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Small-Molecule HIV Entry Inhibitors Targeting gp120 and gp41. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1366:27-43. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8702-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Viral fusion glycoproteins catalyze membrane fusion during viral entry. Unlike most enzymes, however, they lack a conventional active site in which formation or scission of a specific covalent bond is catalyzed. Instead, they drive the membrane fusion reaction by cojoining highly regulated changes in conformation to membrane deformation. Despite the challenges in applying inhibitor design approaches to these proteins, recent advances in knowledge of the structures and mechanisms of viral fusogens have enabled the development of small-molecule inhibitors of both class I and class II viral fusion proteins. Here, we review well-validated inhibitors, including their discovery, targets, and mechanism(s) of action, while highlighting mechanistic similarities and differences. Together, these examples make a compelling case for small-molecule inhibitors as tools for probing the mechanisms of viral glycoprotein-mediated fusion and for viral glycoproteins as druggable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yuan Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Current affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA;
| | - Priscilla L Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Current affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA;
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3
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Pu J, Zhou JT, Liu P, Yu F, He X, Lu L, Jiang S. Viral Entry Inhibitors Targeting Six-Helical Bundle Core Against Highly Pathogenic Enveloped Viruses with Class I Fusion Proteins. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:700-718. [PMID: 33992055 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210511015808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
TypeⅠ enveloped viruses bind to cell receptors through surface glycoproteins to initiate infection or undergo receptor-mediated endocytosis. They also initiate membrane fusion in the acidic environment of endocytic compartments, releasing genetic material into the cell. In the process of membrane fusion, envelope protein exposes fusion peptide, followed by insertion into the cell membrane or endosomal membrane. Further conformational changes ensue in which the type 1 envelope protein forms a typical six-helix bundle structure, shortening the distance between viral and cell membranes so that fusion can occur. Entry inhibitors targeting viral envelope proteins, or host factors, are effective antiviral agents and have been widely studied. Some have been used clinically, such as T20 and Maraviroc for human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) or Myrcludex B for hepatitis D virus (HDV). This review focuses on entry inhibitors that target the six-helical bundle core against highly pathogenic enveloped viruses with class I fusion proteins, including retroviruses, coronaviruses, influenza A viruses, paramyxoviruses, and filoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH/CAMS, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Joey Tianyi Zhou
- Institute of High Performance Computing, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Ping Liu
- Institute of High Performance Computing, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Fei Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoyang He
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH/CAMS, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH/CAMS, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Lu L, Yu F, Cai L, Debnath AK, Jiang S. Development of Small-molecule HIV Entry Inhibitors Specifically Targeting gp120 or gp41. Curr Top Med Chem 2016; 16:1074-90. [PMID: 26324044 PMCID: PMC4775441 DOI: 10.2174/1568026615666150901114527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope (Env) glycoprotein surface subunit gp120 and transmembrane subunit gp41 play important roles in HIV-1 entry, thus serving as key targets for the development of HIV-1 entry inhibitors. T20 peptide (enfuvirtide) is the first U.S. FDA-approved HIV entry inhibitor; however, its clinical application is limited by the lack of oral availability. Here, we have described the structure and function of the HIV-1 gp120 and gp41 subunits and reviewed advancements in the development of small-molecule HIV entry inhibitors specifically targeting these two Env glycoproteins. We then compared the advantages and disadvantages of different categories of HIV entry inhibitor candidates and further predicted the future trend of HIV entry inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Road, Building #13, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Puig de la Bellacasa R, Gibert A, Planesas JM, Ros-Blanco L, Batllori X, Badía R, Clotet B, Esté J, Teixidó J, Borrell JI. Nitrogen positional scanning in tetramines active against HIV-1 as potential CXCR4 inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1455-1472. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02419f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The paradigm, derived from bicyclams, by which it is necessary to use the p-phenylene moiety as the central core in order to achieve high HIV-1 antiviral activities has been reexamined for structures 4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Albert Gibert
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular
- Institut Químic de Sarrià
- Universitat Ramon Llull
- E-08017 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Jesús M. Planesas
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular
- Institut Químic de Sarrià
- Universitat Ramon Llull
- E-08017 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Laia Ros-Blanco
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular
- Institut Químic de Sarrià
- Universitat Ramon Llull
- E-08017 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Xavier Batllori
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular
- Institut Químic de Sarrià
- Universitat Ramon Llull
- E-08017 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Roger Badía
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona
- 08916 Badalona
- Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona
- 08916 Badalona
- Spain
| | - José Esté
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona
- 08916 Badalona
- Spain
| | - Jordi Teixidó
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular
- Institut Químic de Sarrià
- Universitat Ramon Llull
- E-08017 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - José I. Borrell
