1
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Nka AD, Bouba Y, Teto G, Semengue ENJ, Takou DK, Ngueko AMK, Fabeni L, Carioti L, Armenia D, Pabo W, Dambaya B, Sosso SM, Colizzi V, Perno CF, Ceccherini-Silberstein F, Santoro MM, Fokam J, Ndjolo A. Evaluation of HIV-1 capsid genetic variability and lenacapavir (GS-6207) drug resistance-associated mutations according to viral clades among drug-naive individuals. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 78:272-275. [PMID: 36411257 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated the HIV-1 capsid genetic variability and lenacapavir drug resistance-associated mutations (DRMs) among drug-naive individuals across HIV-1 clades. METHODS A total of 2031 HIV-1 sequences from drug-naive patients were analysed for capsid amino acid modification and the prevalence of lenacapavir DRMs. Amino acid positions with <5% variability were considered as conserved and variability was analysed by HIV-1 clades. RESULTS Overall, 63% (148/232) of amino acid positions were conserved in the capsid protein. Of note, conservation was consistent in specific binding residues of cellular factors involved in viral replication [CypA (G89, P90), CPSF6 (Q4, N57, N74, A77, K182) and TRIM-NUP153 (R143)], while N183 (12.31%) was the only non-conserved lenacapavir binding residue. The overall prevalence (95% CI) of lenacapavir DRMs was 0.14% (0.05-0.44) (3/2031), with M66I (0.05%) and Q67H (0.05%) observed in subtype C, and T107N (0.05%) observed in CRF01_AE. Moreover, polymorphic mutations M66C (n = 85; 4.18%), Q67K (n = 78; 3.84%), K70R (n = 7; 0.34%), N74R (n = 57; 2.81%) and T107L (n = 82; 4.03%) were observed at lenacapavir resistance-associated positions. CONCLUSIONS The low level of lenacapavir DRMs (<1%) supports its predicted effectiveness for treatment and prevention, regardless of HIV-1 clades. The established conserved regions hence serve as a hallmark for the surveillance of novel mutations potentially relevant for lenacapavir resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Durand Nka
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for research on HIV/AIDS prevention and management (CIRCB), Yaoundé, Cameroon.,University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy.,Evangelical University of Cameroon, Bandjoun, Cameroon
| | - Yagai Bouba
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for research on HIV/AIDS prevention and management (CIRCB), Yaoundé, Cameroon.,University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy.,National AIDS Control Committee, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Georges Teto
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for research on HIV/AIDS prevention and management (CIRCB), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Ezéchiel Ngoufack Jagni Semengue
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for research on HIV/AIDS prevention and management (CIRCB), Yaoundé, Cameroon.,University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy.,Evangelical University of Cameroon, Bandjoun, Cameroon
| | - Désiré Komego Takou
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for research on HIV/AIDS prevention and management (CIRCB), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Aurelie Minelle Kengni Ngueko
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for research on HIV/AIDS prevention and management (CIRCB), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Lavinia Fabeni
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'Lazzaro Spallanzani' - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Armenia
- Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Willy Pabo
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for research on HIV/AIDS prevention and management (CIRCB), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Béatrice Dambaya
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for research on HIV/AIDS prevention and management (CIRCB), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Samuel Martin Sosso
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for research on HIV/AIDS prevention and management (CIRCB), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Vittorio Colizzi
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for research on HIV/AIDS prevention and management (CIRCB), Yaoundé, Cameroon.,University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy.,Evangelical University of Cameroon, Bandjoun, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Joseph Fokam
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for research on HIV/AIDS prevention and management (CIRCB), Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Faculty of Health Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,National HIV Drug Resistance Working Group, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Alexis Ndjolo
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for research on HIV/AIDS prevention and management (CIRCB), Yaoundé, Cameroon
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2
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Lerner G, Weaver N, Anokhin B, Spearman P. Advances in HIV-1 Assembly. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030478. [PMID: 35336885 PMCID: PMC8952333 DOI: 10.3390/v14030478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of HIV-1 particles is a concerted and dynamic process that takes place on the plasma membrane of infected cells. An abundance of recent discoveries has advanced our understanding of the complex sequence of events leading to HIV-1 particle assembly, budding, and release. Structural studies have illuminated key features of assembly and maturation, including the dramatic structural transition that occurs between the immature Gag lattice and the formation of the mature viral capsid core. The critical role of inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) in the assembly of both the immature and mature Gag lattice has been elucidated. The structural basis for selective packaging of genomic RNA into virions has been revealed. This review will provide an overview of the HIV-1 assembly process, with a focus on recent advances in the field, and will point out areas where questions remain that can benefit from future investigation.
