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Kolodkin-Gal I, Cohen-Cymberknoh M, Zamir G, Tsesis I, Rosen E. Targeting Persistent Biofilm Infections: Reconsidering the Topography of the Infection Site during Model Selection. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061164. [PMID: 35744683 PMCID: PMC9231179 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiology of an organism in the environment reflects its interactions with the diverse physical, chemical, and biological properties of the surface. These principles come into consideration during model selection to study biofilm–host interactions. Biofilms are communities formed by beneficial and pathogenic bacteria, where cells are held together by a structured extracellular matrix. When biofilms are associated with a host, chemical gradients and their origins become highly relevant. Conventional biofilm laboratory models such as multiwall biofilm models and agar plate models poorly mimic these gradients. In contrast, ex vivo models possess the partial capacity to mimic the conditions of tissue-associated biofilm and a biofilm associated with a mineralized surface enriched in inorganic components, such as the human dentin. This review will highlight the progress achieved using these settings for two models of persistent infections: the infection of the lung tissue by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the infection of the root canal by Enterococcus faecalis. For both models, we conclude that the limitations of the conventional in vitro systems necessitate a complimentary experimentation with clinically relevant ex vivo models during therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Kolodkin-Gal
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Correspondence: (I.K.-G.); (I.T.); (E.R.)
| | - Malena Cohen-Cymberknoh
- Pediatric Pulmonary Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Center, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel;
| | - Gideon Zamir
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel;
| | - Igor Tsesis
- Department of Endodontics, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Correspondence: (I.K.-G.); (I.T.); (E.R.)
| | - Eyal Rosen
- Department of Endodontics, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Correspondence: (I.K.-G.); (I.T.); (E.R.)
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Cohen-Cymberknoh M, Kolodkin-Gal D, Keren-Paz A, Peretz S, Brumfeld V, Kapishnikov S, Suissa R, Shteinberg M, McLeod D, Maan H, Patrauchan M, Zamir G, Kerem E, Kolodkin-Gal I. Calcium carbonate mineralization is essential for biofilm formation and lung colonization. iScience 2022; 25:104234. [PMID: 35521519 PMCID: PMC9062676 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are differentiated microbial communities held together by an extracellular matrix. μCT X-ray revealed structured mineralized areas within biofilms of lung pathogens belonging to two distant phyla - the proteobacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the actinobacteria Mycobacterium abscessus. Furthermore, calcium chelation inhibited the assembly of complex bacterial structures for both organisms with little to no effect on cell growth. The molecular mechanisms promoting calcite scaffold formation were surprisingly conserved between the two pathogens as biofilm development was similarly impaired by genetic and biochemical inhibition of calcium uptake and carbonate accumulation. Moreover, chemical inhibition and mutations targeting mineralization significantly reduced the attachment of P. aeruginosa to the lung, as well as the subsequent damage inflicted by biofilms to lung tissues, and restored their sensitivity to antibiotics. This work offers underexplored druggable targets for antibiotics to combat otherwise untreatable biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malena Cohen-Cymberknoh
- Pediatric Pulmonary Unit and Cystic fibrosis Center, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dror Kolodkin-Gal
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alona Keren-Paz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- National Center for Antibiotic Resistance and Infection Control, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shani Peretz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vlad Brumfeld
- Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Kapishnikov
- Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ronit Suissa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Shteinberg
- Pulmonology Institute and CF Center, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Daniel McLeod
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Harsh Maan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Marianna Patrauchan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Gideon Zamir
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eitan Kerem
- Pediatric Pulmonary Unit and Cystic fibrosis Center, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ilana Kolodkin-Gal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Mese K, Bunz O, Schellhorn S, Volkwein W, Jung D, Gao J, Zhang W, Baiker A, Ehrhardt A. Identification of novel human adenovirus candidates using the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor for cell entry. Virol J 2020; 17:52. [PMID: 32272960 PMCID: PMC7146880 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01318-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are over 100 known human adenovirus (HAdV) types, which are able to cause a broad variety of different self-limiting but also lethal diseases especially in immunocompromised patients. Only limited information about the pathogenesis and biology of the majority of these virus types is available. In the present study, we performed a systematic screen for coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR)-usage of a large spectrum of HAdV types. Methods To study receptor usage we utilized a recombinant HAdV library containing HAdV genomes tagged with a luciferase and GFP encoding transgene. We infected CHO-CAR cells stably expressing the CAR receptor and to much information with tagged viruses (HAdV3, 14, 16, 50, 10, 24, 27, 37 and 69) and measured luciferase expression levels 26 and for some viruses (AdV10, − 24 and − 27) 52 h post-infection. As positive control, we applied human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV5) known to use the CAR receptor for cell entry. For viruses replication studies on genome level we applied digital PCR. Results Infection of CHO-CAR and CHO-K1 cells at various virus particle numbers per cell (vpc) revealed that HAdV10, 24, and 27 showed similar or decreased luciferase expression levels in the presence of CAR. In contrast, HAdV3, 14, 16, 50, 37 and 69 resulted in increased luciferase expression levels in our initial screening experiments. CAR usage of HAdV3, 14, 50, and 69 was not studied before, and therefore we experimentally confirmed CAR usage for these HAdV as novel viruses utilizing CAR as a receptor. To rule out that replication of HAdV in transduced CHO cells is responsible for increased transduction rates we performed replication assays on virus genome level, which revealed that there is no HAdV replication. Conclusion In the present study, we screened a HAdV library and identified novel human HAdV using the CAR receptor. To our knowledge, this is the first description of CAR usage for HAdV 3, 14, 50, and 69.