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular
- Institut Químic de Sarrià
- Universitat Ramon Llull
- E-08017 Barcelona
- Spain
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Ma X, Tan J, Su M, Li C, Zhang X, Wang C. Molecular dynamics studies of the inhibitor C34 binding to the wild-type and mutant HIV-1 gp41: inhibitory and drug resistant mechanism. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111923. [PMID: 25393106 PMCID: PMC4230944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations on NHR (N-terminal heptad repeat) associated with resistance to fusion inhibitor were observed. In addition, mutations on CHR (C-terminal heptad repeat) accompanied NHR mutations of gp41 are noted in many cases, like N43D/S138A double mutation. In this work, we explored the drug resistant mechanism of N43D mutation and the role of S138A second mutation in drug resistance. The binding modes of the wild type gp41 and the two mutants, N43D and N43D/S138A, with the HIV-1 fusion inhibitor C34, a 34-residue peptide mimicking CHR of gp41, were carried out by using molecular dynamics simulations. Based on the MD simulations, N43D mutation affects not only the stability of C34 binding, but also the binding energy of the inhibitor C34. Because N43D mutation may also affect the stable conformation of 6-HB, we introduced S138A second mutation into CHR of gp41 and determined the impact of this mutation. Through the comparative analysis of MD results of the N43D mutant and the N43D/S138A mutant, we found that CHR with S138A mutation shown more favorable affinity to NHR. Compelling differences in structures have been observed for these two mutants, particularly in the binding modes and in the hydrophobic interactions of the CHR (C34) located near the hydrophobic groove of the NHR. Because the conformational stability of 6-HB is important to HIV-1 infection, we suggested a hypothetical mechanism for the drug resistance: N43D single mutation not only impact the binding of inhibitor, but also affect the affinity between NHR and CHR of gp41, thus may reduce the rate of membrane fusion; compensatory mutation S138A would induce greater hydrophobic interactions between NHR and CHR, and render the CHR more compatible to NHR than inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Ma
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Tan
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Min Su
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhua Li
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Cunxin Wang
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
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Yu F, Lu L, Liu Q, Yu X, Wang L, He E, Zou P, Du L, Sanders RW, Liu S, Jiang S. ADS-J1 inhibits HIV-1 infection and membrane fusion by targeting the highly conserved pocket in the gp41 NHR-trimer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:1296-305. [PMID: 24388952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified a potent small-molecule human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) fusion inhibitor, termed ADS-J1, and hypothesized that it mainly targeted the hydrophobic pocket in the gp41 N-terminal heptad repeat (NHR) trimer. However, this hypothesis has been challenged by the fact that ADS-J1 cannot induce drug-resistance mutation in the gp41 pocket region. Therefore, we show herein that HIV-1 mutants resistant to T2635, a peptide derived from the gp41 C-terminal heptad repeat (CHR) region with pocket-binding domain (PBD), were also resistant to ADS-J1. We also show that pseudoviruses with mutations at positions 64 and 67 in the gp41 pocket region were highly resistant to ADS-J1 and C34, another CHR-peptide with PBD, but relatively sensitive to T20, a CHR-peptide without PBD. ADS-J1 could effectively bind to N36Fd, a mimic of the gp41 NHR-trimer with pocket exposed, and block binding of C34 to N36Fd trimer to form six-helix bundle (6-HB). However, ADS-J1 was less effective in binding to N36Fd trimer with mutations in the gp41 pocket region, such as N36(Q64A)Fd, N36(Q64L)Fd, N36(A67G)Fd, N36(A67S)Fd, and N36(Q66R)Fd, as well as less effective in blocking 6-HB formation between C34 and these mutant N36Fd trimers. These results confirm that ADS-J1 mainly targets the pocket region in the HIV-1 gp41 NHR trimer and suggest that it could be used as a lead for developing small-molecule HIV fusion inhibitors and as a molecule probe for studying the mechanisms of gp41-mediated membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaowen Yu
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lili Wang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Elaine He
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Peng Zou
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shuwen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Shibo Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Tintori C, Selvaraj M, Badia R, Clotet B, Esté JA, Botta M. Computational Studies Identifying Entry Inhibitor Scaffolds Targeting the Phe 43 Cavity of HIV-1 gp120. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:475-83. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Approaches for identification of HIV-1 entry inhibitors targeting gp41 pocket. Viruses 2013; 5:127-49. [PMID: 23344560 PMCID: PMC3564113 DOI: 10.3390/v5010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The hydrophobic pocket in the HIV-1 gp41 N-terminal heptad repeat (NHR) domain plays an important role in viral fusion and entry into the host cell, and serves as an attractive target for development of HIV-1 fusion/entry inhibitors. The peptide anti-HIV drug targeting gp41 NHR, T-20 (generic name: enfuvirtide; brand name: Fuzeon), was approved by the U.S. FDA in 2003 as the first HIV fusion/entry inhibitor for treatment of HIV/AIDS patients who fail to respond to the current antiretroviral drugs. However, because T20 lacks the pocket-binding domain (PBD), it exhibits low anti-HIV-1 activity and short half-life. Therefore, several next-generation HIV fusion inhibitory peptides with PBD have been developed. They possess longer half-life and more potent antiviral activity against a broad spectrum of HIV-1 strains, including the T-20-resistant variants. Nonetheless, the clinical application of these peptides is still limited by the lack of oral availability and the high cost of production. Thus, development of small molecule compounds targeting the gp41 pocket with oral availability has been promoted. This review describes the main approaches for identification of HIV fusion/entry inhibitors targeting the gp41 pocket and summarizes the latest progress in developing these inhibitors as a new class of anti-HIV drugs.
