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Choi MG, Hong SJ, Kim SM, Kim KH. A new genotype of decapod hepanhamaparvovirus 1 (DHPV) from cultured Penaeus vannamei in South Korea. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2023; 156:53-57. [PMID: 37970846 DOI: 10.3354/dao03761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Decapod hepanhamaparvovirus 1 (DHPV), also known as hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV), has caused death in larvae or stunted growth in juveniles of cultured shrimp. To date, 4 genotypes (genotype I, II, III, and IV) have been reported from various shrimp species and various geographical regions. In the present study, we isolated 2 types of DHPV (GHPV-Goseong and DHPV-Geoje) from cultured Penaeus vannamei in Korea. Based on the capsid protein (VP) amino acid sequences, DHPV-Goseong was highly identical to previously reported DHPV genotype IV in Taiwan and Korea. Different from DHPV-Goseong, DHPV-Geoje showed approximately 63% similarity with DHPV genotype I, II, III and 84% similarity with DHPV genotype IV, suggesting an independent new genotype of DHPV (genotype V). Further research is needed to elucidate the origin and biological meanings of the present new genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Gwang Choi
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea
| | - Soon Joo Hong
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea
| | - Seong Mok Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea
| | - Ki Hong Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea
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2
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Lee CF, Chang YC, Chiou HY, Chang HW. Concurrent infection of a novel genotype of hepatopancreatic parvovirus and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei in Penaeus vannamei in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:1201-1210. [PMID: 35612903 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) are emerging and reemerging pathogens in shrimps. In the present study, a novel genotype of HPV concurrently infected with EHP in Penaeus vannamei in Taiwan leading to severe atrophy and damage of hepatopancreas were confirmed by histopathology, in situ hybridization, and PCR. The novel genotype of HPV exhibited 66%-69.5% sequence identities with all known HPVs and carried unique amino acid deletions and insertions in the VP gene. According to phylogenetic analysis, the Taiwan HPV isolates were classified as the genotype IV. The present study not only provided the histopathological and molecular proof of HPV and EHP co-infection in Taiwan, but also revealed the importance of investigating the geographical expansion of novel HPV genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Fen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Yen-Chen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Hue-Ying Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan ROC
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
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3
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Molecular biology and structure of a novel penaeid shrimp densovirus elucidate convergent parvoviral host capsid evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:20211-20222. [PMID: 32747554 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008191117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) is a decapod crustacean widely reared for human consumption. Currently, viruses of two distinct lineages of parvoviruses (PVs, family Parvoviridae; subfamily Hamaparvovirinae) infect penaeid shrimp. Here, a PV was isolated and cloned from Vietnamese P. monodon specimens, designated Penaeus monodon metallodensovirus (PmMDV). This is the first member of a third divergent lineage shown to infect penaeid decapods. PmMDV has a transcription strategy unique among invertebrate PVs, using extensive alternative splicing and incorporating transcription elements characteristic of vertebrate-infecting PVs. The PmMDV proteins have no significant sequence similarity with other PVs, except for an SF3 helicase domain in its nonstructural protein. Its capsid structure, determined by cryoelectron microscopy to 3-Å resolution, has a similar surface morphology to Penaeus stylirostris densovirus, despite the lack of significant capsid viral protein (VP) sequence similarity. Unlike other PVs, PmMDV folds its VP without incorporating a βA strand and displayed unique multimer interactions, including the incorporation of a Ca2+ cation, attaching the N termini under the icosahedral fivefold symmetry axis, and forming a basket-like pentamer helix bundle. While the PmMDV VP sequence lacks a canonical phospholipase A2 domain, the structure of an EDTA-treated capsid, determined to 2.8-Å resolution, suggests an alternative membrane-penetrating cation-dependent mechanism in its N-terminal region. PmMDV is an observed example of convergent evolution among invertebrate PVs with respect to host-driven capsid structure and unique as a PV showing a cation-sensitive/dependent basket structure for an alternative endosomal egress.