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Mese
- Institute for Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str. 10, 58453, Witten, Germany
| | - Oskar Bunz
- Institute for Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str. 10, 58453, Witten, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schellhorn
- Institute for Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str. 10, 58453, Witten, Germany
| | - Wolfram Volkwein
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Dominik Jung
- Institute for Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str. 10, 58453, Witten, Germany
| | - Jian Gao
- Institute for Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str. 10, 58453, Witten, Germany
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Institute for Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str. 10, 58453, Witten, Germany
| | - Armin Baiker
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Anja Ehrhardt
- Institute for Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str. 10, 58453, Witten, Germany.
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Steinberg N, Rosenberg G, Keren-Paz A, Kolodkin-Gal I. Collective Vortex-Like Movement of Bacillus subtilis Facilitates the Generation of Floating Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:590. [PMID: 29651280 PMCID: PMC5884953 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria in nature are usually found in complex multicellular structures, called biofilms. One common form of a biofilm is pellicle—a floating mat of bacteria formed in the water-air interphase. So far, our knowledge on the basic mechanisms underlying the formation of biofilms at air-liquid interfaces is not complete. In particular, the co-occurrence of motile cells and extracellular matrix producers has not been studied. In addition, the potential involvement of chemical communication in pellicle formation remained largely undefined. Our results indicate that vortex-like collective motility by aggregates of motile cells and EPS producers accelerate the formation of floating biofilms. Successful aggregation and migration to the water-air interphase depend on the chemical communication signal autoinducer 2 (AI-2). This ability of bacteria to form a biofilm in a preferable niche ahead of their potential rivals would provide a fitness advantage in the context of inter-species competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitai Steinberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gili Rosenberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alona Keren-Paz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ilana Kolodkin-Gal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Tayeb S, Zakay-Rones Z, Panet A. Therapeutic potential of oncolytic Newcastle disease virus: a critical review. Oncolytic Virother 2015; 4:49-62. [PMID: 27512670 PMCID: PMC4918379 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s78600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) features a natural preference for replication in many tumor cells compared with normal cells. The observed antitumor effect of NDV appears to be a result of both selective killing of tumor cells and induction of immune responses. Genetic manipulations to change viral tropism and arming the virus with genes encoding for cytokines improved the oncolytic capacity of NDV. Several intracellular proteins in tumor cells, including antiapoptotic proteins (Livin) and oncogenic proteins (H-Ras), are relevant for the oncolytic activity of NDV. Defects in the interferon system, found in some tumor cells, also contribute to the oncolytic selectivity of NDV. Notwithstanding, NDV displays effective oncolytic activity in many tumor types, despite having intact interferon signaling. Taken together, several cellular systems appear to dictate the selective oncolytic activity of NDV. Some barriers, such as neutralizing antibodies elicited during NDV treatment and the extracellular matrix in tumor tissue appear to interfere with spread of NDV and reduce oncolysis. To further understand the oncolytic activity of NDV, we compared two NDV strains, ie, an attenuated virus (NDV-HUJ) and a pathogenic virus (NDV-MTH-68/H). Significant differences in amino acid sequence were noted in several viral proteins, including the fusion precursor (F0) glycoprotein, an important determinant of replication and pathogenicity. However, no difference in the oncolytic activity of the two strains was noted using human tumor tissues maintained as organ cultures or in mouse tumor models. To optimize virotherapy in clinical trials, we describe here a unique organ culture methodology, using a biopsy taken from a patient’s tumor before treatment for ex vivo infection with NDV to determine the oncolytic potential on an individual basis. In conclusion, oncolytic NDV is an excellent candidate for cancer therapy, but more knowledge is needed to ensure success in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shay Tayeb