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Figueras A, Miralles-Llumà R, Flores R, Rustullet A, Busqué F, Figueredo M, Font J, Alibés R, Maréchal JD. Synthesis, Anti-HIV Activity Studies, and in silico Rationalization of Cyclobutane-Fused Nucleosides. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1044-56. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Gochin M, Zhou G. Amphipathic properties of HIV-1 gp41 fusion inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2011; 11:3022-32. [PMID: 22044226 PMCID: PMC3219813 DOI: 10.2174/156802611798808488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule inhibition of HIV fusion has been an elusive goal, despite years of effort by both pharmaceutical and academic laboratories. In this review, we will discuss the amphipathic properties of both peptide and small molecule inhibitors of gp41-mediated fusion. Many of the peptides and small molecules that have been developed target a large hydrophobic pocket situated within the grooves of the coiled coil, a potential hotspot for inhibiting the trimer of hairpin formation that accompanies fusion. Peptide studies reveal molecular properties required for effective inhibition, including elongated structure and lipophilic or amphiphilic nature. The characteristics of peptides that bind in this pocket provide features that should be considered in small molecule development. Additionally, a novel site for small molecule inhibition of fusion has recently been suggested, involving residues of the loop and fusion peptide. We will review the small molecule structures that have been developed, evidence pointing to their mechanism of action and strategies towards improving their affinity. The data points to the need for a strongly amphiphilic character of the inhibitors, possibly as a means to mediate the membrane - protein interaction that occurs in gp41 in addition to the protein - protein interaction that accompanies the fusion-activating conformational transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Gochin
- Department of Basic Sciences, Touro University – California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA.
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González-Ortega E, Ballana E, Badia R, Clotet B, Esté JA. Compensatory mutations rescue the virus replicative capacity of VIRIP-resistant HIV-1. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:479-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting alkaloids from Zephyranthes concolor. Molecules 2011; 16:9520-33. [PMID: 22086403 PMCID: PMC6264317 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16119520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bulbs and aerial parts of Zephyranthes concolor (Lindl.) Benth. & Hook. f. (Amaryllidaceae), an endemic species to Mexico, were found to contain the alkaloids chlidanthine, galanthamine, galanthamine N-oxide, lycorine, galwesine, and epinorgalanthamine. Since currently only partial and low resolution 1H-NMR data for chlidanthine acetate are available, and none for chlidanthine, its 1D and 2D high resolution 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra were recorded. Unambiguous assignations were achieved with HMBC, and HSQC experiments, and its structure was corroborated by X-ray diffraction. Minimum energy conformation for structures of chlidanthine, and its positional isomer galanthamine, were calculated by molecular modelling. Galanthamine is a well known acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; therefore, the isolated alkaloids were tested for this activity. Chlidanthine and galanthamine N-oxide inhibited electric eel acetylcholinesterase (2.4 and 2.6 × 10−5 M, respectively), indicating they are about five times less potent than galanthamine, while galwesine was inactive at 10−3 M. Inhibitory activity of HIV-1 replication, and cytotoxicity of the isolated alkaloids were evaluated in human MT-4 cells; however, the alkaloids showed poor activity as compared with standard anti-HIV drugs, but most of them were not cytotoxic.
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Baranova EO, Shastina NS, Shvets VI. Polyanionic inhibitors of HIV adsorption. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011; 37:592-608. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162011050037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Development of resistance to VIR-353 with cross-resistance to the natural HIV-1 entry virus inhibitory peptide (VIRIP). AIDS 2011; 25:1557-83. [PMID: 21572303 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328348a733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Virus-inhibitory peptide (VIRIP) has been identified as a component of human hemofiltrate that blocks HIV-1 gp41-dependent fusion by interacting with the fusion peptide. A VIRIP analogue (VIR-576) has been shown to be effective in a phase I/II clinical trial. We have evaluated the activity and mechanism of HIV-1 resistance to VIRIP and its analogue, VIR-353. METHODS Anti-HIV activity and passage of HIV-1 strains in cell culture were used to generate and identify mutations that confer resistance to VIRIP and VIR-353. Recombinant viruses harboring the most relevant mutations were generated and characterized. RESULTS VIRIP and VIR-353 showed anti-HIV-1 activity with EC(50) of 28 and 0.3 μmol/l, respectively, and were active against virus resistant to BMS-155, AMD3100, T20, TAK-779 or nevirapine. Time of addition experiments showed that VIR-353 targets a time/site of action corresponding to gp41-dependent fusion. VIR-353-resistant virus was generated after 450 days in cell culture, suggesting a high genetic barrier for resistance. The VIR-353-resistant virus was cross-resistant to VIRIP but remained sensitive to T20, AMD3100 or zidovudine. Recombination of gp41 into a wild-type backbone partially recovered the resistant phenotype, but both gp120 and gp41 from the resistant virus were necessary to restore resistance to VIRIP or VIR-353. Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed the role of specific mutations and identified a combination of three mutations (A433T/V489I/V570I) as the most relevant to VIRIP resistance. CONCLUSION VIRIP may interact with a region of gp41 that is essential for fusion but not the fusion peptide. Our results highlight interactions between gp41 and gp120 that may be required during the fusion process.