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3
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Wapling J, Srivastava S, Shehu-Xhilaga M, Tachedjian G. Targeting Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Assembly, Maturation and Budding. Drug Target Insights 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/117739280700200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Wapling
- Molecular Interactions Group, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Seema Srivastava
- Molecular Interactions Group, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Miranda Shehu-Xhilaga
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia
| | - Gilda Tachedjian
- Molecular Interactions Group, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia
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4
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Takagi S, Momose F, Morikawa Y. FRET analysis of HIV-1 Gag and GagPol interactions. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:1815-1825. [PMID: 29123989 PMCID: PMC5666392 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gag protein of HIV multimerizes to form viral particles. The GagPol protein encoding virus‐specific enzymes, such as protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase, is incorporated into HIV particles via interactions with Gag. The catalytically active forms of these enzymes are dimeric or tetrameric. We employed Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays to evaluate Gag–Gag, Gag–GagPol, and GagPol–GagPol interactions and investigated Gag and Pol interdomains tolerant to fluorescent protein insertion for FRET assays. Our data indicated that the matrix (MA)–capsid (CA) domain junction in the Gag region and the Gag C terminus were equally available for Gag–Gag and Gag–GagPol interaction assays. For GagPol dimerization assays, insertion at the MA–CA domain junction was most favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimon Takagi
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School for Infection Control Kitasato University Tokyo Japan.,Present address: A2 Healthcare Corporation Sumitomo Fudosan Korakuen Bldg., Koishikawa 1-4-1, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 112-0002 Japan
| | - Fumitaka Momose
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School for Infection Control Kitasato University Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuko Morikawa
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School for Infection Control Kitasato University Tokyo Japan
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5
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Yu FH, Chou TA, Liao WH, Huang KJ, Wang CT. Gag-Pol Transframe Domain p6* Is Essential for HIV-1 Protease-Mediated Virus Maturation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127974. [PMID: 26030443 PMCID: PMC4451514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 protease (PR) is encoded by pol, which is initially translated as a Pr160gag-pol polyprotein by a ribosomal frameshift event. Within Gag-Pol, truncated p6gag is replaced by a transframe domain (referred to as p6* or p6pol) located directly upstream of PR. p6* has been proposed as playing a role in modulating PR activation. Overlapping reading frames between p6* and p6gag present a challenge to researchers using genetic approaches to studying p6* biological functions. To determine the role of p6* in PR activation without affecting the gag reading frame, we constructed a series of Gag/Gag-Pol expression vectors by duplicating PR with or without p6* between PR pairs, and observed that PR duplication eliminated virus production due to significant Gag cleavage enhancement. This effect was mitigated when p6* was placed between the two PRs. Further, Gag cleavage enhancement was markedly reduced when either one of the two PRs was mutationally inactivated. Additional reduction in Gag cleavage efficiency was noted following the removal of p6* from between the two PRs. The insertion of a NC domain (wild-type or mutant) directly upstream of PR or p6*PR did not significantly improve Gag processing efficiency. With the exception of those containing p6* directly upstream of an active PR, all constructs were either noninfectious or weakly infectious. Our results suggest that (a) p6* is essential for triggering PR activation, (b) p6* has a role in preventing premature virus processing, and (c) the NC domain within Gag-Pol is not a major determinant of PR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Hsien Yu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-An Chou
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Kuo-Jung Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Tien Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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6
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Kortagere S, Xu JP, Mankowski MK, Ptak RG, Cocklin S. Structure-activity relationships of a novel capsid targeted inhibitor of HIV-1 replication. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:3080-90. [PMID: 25302989 PMCID: PMC4245176 DOI: 10.1021/ci500437r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Despite the considerable successes
of highly active antiretroviral
therapy (HAART) for the treatment of HIV/AIDS, cumulative drug toxicities
and the development of multidrug-resistant virus necessitate the search
for new classes of antiretroviral agents with novel modes of action.