- Department of Biotechnology, Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Chanock Center for Virology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zichria Zakay-Rones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Chanock Center for Virology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amos Panet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Chanock Center for Virology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Modeling of human cytomegalovirus maternal-fetal transmission in a novel decidual organ culture. J Virol 2011; 85:13204-13. [PMID: 21976654 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05749-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the leading cause of congenital infection, associated with severe birth defects and intrauterine growth retardation. The mechanism of HCMV transmission via the maternal-fetal interface is largely unknown, and there are no animal models for HCMV. The initial stages of infection are believed to occur in the maternal decidua. Here we employed a novel decidual organ culture, using both clinically derived and laboratory-derived viral strains, for the ex vivo modeling of HCMV transmission in the maternal-fetal interface. Viral spread in the tissue was demonstrated by the progression of infected-cell foci, with a 1.3- to 2-log increase in HCMV DNA and RNA levels between days 2 and 9 postinfection, the expression of immediate-early and late proteins, the appearance of typical histopathological features of natural infection, and dose-dependent inhibition of infection by ganciclovir and acyclovir. HCMV infected a wide range of cells in the decidua, including invasive cytotrophoblasts, macrophages, and endothelial, decidual, and dendritic cells. Cell-to-cell viral spread was revealed by focal extension of infected-cell clusters, inability to recover infectious extracellular virus, and high relative proportions (88 to 93%) of cell-associated viral DNA. Intriguingly, neutralizing HCMV hyperimmune globulins exhibited inhibitory activity against viral spread in the decidua even when added at 24 h postinfection-providing a mechanistic basis for their clinical use in prenatal prevention. The ex vivo-infected decidual cultures offer unique insight into patterns of viral tropism and spread, defining initial stages of congenital HCMV transmission, and can facilitate evaluation of the effects of new antiviral interventions within the maternal-fetal interface milieu.
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Dame MK, Bhagavathula N, Mankey C, DaSilva M, Paruchuri T, Aslam MN, Varani J. Human colon tissue in organ culture: preservation of normal and neoplastic characteristics. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2011; 46:114-22. [PMID: 19915935 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-009-9247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Normal and neoplastic human colon tissue obtained at surgery was used to establish conditions for organ culture. Optimal conditions included an atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 95% O2; tissue partially submerged with mucosa at the gas interface; and serum-free medium with 1.5 mM Ca2+ and a number of growth supplements. Histological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical features that distinguish normal and neoplastic tissue were preserved over a 2-d period. With normal tissue, this included the presence of elongated crypts with small, densely packed cells at the crypt base and mucin-containing goblet cells in the upper portion. Ki67 staining, for proliferating cells, was confined to the lower third of the crypt, while expression of extracellular calcium-sensing receptor was seen in the upper third and surface epithelium. E-cadherin and β-catenin were expressed throughout the epithelium and confined to the cell surface. In tumor tissue, the same disorganized, abnormal glandular structures seen at time zero were present after 2 d. The majority of cells in these structures were mucin-poor, but occasional goblet cells were seen and mucin staining was present. Ki67 staining was seen throughout the abnormal epithelium and calcium-sensing receptor expression was weak and variable. E-cadherin was seen at the cell surface (similar to normal tissue), but in some places, there was diffuse cytoplasmic staining. Finally, intense cytoplasmic and nuclear β-catenin staining was observed in cultured neoplastic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Dame
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Kunicher N, Tzur T, Amar D, Chaouat M, Yaacov B, Panet A. Characterization of factors that determine lentiviral vector tropism in skin tissue using an ex vivo model. J Gene Med 2011; 13:209-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Massler A, Kolodkin-Gal D, Meir K, Khalaileh A, Falk H, Izhar U, Shufaro Y, Panet A. Infant lungs are preferentially infected by adenovirus and herpes simplex virus type 1 vectors: role of the tissue mesenchymal cells. J Gene Med 2011; 13:101-13. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Hochberg M, Kunicher N, Gilead L, Maly A, Falk H, Ingber A, Panet A. Tropism of herpes simplex virus type 1 to nonmelanoma skin cancers. Br J Dermatol 2011; 164:273-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Herpes simplex virus delivery to orthotopic rectal carcinoma results in an efficient and selective antitumor effect. Gene Ther 2009; 16:905-15. [PMID: 19440231 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer of the rectum poses a complex therapeutic challenge because of its proximity to adjacent organs and anal sphincters. The addition of radiotherapy before surgical resection has been shown to confer good survival rates while preserving sphincter function. Nevertheless, radiation is associated with significant side effects. On the basis of our previous work showing that herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) preferentially infects human colon cancer, we set out to examine the oncolytic effect of HSV-1 on orthotopic rectal tumors in mice. Two vectors were compared for oncolytic activity, HSV-1(Gbeta) with wild-type replication and an attenuated HSV-1 vector (HSV-G47Delta). Intratumoral injection of HSV-1(Gbeta) and HSV-G47Delta resulted in a significant reduction or disappearance of the tumors and increased survival of mice. Although the use of HSV-1(Gbeta) was associated with systemic toxicity, HSV-G47Delta appears to possess a selective oncolytic activity. Moreover, infection with HSV-G47Delta resulted in the activation of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) pathway. A significant improvement in viral replication and the antitumor effect was observed when the PKR inhibitor 2-aminopurine was coadministered with HSV-G47Delta to the tumor. In conclusion, the efficacy of local delivery of HSV-G47Delta combined with a specific chemical inhibitor of antiviral activity points to a novel therapeutic modality for rectal cancer and other solid tumors.