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Flores R, Rustullet A, Alibés R, Álvarez-Larena A, de March P, Figueredo M, Font J. Synthesis of Purine Nucleosides Built on a 3-Oxabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane Scaffold. J Org Chem 2011; 76:5369-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200775x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Flores
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Albert Rustullet
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ramon Alibés
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Angel Álvarez-Larena
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Pedro de March
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Figueredo
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Josep Font
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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A mammalian two-hybrid system-based assay for small-molecular HIV fusion inhibitors targeting gp41. Antiviral Res 2011; 90:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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ADS-J1 inhibits HIV-1 entry by interacting with gp120 and does not block fusion-active gp41 core formation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:4487-92. [PMID: 20643898 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00359-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We had shown that virus resistance to ADS-J1 was associated with amino acid changes in the envelope glycoprotein, mostly located in the gp120 coding region. Time-of-addition and endocytic virus transfer assays clearly demonstrated that ADS-J1 behaved as a gp120 inhibitor. ADS-J1-resistant virus was cross-resistant to the polyanion dextran sulfate, and recombination of gp120 recovered only the ADS-J1-resistant phenotype. In summary, ADS-J1 blocks an early step of virus entry that appears to be driven by gp120 alone.
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McGillick BE, Balius TE, Mukherjee S, Rizzo RC. Origins of resistance to the HIVgp41 viral entry inhibitor T20. Biochemistry 2010; 49:3575-92. [PMID: 20230061 DOI: 10.1021/bi901915g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peptide T20, which targets the HIV protein gp41, represents the first approved member of the class of HIV drugs known as membrane fusion inhibitors. However, mechanisms which lead to resistance through clinical use of T20 are not well-understood because the structure of the bound complex remains undetermined. In this report, an atomic-level model of a T20-gp41 complex embedded in an explicit DOPC membrane was constructed, and molecular dynamics simulations, followed by binding energy analysis (MM-GBSA method), were performed to delineate structural and energetic features that contribute to drug resistance. Per-residue binding footprints for T20 with wild-type gp41 reveal strong intermolecular van der Waals, Coulombic, and H-bond interactions in striking agreement with clinically observed resistance patterns. In addition, seven deleterious gp41 point mutations (L33Q, L33S, G36V, I37K, V38E, Q40H, and Q40K) were simulated, and all correctly exhibited decreases in the level of binding, including the fact that L33Q and Q40K are most detrimental. Six of the seven simulations yield good quantitative agreement (r(2) = 0.72; N = 6) with available experimental fold resistance data. Results from energy decomposition, heat map analysis, and differential (mutant minus wild-type) footprinting indicate the following. (1) Mutations disrupt intermolecular H-bonding and reduce the level of favorable contact with gp41 at M19. (2) Charged mutations (I37K, Q40K, and V38E) lead to significant Coulombic changes that weaken favorable van der Waals interactions. (3) Q40K is more detrimental than I37K because of interaction differences with a polar/charged patch on T20 in the initial (wild-type) state. (4) Resistance for L33S versus L33Q likely involves side chain packing differences in the final (mutated) state. A valuable finding of the work involves identification of favorable interactions among the C-terminal end of T20 (WNWF motif), residues on gp41 (including the fusion peptide), and headgroups in the adjacent membrane. The results suggest a complete T20 binding site would contribute to a stable complex, which could help to explain why prior studies, which employed truncated gp41 constructs, reported that C-terminal T20 residues may not interact with gp41. A hypothesis resulting from this study is that peptides could be designed to increase the level of favorable contact with both the membrane and gp41 which would lead to enhanced activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E McGillick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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20
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Armand-Ugón M, Moncunill G, Gonzalez E, Mena M, Ballana E, Clotet B, Esté JA. Different selection patterns of resistance and cross-resistance to HIV-1 agents targeting CCR5. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65:417-24. [PMID: 20067983 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Identification of CCR5 as an antiretroviral target led to the development of several CCR5 antagonists in clinical trials and the approval of maraviroc. Evaluating the mechanism of drug resistance to CCR5 agents may have implications in the clinical development of this class of agents. We have analysed the resistance profile of two R5 HIV-1 strains [BaL and a clinical isolate (CI)] after long-term passage in cell culture in the presence of TAK-779, the first developed non-peptidic small molecule targeting CCR5. METHODS Genotypic and phenotypic tests were used to evaluate the resistance of virus isolated from cell culture in the presence of the CCR5 inhibitor TAK-779. RESULTS Mutations conferring resistance appeared in the gp120 sequence but were not confined to the V3 loop region, and both strains had a different mutation pattern. Recombination of the env gene of the BaL-derived resistant virus into the HIV-1 HXB2 wild-type backbone conferred resistance to TAK-779 and cross-resistance to maraviroc, with 63- and 11-fold changes in their EC(50) (50% effective concentration), respectively, together with an apparent reduction of the maximal plateau inhibition (MPI) of TAK-779 but not of maraviroc. Conversely, the resistant CI viruses showed an approximately 50% reduction in MPI for both TAK-779 and maraviroc. CONCLUSIONS We confirm that different pathways to the generation of CCR5 drug resistance/cross-resistance may occur that strongly depend on cell culture conditions, CCR5 availability and the genetic background of the HIV strain. Our study provides complementary information to understand the complexity of resistance to CCR5 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Armand-Ugón