The HIV-1 capsid (CA) protein has been structurally and functionally
characterized as a druggable target. We have recently designed a novel
small molecule inhibitor I-XW-053 using the hybrid structure based
method to block the interface between CA N-terminal domains (NTD–NTD
interface) with micromolar affinity. In an effort to optimize and
improve the efficacy of I-XW-053, we have developed the structure
activity relationship of I-XW-053 compound series using ligand efficiency
methods. Fifty-six analogues of I-XW-053 were designed that could
be subclassified into four different core domains based on their ligand
efficiency values computed as the ratio of binding efficiency (BEI)
and surface efficiency (SEI) indices. Compound 34 belonging
to subcore-3 showed an 11-fold improvement over I-XW-053 in blocking
HIV-1 replication in primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
(PBMCs). Surface plasmon resonance experiments confirmed the binding
of compound 34 to purified HIV-1 CA protein. Molecular
docking studies on compound 34 and I-XW-053 to HIV-1
CA protein suggested that they both bind to NTD–NTD interface
region but with different binding modes, which was further validated
using site-directed mutagenesis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Kortagere
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and ‡Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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7
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Pan YY, Wang SM, Huang KJ, Chiang CC, Wang CT. Placement of leucine zipper motifs at the carboxyl terminus of HIV-1 protease significantly reduces virion production. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32845. [PMID: 22396796 PMCID: PMC3291649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural HIV-1 protease (PR) is homodimeric. Some researchers believe that interactions between HIV-1 Gag-Pol molecules trigger the activation of embedded PR (which mediates Gag and Gag-Pol cleavage), and that Gag-Pol assembly domains outside of PR may contribute to PR activation by influencing PR dimer interaction in a Gag-Pol context. To determine if the enhancement of PR dimer interaction facilitates PR activation, we placed single or tandem repeat leucine zippers (LZ) at the PR C-terminus, and looked for a correlation between enhanced Gag processing efficiency and increased Gag-PR-LZ multimerization capacity. We found significant reductions in virus-like particles (VLPs) produced by HIV-1 mutants, with LZ fused to the end of PR as a result of enhanced Gag cleavage efficiency. Since VLP production can be restored to wt levels following PR activity inhibition, this assembly defect is considered PR activity-dependent. We also found a correlation between the LZ enhancement effect on Gag cleavage and enhanced Gag-PR multimerization. The results suggest that PR dimer interactions facilitated by forced Gag-PR multimerization lead to premature Gag cleavage, likely a result of premature PR activation. Our conclusion is that placement of a heterologous dimerization domain downstream of PR enhances PR-mediated Gag cleavage efficiency, implying that structural conformation, rather than the primary sequence outside of PR, is a major determinant of HIV-1 PR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Yu Pan
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Mei Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Jung Huang
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Cheng Chiang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Tien Wang
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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8
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Chiang CC, Tseng YT, Huang KJ, Pan YY, Wang CT. Mutations in the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase tryptophan repeat motif affect virion maturation and Gag-Pol packaging. Virology 2011; 422:278-87. [PMID: 22104208 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Our goal was to determine the contribution of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase tryptophan repeat motif residues to virion maturation. With the exception of W402A, we found none of the single substitution mutations exerted major impacts on virus assembly or processing. However, all mutants except for W410A exhibited significant decreases in virus-associated RT, presumably a result of unstable RT mutant degradation. Mutations W398A, W401A and W406A decreased the enhancement effect of efavirenz on PR-mediated Gag processing efficiency, which is in agreement with their destabilizing RT effects. Furthermore, combined double or triple W398, W401 and W406 mutations significantly affected virus processing and Gag-Pol packaging. Further analyses suggest that inefficient PR-mediated Gag cleavage partly accounts for the virion processing defect. Our results support the idea that in addition to playing a role in RT heterodimer stabilization, the RT Trp repeat motif in the Gag-Pol context is also involved in PR activation via Gag-Pol/Gag-Pol interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Cheng Chiang
