high epizootiological danger for the population and significant damage caused by E. granulosus to animal husbandry in the region. Studies on the spread of echinococcosis suggest the possibility of controlling the situation with human and animal diseases and show the importance of this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abirova Ilana
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry West Kazakhstan Agrarian and Technical University Named after Zhangir Khan, Uralsk 090009, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Baitlesov Erbulat Upievich
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Technosphere Safety, West Kazakhstan Innovative and Technological University, Uralsk 090009, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Kereyev Abzal Kenesovich
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry West Kazakhstan Agrarian and Technical University Named after Zhangir Khan, Uralsk 090009, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | | | - Zakirova Faruza Bakitzhanovna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry West Kazakhstan Agrarian and Technical University Named after Zhangir Khan, Uralsk 090009, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Murzabaev Kenzhebek Esmagambetovich
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry West Kazakhstan Agrarian and Technical University Named after Zhangir Khan, Uralsk 090009, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Sengaliyev Yerbol Maratovich
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry West Kazakhstan Agrarian and Technical University Named after Zhangir Khan, Uralsk 090009, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Satybaev Berik Garipullievich
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry West Kazakhstan Agrarian and Technical University Named after Zhangir Khan, Uralsk 090009, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Abdrakhmanov Rinat Gabdullinovich
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry West Kazakhstan Agrarian and Technical University Named after Zhangir Khan, Uralsk 090009, Republic of Kazakhstan
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French SK, Kotwa JD, Singh B, Greer T, Pearl DL, Elsemore DA, Hanna R, Jardine CM, Weese JS, Mercer N, Peregrine AS. Factors associated with Giardia infection in dogs in southern Ontario, Canada. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 41:100870. [PMID: 37208074 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Information concerning risk factors associated with Giardia infection in dogs in southern Ontario, Canada, is currently lacking. This study therefore aimed to identify risk factors for Giardia infection in dogs that visit off-leash dog parks in southern Ontario. From May-November 2018, fecal samples were collected from 466 dogs in 12 off-leash dog parks in the Niagara and Hamilton regions of Ontario. A survey that asked questions pertaining to travel history (i.e., area of residence, locations and regions visited in the previous 6 months), basic medical history (i.e., spay/neuter status, veterinary visits, use of deworming medication), consumption of a raw diet, and the physical (i.e., age, sex, breed) and behavioral characteristics (i.e., off-leash activities, hunting activities) of each dog sampled was administered to the respective owner. All fecal samples were examined with the Giardia plate ELISA (IDEXX Laboratories) for parasite antigen. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted on the survey data to investigate putative risk factors for Giardia infection. Overall, 11.8% (95% CI: 9.2-15.1%) of samples tested positive for Giardia antigen. Results from the multivariable logistic regression analyses identified an interaction between dog age and spay/neuter status that was significantly associated with Giardia infection. The odds of infection were greater in intact as compared to neutered adult dogs (OR: 3.6, 95% CI: 1.7-7.9, p = 0.001), and in neutered juvenile dogs as compared to neutered adults (OR: 5.2, 95% CI: 2.2-12.2, p < 0.001). The results provide veterinarians with evidence-based information for identifying dogs at greatest risk of Giardia infection in southern Ontario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon K French
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jonathon D Kotwa
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Bilawal Singh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Tyler Greer
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - David L Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - David A Elsemore
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME 04092, United States
| | - Rita Hanna
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME 04092, United States
| | - Claire M Jardine
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nicola Mercer
- Wellington-Dufferin-Guelph Public Health, Guelph, Ontario N1G 0E1, Canada
| | - Andrew S Peregrine
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Asghari A, Motazedian MH, Asgari Q, Shamsi L, Sarkari B, Shahabi S, Mohammadi-Ghalehbin B. Occurrence, genetic characterization, and zoonotic importance of Giardia duodenalis in various species of rodents (Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, and Rattus rattus). Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 85:101812. [PMID: 35429925 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a well-known flagellated parasite and the causative agent of protozoal diarrhea in animals and humans worldwide. Current study was aimed at determination of G. duodenalis prevalence, genetic variation and zoonotic significance in various species of rodents in Shiraz, southwestern Iran. In brief, 120 fecal specimens were collected from rodents (Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus, and Mus musculus) during May up to November 2021 and microscopically examined for Giardia cysts. Further molecular characterization of positive samples was done by nested-PCR, followed by nucleotide sequencing of the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) gene. A total prevalence of 3.3% (4/120) was observed in rodents, with highest rate in black rats [5% (2/40)]. Regarding brown rats and house mice, only one sample was found to be positive, showing 2.5% and 2.5% prevalence, respectively. It is noteworthy that Giardia B and G assemblages were found in black rats (one case/genotype), whereas the only positive samples from brown rats and house mice were characterized as assemblage G. The major findings of the present study were the presence of both zoonotic and non-zoonotic Giardia assemblages in examined rats in Shiraz and the potential of black rats to harbor Giardia infection to humans. These concerns should be taken seriously in terms of public health. Nevertheless, the true epidemiology and assemblage distribution of Giardia is still open to question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Asghari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Motazedian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Qasem Asgari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Laya Shamsi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Bahador Sarkari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Saeed Shahabi
- Department of Biology and Control of Disease Vectors, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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