- Retrovirology Laboratory IrsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
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21
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ADS-J1 inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry by interacting with the gp41 pocket region and blocking fusion-active gp41 core formation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:4987-98. [PMID: 19786602 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00670-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified a small-molecule anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (anti-HIV-1) compound, ADS-J1, using a computer-aided molecular docking technique for primary screening and a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as a secondary screening method. In the present study, we demonstrated that ADS-J1 is an HIV-1 entry inhibitor, as determined by a time-of-addition assay and an HIV-1-mediated cell fusion assay. Further mechanism studies confirmed that ADS-J1 does not block gp120-CD4 binding and exhibits a marginal interaction with the HIV-1 coreceptor CXCR4. However, ADS-J1 inhibited the fusion-active gp41 core formation mimicked by peptides derived from the viral gp41 N-terminal heptad repeat (NHR) and C-terminal heptad repeat (CHR), as determined by ELISA, native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and circular dichroism analysis. Moreover, using a surface plasmon resonance assay, we found that ADS-J1 could bind directly to IQN17, a trimeric peptide containing the gp41 pocket region, resulting in the conformational change of IQN17 and the blockage of its interaction with a short D peptide, PIE7. The positively charged residue (K574) located in the gp41 pocket region is critical for the binding of ADS-J1 to NHR. These results suggest that ADS-J1 may bind to the viral gp41 NHR region through its hydrophobic and ionic interactions with the hydrophobic and positively charged resides located in the pocket region, subsequently blocking the association between the gp41 NHR and CHR regions to form the fusion-active gp41 core, thereby inhibiting HIV-1-mediated membrane fusion and virus entry.
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22
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Qian K, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH. HIV entry inhibitors and their potential in HIV therapy. Med Res Rev 2009; 29:369-93. [PMID: 18720513 DOI: 10.1002/med.20138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses recent progress in the development of anti-HIV agents targeting the viral entry process. The three main classes (attachment inhibitors, co-receptor binding inhibitors, and fusion inhibitors) are further broken down by specific mechanism of action and structure. Many of these inhibitors are in advanced clinical trials, including the HIV maturation inhibitor bevirimat, from the authors' laboratories. In addition, the CCR5 inhibitor maraviroc has recently been FDA-approved. Possible roles for these agents in anti-HIV therapy, including treatment of virus resistant to current drugs, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keduo Qian
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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23
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Mastrolorenzo A, Maresca A, Rusconi S, Supuran CT. Update on the development of HIV entry inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.2217/17469600.2.5.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
HIV fusion and entry are two steps in the viral lifecycle that can be targeted by several classes of antiviral drugs. The discovery of chemokines focused the attention on cellular co-receptors used by the virus for entering cells, and on the various steps of such processes that are subject to interactions with small molecules. Intense research has led to a wide range of effective compounds that are able to inhibit these initial steps of viral replication. All steps in the process of HIV entry into the cell may be targeted by specific compounds, grouped into three main classes (attachment inhibitors, co-receptor binding inhibitors and fusion inhibitors), which may be developed as novel antiretrovirals. Thus, several inhibitors of the gp120–CD4 interaction have been discovered (e.g., zintevir and BMS-378806). Small molecule chemokine receptor antagonists acting as HIV entry inhibitors have also been described recently, including those which interact with both the CXCR4 co-receptor (e.g., AMD3100, AMD3465, ALX40-4C, T22, T134 and T140) and CCR5 co-receptor antagonists (TAK-779, TAK-220, E913, AK-602 and NSC 651016 in clinical trials). Recently, a third family of antivirals started to be used clinically (in addition to reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors), with the advent of enfuvirtide (T20), the first fusion inhibitor to be approved as an anti-HIV agent. Some of these compounds demonstrated in vitro synergism with other classes of antivirals, thus offering the rationale for their combination in therapies for HIV-infected individuals. Many HIV