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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Zhang H, Curreli F, Zhang X, Bhattacharya S, Waheed AA, Cooper A, Cowburn D, Freed EO, Debnath AK. Antiviral activity of α-helical stapled peptides designed from the HIV-1 capsid dimerization domain. Retrovirology 2011; 8:28. [PMID: 21539734 PMCID: PMC3097154 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The C-terminal domain (CTD) of HIV-1 capsid (CA), like full-length CA, forms dimers in solution and CTD dimerization is a major driving force in Gag assembly and maturation. Mutations of the residues at the CTD dimer interface impair virus assembly and render the virus non-infectious. Therefore, the CTD represents a potential target for designing anti-HIV-1 drugs. Results Due to the pivotal role of the dimer interface, we reasoned that peptides from the α-helical region of the dimer interface might be effective as decoys to prevent CTD dimer formation. However, these small peptides do not have any structure in solution and they do not penetrate cells. Therefore, we used the hydrocarbon stapling technique to stabilize the α-helical structure and confirmed by confocal microscopy that this modification also made these peptides cell-penetrating. We also confirmed by using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), sedimentation equilibrium and NMR that these peptides indeed disrupt dimer formation. In in vitro assembly assays, the peptides inhibited mature-like virus particle formation and specifically inhibited HIV-1 production in cell-based assays. These peptides also showed potent antiviral activity against a large panel of laboratory-adapted and primary isolates, including viral strains resistant to inhibitors of reverse transcriptase and protease. Conclusions These preliminary data serve as the foundation for designing small, stable, α-helical peptides and small-molecule inhibitors targeted against the CTD dimer interface. The observation that relatively weak CA binders, such as NYAD-201 and NYAD-202, showed specificity and are able to disrupt the CTD dimer is encouraging for further exploration of a much broader class of antiviral compounds targeting CA. We cannot exclude the possibility that the CA-based peptides described here could elicit additional effects on virus replication not directly linked to their ability to bind CA-CTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design; Lindsley F, Kimball Research Institute of the New York Blood Center, 310 E 67th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
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10
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Curreli F, Zhang H, Zhang X, Pyatkin I, Victor Z, Altieri A, Debnath AK. Virtual screening based identification of novel small-molecule inhibitors targeted to the HIV-1 capsid. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 19:77-90. [PMID: 21168336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The hydrophobic cavity of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of HIV-1 capsid has been recently validated as potential target for antiviral drugs by peptide-based inhibitors; however, there is no report yet of any small molecule compounds that target this hydrophobic cavity. In order to fill this gap and discover new classes of ant-HIV-1 inhibitors, we undertook a docking-based virtual screening and subsequent analog search, and medicinal chemistry approaches to identify small molecule inhibitors against this target. This article reports for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, identification of diverse classes of inhibitors that efficiently inhibited the formation of mature-like viral particles verified under electron microscope (EM) and showed potential as anti-HIV-1 agents in a viral infectivity assay against a wide range of laboratory-adapted as well as primary isolates in MT-2 cells and PBMC. In addition, the virions produced after the HIV-1 infected cells were treated with two of the most active compounds showed drastically reduced infectivity confirming the potential of these compounds as anti-HIV-1 agents. We have derived a comprehensive SAR from the antiviral data. The SAR analyses will be useful in further optimizing the leads to potential anti-HIV-1 agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Curreli