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Abstract
The past 2 years have seen several major advances in oncolytic virotherapy. Studies on the interaction between viruses, immune responses and tumor microenvironment have provided important insight, while clinical trials have shown promise. This review summarizes key findings in this field over the past 2 years, and provides directions for future success.
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Kunicher N, Falk H, Yaacov B, Tzur T, Panet A. Tropism of Lentiviral Vectors in Skin Tissue. Hum Gene Ther 2008; 19:255-66. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2007.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Kunicher
- Department of Virology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Haya Falk
- Department of Virology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Barak Yaacov
- Department of Virology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Tomer Tzur
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Amos Panet
- Department of Virology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Lindholm L, Henning P, Magnusson MK. Novel strategies in tailoring human adenoviruses into therapeutic cancer gene therapy vectors. Future Virol 2008. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.3.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a novel approach for the treatment of cancer that has so far not been realized. The scope of this review is to try to define the remaining barriers to the successful use of adenovirus vectors for gene and viral therapy of human tumors and to suggest solutions whereby these barriers can be bypassed. It is the conviction of the authors that too many studies have been performed in animal models that are not sufficiently comprehensive to allow conclusions to be drawn for application in humans. For example, in the case of the murine experimental model, in which most studies have been performed, mice are devoid of circulating antibodies to adenovirus type 5 and adenovirus cannot replicate in mouse cells. While the problems are real enough, as witnessed by the quite limited success in human trials, some of the solutions that will be suggested here are hypothetical and have not as yet been tried, even in animals. The review has no ambition to be exhaustive but is intended as a contribution in order to forward the field of gene therapy vectors for systemic clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Lindholm
- University of Goteborg, Institute for Biomedicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, PO Box 435, SE 40530 Goteborg, Sweden, and, Got-A-Gene AB, Östra Kyviksvägen 18, SE 42930 Kullavik, Sweden
| | - Petra Henning
- University of Goteborg, Institute for Biomedicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, PO Box 435, SE 40530 Goteborg, Sweden, and, Got-A-Gene AB, Östra Kyviksvägen 18, SE 42930 Kullavik, Sweden
| | - Maria K Magnusson
- University of Goteborg, Institute for Biomedicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, PO Box 435, SE 40530 Goteborg, Sweden, and, Got-A-Gene AB, Östra Kyviksvägen 18, SE 42930 Kullavik, Sweden
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15
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Herpes simplex virus type 1 preferentially targets human colon carcinoma: role of extracellular matrix. J Virol 2007; 82:999-1010. [PMID: 17977977 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01769-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral therapy of cancer (viral oncolysis) is dependent on selective destruction of the tumor tissue compared with healthy tissues. Several factors, including receptor expression, extracellular components, and intracellular mechanisms, may influence viral oncolysis. In the present work, we studied the potential oncolytic activity of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), using an organ culture system derived from colon carcinoma and healthy colon tissues of mouse and human origin. HSV-1 infected normal colons ex vivo at a very low efficiency, in contrast to high-efficiency infection of colon carcinoma tissue. In contrast, adenoviral and lentiviral vectors infected both tissues equally well. To investigate the mechanisms underlying the preferential affinity of HSV-1 for the carcinoma tissue, intracellular and extracellular factors were investigated. Two extracellular components, collagen and mucin molecules, were found to restrict HSV-1 infectivity in the healthy colon. The mucin layer of the healthy colon binds to HSV-1 and thereby blocks viral interaction with the epithelial cells of the tissue. In contrast, colon carcinomas express small amounts of collagen and mucin molecules and are thus permissive to HSV-1 infection. In agreement with the ex vivo system, HSV-1 injected into a mouse colon carcinoma in vivo significantly reduced the volume of the tumor. In conclusion, we describe a novel mechanism of viral selectivity for malignant tissues that is based on variance of the extracellular matrix between tumor and healthy tissues. These insights may facilitate new approaches to the application of HSV-1 as an oncolytic virus.
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