entry and fusion inhibitors are currently being investigated in controlled clinical trials, and a number of them are bioavailable as oral formulations. In 2007, the US FDA approved maraviroc as an anti-HIV agent. Maraviroc is the product of a medicinal chemistry effort initiated following identification of an imidazopyridine CCR5 ligand from a high-throughput screen of the Pfizer compound file. Maraviroc demonstrated potent antiviral activity against all CCR5-tropic HIV-1 viruses tested, including 43 primary isolates from various clades and diverse geographic origin. Maraviroc was active against 200 clinically derived HIV-1 envelope-recombinant pseudoviruses, 100 of which were derived from viruses resistant to existing drug classes. Furthermore, in October 2007, the FDA announced the approval of raltegravir for the treatment of HIV-1 infection as part of combination antiretroviral therapy in treatment-experienced patients with evidence of HIV-1 replication despite optimized background antiretroviral therapy. At present, raltegravir is the only drug in the integrase inhibitor class approved for clinical use. With the approval of raltegravir, oral agents targeting all three constitutive viral enzymes, reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase, are now represented in FDA-approved therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mastrolorenzo
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Scienze Dermatologiche, Centro MTS, Via degli Alfani 37, I-50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Alfonso Maresca
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Via della Lastruccia, 3, Rm. 188, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Stefano Rusconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche “Luigi Sacco”, Cattedra di Malattie Infettive e Tropicali, Università degli Studi, Ospedale Luigi Sacco, Via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Via della Lastruccia, 3, Rm. 188, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
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24
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Moncunill G, Armand-Ugón M, Clotet-Codina I, Pauls E, Ballana E, Llano A, Romagnoli B, Vrijbloed JW, Gombert FO, Clotet B, De Marco S, Esté JA. Anti-HIV activity and resistance profile of the CXC chemokine receptor 4 antagonist POL3026. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 73:1264-73. [PMID: 18182480 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.042911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the mechanism of action of Arg(*)-Arg-Nal(2)-Cys(1x)-Tyr-Gln-Lys-(d-Pro)-Pro-Tyr-Arg-Cit-Cys(1x)-Arg-Gly-(d-Pro)(*) (POL3026), a novel specific beta-hairpin mimetic CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)4 antagonist. POL3026 specifically blocked the binding of anti-CXCR4 monoclonal antibody 12G5 and the intracellular Ca(2+) signal induced by CXC chemokine ligand 12. POL3026 consistently blocked the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), including a wide panel of X4 and dualtropic strains and subtypes in several culture models, with 50% effective concentrations (EC(50)) at the subnanomolar range, making POL3026 the most potent CXCR4 antagonist described to date. However, 1-[[4-(1,4,8,11-tetrazacyclotetradec-1-ylmethyl)phenyl]methyl]-1,4,8,11-tetrazacyclotetradecane (AMD3100)-resistant and stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha-resistant HIV-1 strains were cross-resistant to POL3026. Time of addition experiments and a multiparametric evaluation of HIV envelope function in the presence of test compounds confirmed the activity of POL3026 at an early step of virus replication: interaction with the coreceptor. Generation of HIV-1 resistance to POL3026 led to the selection of viruses 12- and 25-fold less sensitive and with mutations in gp120, including the V3 loop region. However, POL3026 prevented the emergence of CXCR4-using variants from an R5 HIV-1 strain that may occur in the presence of anti-HIV agents targeting CC chemokine receptor 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Moncunill
- Retrovirology Laboratory IrsiCaixa and AIDS Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
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25
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Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 coreceptor switch from CCR5 to CXCR4 is associated with disease progression and AIDS. Selection of resistant HIV-1 to CCR5 agents in cell culture has often occurred in the absence of coreceptor switch. With CCR5 antagonists currently in clinical trials, their impact on coreceptor use is still in doubt. METHODS Six R5 HIV-1 strains were passaged in lymphoid cells expressing high CXCR4 and low CCR5, in the absence or presence of CCR5 inhibitors (TAK-779, mAb 2D7 and CCL5). AMD3100, zidovudine and lamivudine were used as controls. Phenotype and genotype changes as well as virus coreceptor use were evaluated. RESULTS In the absence of drug pressure, three out of six strains expanded their coreceptor use to CXCR4 at different times, suggesting that not all virus strains had the capacity to do so. Lowering the replication rate with a suboptimal concentration of different anti-HIV agents (reverse transcriptase inhibitors or CCR5 agents) delayed coreceptor switch. However, virus breakthrough was observed earlier in the presence of CCR5-targeting agents than in presence of reverse transcriptase inhibitors and was associated with a change in sensitivity to TAK-779 or AMD3100, virus coreceptor expansion to CXCR4 and changes in the V3 loop region of gp120. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that HIV-1 may escape CCR5 drug pressure through coreceptor switch. Experimental conditions strongly determine the outcome of CCR5 drug pressure in cell culture. A cell culture model of the evolution of HIV-1 coreceptor use may be relevant to assess the propensity of clinical isolates to develop resistance through coreceptor change.