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute of the New York Blood Center, 310 E 67th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
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11
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Kameoka M, Isarangkura-na-ayuthaya P, Kameoka Y, Sapsutthipas S, Soonthornsata B, Nakamura S, Tokunaga K, Sawanpanyalert P, Ikuta K, Auwanit W. The role of lysine residue at amino acid position 165 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 CRF01_AE Gag in reducing viral drug susceptibility to protease inhibitors. Virology 2010; 405:129-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Modification and biological evaluation of novel 4-hydroxy-pyrone derivatives as non-peptidic HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-010-9307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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A single amino acid substitution in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase significantly reduces virion release. J Virol 2009; 84:976-82. [PMID: 19889767 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01532-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 protease (PR) mediates the proteolytic processing of virus particles during or after virus budding. PR activation is thought to be triggered by appropriate Gag-Pol/Gag-Pol interaction; factors affecting this interaction either enhance or reduce PR-mediated cleavage efficiency, resulting in markedly reduced virion production or the release of inadequately processed virions. We previously showed that a Gag-Pol deletion mutation involving the reverse transcriptase tryptophan (Trp) repeat motif markedly impairs PR-mediated virus maturation and that an alanine substitution at W401 (W401A) or at both W401 and W402 (W401A/W402A) partially or almost completely negates the enhancement effect of efavirenz (a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor) on PR-mediated virus processing efficiency. These data suggest that the Trp repeat motif may contribute to the PR activation process. Here we demonstrate that due to enhanced Gag cleavage efficiency, W402 alanine or leucine substitution significantly reduces virus production. However, W402 replacement with phenylalanine does not significantly affect virus particle assembly or processing, but it does markedly impair viral infectivity in a single-cycle infection assay. Our results demonstrate that a single amino acid substitution at HIV-1 RT can radically affect virus assembly by enhancing Gag cleavage efficiency, suggesting that in addition to contributing to RT biological function during the early stages of virus replication, the HIV-1 RT tryptophan repeat motif in a Gag-Pol context may play an important role in suppressing the premature activation of PR during late-stage virus replication.
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14
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Mutations at human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase tryptophan repeat motif attenuate the inhibitory effect of efavirenz on virus production. Virology 2008; 383:261-70. [PMID: 19019404 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 virus particle processing is mediated by protease (PR), with enzymatic activation triggered by Gag-Pol/Gag-Pol interaction. We previously reported that truncation mutations at the reverse transcriptase (RT) connection subdomain markedly impair virus particle processing, suggesting an important role for the RT subdomain in PR-mediated virus processing. A highly conserved tryptophan (Trp) repeat motif of the HIV-1 RT connection subdomain is involved in RT dimerization. Our goal in this study was to determine whether mutations at the Trp repeat motif have any effect on PR-mediated virus processing. Our results indicate that even though alanine substitutions at W401 (W401A) or at both W401 and W402 (W401A/W402A) have no major effect on steady-state virus processing, the combined W401A/W402A mutations partially negate and the W401A mutation almost completely negates an efavirenz (EFV)-imposed barrier to virus production. The combination of RT instability and poor enzymatic activity reflects a RT dimerization defect incurred by the mutations. We also found that an artificial p66RT carrying the W401A or W401A/W402A mutations was packaged into virions more efficiently than wild-type p66RT, and that the viral incorporation of p66RT is significantly reduced by EFV, implying a novel effect of EFV on RT-Gag interaction. Our results suggest that the Trp repeat motif may play a role in the Gag-Pol/Gag-Pol interaction that contributes to subsequent PR activation.
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15
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Zhang H, Zhao Q, Bhattacharya S, Waheed AA, Tong X, Hong A, Heck S, Curreli F, Goger M, Cowburn D, Freed EO, Debnath AK. A cell-penetrating helical peptide as a potential HIV-1 inhibitor. J Mol Biol 2008; 378:565-80. [PMID: 18374356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The capsid domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag polyprotein is a critical determinant of virus assembly, and is therefore a potential target for developing drugs for AIDS therapy. Recently, a 12-mer alpha-helical peptide (CAI) was reported to disrupt immature- and mature-like capsid particle assembly in vitro; however, it failed to inhibit HIV-1 in cell culture due to its inability to penetrate cells. The same group reported the X-ray crystal structure of CAI in complex with the C-terminal domain of capsid (C-CA) at a resolution of 1.7 A. Using this structural information, we have utilized a structure-based rational design approach to stabilize the alpha-helical structure of CAI and convert it to a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP). The modified peptide (NYAD-1) showed enhanced alpha-helicity. Experiments with laser scanning confocal microscopy indicated that NYAD-1 penetrated cells and colocalized with the Gag polyprotein during its trafficking to the plasma membrane where virus assembly takes place. NYAD-1 disrupted the assembly of both immature- and mature-like virus particles in cell-free and cell-based in vitro systems. NMR chemical shift perturbation analysis mapped the binding site of NYAD-1 to residues 169-191 of the C-terminal domain of HIV-1 capsid encompassing the hydrophobic cavity and the critical dimerization domain with an improved binding affinity over CAI. Furthermore, experimental data indicate that NYAD-1 most likely targets capsid at a post-entry stage. Most significantly, NYAD-1 inhibited a large panel of HIV-1 isolates in cell culture at low micromolar potency. Our study demonstrates how a structure-based rational design strategy can be used to convert a cell-impermeable peptide to a cell-permeable peptide that displays activity in cell-based assays without compromising its mechanism of action. This proof-of-concept cell-penetrating peptide may aid validation of capsid as an anti-HIV-1 drug target and may help in designing peptidomimetics and small molecule drugs targeted to this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute of the New York Blood Center, 310 E 67th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Liao WH, Huang KJ, Chang YF, Wang SM, Tseng YT, Chiang CC, Wang JJ, Wang CT. Incorporation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase into virus-like particles. J Virol 2007; 81:5155-65. [PMID: 17344306 PMCID: PMC1900205 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01796-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that a genetically engineered human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) composed mainly of p66 or p51 subunits can be incorporated into virus-like particles (VLPs) when coexpressed with HIV-1 Pr55(gag). VLP-associated RT exhibited a detergent-resistant association with immature cores during sucrose gradient equilibrium centrifugation, suggesting that RT is incorporated into VLPs. However, RT that retains downstream integrase (IN) is severely inhibited in terms of incorporation into VLPs. Results from immunofluorescence tests reveal that RT-IN is primarily localized at the perinuclear area and exhibits poor colocalization with Gag. IN removal leads to a redistribution of RT throughout the cytoplasm and improved RT incorporation into VLPs. Similar results were observed for RT-IN in which alanine was substituted for 186-Lys-Arg-Lys-188 residues of the IN putative nuclear localization signal, suggesting that IN karyophilic properties may partly account for the inhibitory effect of IN on RT incorporation. Although the membrane-binding capacity of RT was markedly reduced compared to that of wild-type Gag or Gag-Pol, the correlation of membrane-binding ability with particle incorporation efficiency was incomplete. Furthermore, we observed that membrane-binding-defective myristylation-minus RT can be packaged into VLPs at the same level as its normal myristylated counterpart. This suggests that the incorporation of RT into VLPs is independent of membrane affinity but very dependent on RT-Gag interaction. Results from a genetic analysis suggest that the Gag-interacting regions of RT mainly reside in the thumb subdomain and that the RT-binding domains of Gag are located in the matrix (MA) and p6 regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hao Liao
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
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Chu HH, Chang YF, Wang CT. Mutations in the alpha-helix directly C-terminal to the major homology region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 capsid protein disrupt Gag multimerization and markedly impair virus particle production. J Biomed Sci 2006; 13:645-56. [PMID: 16770689 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-006-9094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 05/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The X-ray crystallographic structure of HIV-1 capsid protein suggests that the dimer interface of the dimerization domain is mainly formed from a putative alpha-helix structure of 14 amino acids (Gag residues 311-324) and lies directly C-terminal to the capsid major homology region. We found that a deletion mutation in the alpha-helix drastically reduces virus particle production. Alanine-scanning mutagenetic analysis indicated that substitution mutations at residues Q311, V313, K314, W316, and M317 all impair virus particle production markedly. Membrane flotation assays suggested that some mutations in the dimer interface have slight effects on the efficient binding of Gag to membranes. Indirect immunofluorescence studies revealed that mutants defective in virus production exhibit a subcellular distribution pattern similar to that of wild-type. However, velocity sedimentation analysis showed that mutations significantly impairing virus particle production were also detrimental to Gag multimerization, suggesting that the impaired virus production may be due to a defect in Gag multimerization. These results support the proposal that residues in the capsid dimer interface play a crucial role in promoting Gag multimerization, possibly by facilitating stable Gag-Gag interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Hao Chu
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201, Sec. 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
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