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26
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Senserrich J, Pauls E, Armand-Ugón M, Clotet-Codina I, Moncunill G, Clotet B, Esté JA. HIV-1 resistance to the anti-HIV activity of a shRNA targeting a dual-coding region. Virology 2007; 372:421-9. [PMID: 18068205 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We generated a lymphoid cell line (Sup-T1-Rev/Env) that stably expresses a 19-bp short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting a conserved region of HIV-1 encoding for the Envelope and Rev proteins, which potently inhibited viral replication. However, continuous passage of HIV-1 in Sup-T1-Rev/Env generated virus mutants able to overcome the RNAi restriction. Sequence analysis of the emerging viruses showed that mutations were located at positions 5 and 17 of the target sequence. Both mutations are silent in the Env frame, but the mutation 5 generated an amino acid change (V47M) in the Rev reading frame. We have analyzed the impact of these two mutations on the RNAi mechanism, showing a more crucial role of the mutation 17 in the resistance to RNAi. We show that even targeting a conserved region of the HIV-1 genome involved in the biosynthesis of two essential genes, env and rev, the virus could evolve to escape by single point mutations in the target sequence, without a significant fitness cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Senserrich
- Retrovirology Laboratory irsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
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27
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Mugnaini C, Alongi M, Togninelli A, Gevariya H, Brizzi A, Manetti F, Bernardini C, Angeli L, Tafi A, Bellucci L, Corelli F, Massa S, Maga G, Samuele A, Facchini M, Clotet-Codina I, Armand-Ugón M, Esté JA, Botta M. Dihydro-alkylthio-benzyl-oxopyrimidines as inhibitors of reverse transcriptase: synthesis and rationalization of the biological data on both wild-type enzyme and relevant clinical mutants. J Med Chem 2007; 50:6580-95. [PMID: 18052319 DOI: 10.1021/jm0708230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel S-DABO analogues, characterized by different substitution patterns at positions 2, 5, and 6 of the heterocyclic ring, were synthesized in a straightforward fashion by means of parallel synthesis and evaluated as inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). Most of the compounds proved to be highly active on the wild-type enzyme both in enzymatic and cellular assays, with one of them emerging as the most active reverse transcriptase inhibitor reported so far (EC50wt=25 pM). The general loss of potency displayed by the compounds toward clinically relevant mutant strains was deeply studied through a molecular modeling approach, leading to the evidence that the dynamic of the entrance in the non-nucleoside binding pocket could represent the basis of the inhibitory activity of the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mugnaini
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Alcide De Gasperi 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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28
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Mai A, Artico M, Rotili D, Tarantino D, Clotet-Codina I, Armand-Ugón M, Ragno R, Simeoni S, Sbardella G, Nawrozkij MB, Samuele A, Maga G, Esté JA. Synthesis and biological properties of novel 2-aminopyrimidin-4(3H)-ones highly potent against HIV-1 mutant strains. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5412-24. [PMID: 17910429 DOI: 10.1021/jm070811e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Following the disclosure of dihydro-alkoxy-, dihydro-alkylthio-, and dihydro-alkylamino-benzyl-oxopyrimidines (DABOs, S-DABOs, and NH-DABOs) as potent and selective anti-HIV-1 agents belonging to the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) class, we report here the synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of DABOs bearing a N,N-disubstituted amino group or a cyclic amine at the pyrimidine-C2 position, a hydrogen atom or a small alkyl group at C5 and/or at the benzylic position, and the favorable 2,6-difluorobenzyl moiety at the C6 position (F2-N,N-DABOs). The new compounds were highly active up to the subnanomolar level against both wt HIV-1 and the Y181C mutant and at the submicromolar to nanomolar range against the K103N and Y188L mutant strains. Such derivatives were more potent than S-DABOs, NH-DABOs, and nevirapine and efavirenz were chosen as reference drugs. The higher inhibitor adaptability to the HIV-1 RT non-nucleoside binding site (NNBS) may account for the higher inhibitory effect exerted by the new molecules against the mutated RTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Mai
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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29
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Mugnaini C, Rajamaki S, Tintori C, Corelli F, Massa S, Witvrouw M, Debyser Z, Veljkovic V, Botta M. Toward novel HIV-1 integrase binding inhibitors: Molecular modeling, synthesis, and biological studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5370-3. [PMID: 17716893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The identification of a novel hit compound as integrase binding inhibitor has been accomplished by means of virtual screening techniques. A small family of structurally related molecules has been synthesized and biologically evaluated with one of the compounds showing an IC(50)=12 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mugnaini
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. De Gasperi 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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30
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Cancio R, Mai A, Rotili D, Artico M, Sbardella G, Clotet-Codina I, Esté JA, Crespan E, Zanoli S, Hübscher U, Spadari S, Maga G. Slow-, Tight-Binding HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Non-Nucleoside Inhibitors Highly Active against Drug-Resistant Mutants. ChemMedChem 2007; 2:445-8. [PMID: 17323401 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reynel Cancio
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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31
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Pauls E, Senserrich J, Bofill M, Clotet B, Esté JA. Induction of interleukins IL-6 and IL-8 by siRNA. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 147:189-96. [PMID: 17177979 PMCID: PMC1810454 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 co-receptor CCR5 has been thought a relevant target for small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based therapeutics. However, recent findings suggest that siRNA can stimulate innate cytokine responses in mammals. All siRNA agents tested were able to down-regulate the expression of CCR5, albeit with different efficiency (51-74% down-regulation), block HIV-induced syncytia formation between HIV-1 BaL-infected and uninfected CD4(+) cells or block single-round HIV-1 infection as measured by a luciferase reporter assay (46-83% inhibition). Conversely, siRNA directed against CCR5 did not affect replication of a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotyped virus, suggesting that inhibition of HIV replication was specific to CCR5 down-regulation. However, two of four siRNA tested were able to induce the production of interleukin (IL) IL-6 (sixfold induction) and IL-8 (ninefold induction) but no interferon (IFN)-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-gamma, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, MIP-1beta, RANTES, IL-1beta, IL-10 or IL-12p70 cytokine induction was noted. In the absence of detectable IFN-alpha, IL-6 or IL-8 may represent markers of non-specific effects triggered by siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pauls
- Retrovirology Laboratory irsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
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Citterio P, Rusconi S. Novel inhibitors of the early steps of the HIV-1 life cycle. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:11-23. [PMID: 17155850 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Considerable advances have been made on compounds that are active as inhibitors of HIV entry and fusion. The discovery of chemokines a few years ago focused the attention on coreceptor inhibitors in addition to fusion and attachment blockers. During the last 5 years, there has been an intense research activity from both private companies and academic institutions to find effective compounds that are capable of inhibiting the initial steps in the HIV life cycle. Some of the presented compounds demonstrated in vitro synergism, thus there is the rationale of their combined use in HIV-infected individuals. Many entry and fusion inhibitors of HIV are being investigated in controlled clinical trials and there are a number of them that are bioavailable as oral formulations. This is an essential feature for an extended use of these compounds with the purpose of ameliorating patients' adherence to medications; therefore, preventing the development of drug resistance. Among the many compounds that are being investigated, some are in the preclinical arena and others are more advanced in development stages. Overall, the main aim is to establish the action of these compounds on the immune system (e.g., the balance of the system after shutting off CCR5 or CXCR4 coreceptors) and the possible burden of unexplained side effects. This review focuses on the recent developments in this field with a particular attention on promising compounds in preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Citterio
- Università degli Studi, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Luigi Sacco, Sezione di Malattie Infettive e Immunopatologia, Ospedale Luigi Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy
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Mugnaini C, Manetti F, Esté JA, Clotet-Codina I, Maga G, Cancio R, Botta M, Corelli F. Synthesis and biological investigation of S-aryl-S-DABO derivatives as HIV-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3541-4. [PMID: 16621553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Revised: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
S-Aryl-S-DABO derivatives, a novel subclass of S-DABO anti-HIV-1 agents, were synthesized via Ullmann type reaction starting from the corresponding 2-thiouracils by the aid of microwave irradiation. The results of their evaluation as inhibitors of RT are reported together with their antiviral activity in cellular assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mugnaini
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via De Gasperi, 2 I-53100 Siena, Italy
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34
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Manetti F, Tintori C, Armand-Ugón M, Clotet-Codina I, Massa S, Ragno R, Esté JA, Botta M. A Combination of Molecular Dynamics and Docking Calculations to Explore the Binding Mode of ADS-J1, a Polyanionic Compound Endowed with Anti-HIV-1 Activity. J Chem Inf Model 2006; 46:1344-51. [PMID: 16711753 DOI: 10.1021/ci050414h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 entry process is an important target for the design of new pharmaceuticals for the multidrug therapy of AIDS. A lot of polyanionic compounds, such as polysulfonated and polysulfated, are reported in the literature for their ability to block early stages of HIV-1 replication. Several studies have been performed to elucidate the mechanism of the anti-HIV-1 activity of sulfated polysaccharides and polyanions in general, including binding to cell surface CD4 and interfering with the gp120-coreceptor interaction. Here, we show molecular modeling investigations on ADS-J1, a polyanionic compound with anti-HIV activity that is able to interfere with gp120-coreceptor interactions. Agreeing with experimental data, computer simulations suggested that the V3 loop of gp120 was the preferential binding site for ADS-J1 onto HIV-1. Moreover, mutations induced by the inhibitor significantly changed the stereoelectronic properties of the gp120 surface, justifying a marked drop in the affinity of ADS-J1 toward an ADS-J1-resistant HIV-1 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Manetti
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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