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Dhar AK, Cruz-Flores R, Caro LFA, Siewiora HM, Jory D. Diversity of single-stranded DNA containing viruses in shrimp. Virusdisease 2019; 30:43-57. [PMID: 31143831 PMCID: PMC6517454 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-019-00528-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past four decades, shrimp aquaculture has turned into a major industry providing jobs for millions of people worldwide especially in countries with large coastal boundaries. While the shrimp industry continues to expand, the sustainability of shrimp aquaculture has been threatened by the emergence of diseases. Diseases caused by single-stranded DNA containing viruses, such as infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) and hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV), have caused immense losses in shrimp aquaculture since the early 1980s. In fact, the disease outbreak in the blue shrimp (Penaeus stylirostris) caused by IHHNV in early 1980s ultimately led to the captive breeding program in shrimp being shifted from P. stylirostris to the white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei), and today P. vannamei is the preferred cultured shrimp species globally. To date, four single-stranded DNA viruses are known to affect shrimp; these include IHHNV, HPV, spawner-isolated mortality virus (SMV) and lymphoidal parvo-like virus (LPV). Due to the economic losses caused by IHHNV and HPV, most studies have focused on these two viruses, and only IHHNV is included in the OIE list of Crustacean Diseases. Hence this review will focus on IHHNV and HPV. IHHNV and HPV virions are icosahedral in morphology measuring 20-22 nm in size and contain a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) of 4-6 kb in size. Both IHHNV and HPV are classified into the sub-order Brevidensoviruses, family Densovirinae. The genome architecture of both viruses are quite similar as they contain two completely (as in IHHNV) or partially overlapping (as in HPV) non-structural and one structural gene. Histopathology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods are available for both viruses. Currently, there is no anti-viral therapy for any viral diseases in shrimp. Therefore, biosecurity and the use of genetically resistant lines remains as the corner stone in the management of viral diseases. In recent years, gene silencing using the RNA interference (RNAi) approach has been reported for both IHHNV and HPV via injection. However, the delivery of RNAi molecules via oral route remains a challenge, and the utility of RNAi-based therapy has yet to be materialized in shrimp aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Dhar
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Roberto Cruz-Flores
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Luis Fernando Aranguren Caro
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Halina M. Siewiora
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Darryl Jory
- Global Aquaculture Alliance, 85 New Hampshire Avenue, Portsmouth, NH USA
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Yang X, Xu P, Yuan H, Graham RI, Wilson K, Wu K. Discovery and characterization of a novel picorna-like RNA virus in the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera. J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 160:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Fernando S, Attasart P, Krishna SR, Withyachumnarnkul B, Vanichviriyakit R. Presence of Penaeus monodon densovirus in the ovary of chronically infected P. monodon subadults. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 129:183-191. [PMID: 30154278 DOI: 10.3354/dao03241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Shrimp infected with Penaeus monodon densovirus (PmoDNV) usually display no specific gross signs, but heavy infections can kill postlarvae and retard juvenile growth. In the present study, samples of hepatopancreas, feces, gonads and hemolymph were isolated from male and female P. monodon subadults chronically infected by PmoDNV. Each sample of hepatopancreas and gonad was divided into 2 parts: one for PmoDNV detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the other for routine histology and immunohistochemistry. The frequency of positive findings via PCR assays was 92% in the hepatopancreas, 57% in feces, 50% in ovary, 35% in hemolymph and 0% in the testis. Using the densitometric value (DV) of the specific band for PmoDNV relative to that of the β-actin gene as an index of the viral load in the samples, no significant differences were observed among sample types and sexes. Hematoxylin-eosin staining of infected hepatopancreas revealed typical PmoDNV inclusions in the nuclei of infected cells. The ovaries with high DV (>1) contained various types of inclusions along the row of the follicular cells or possibly in the connective tissue cells surrounding the oocytes. Using immunohistochemistry with specific probes to detect PmoDNV proteins, a positive reaction was observed in viral inclusions found in infected hepatopancreas and in ovaries with high DV, specifically in the ovarian capsule, hemolymph, oocytes and nuclear inclusions. These results suggest that the localization of PmoDNV in P. monodon is not confined to the hepatopancreas, but rather that the virus can also occur in the ovary; hence, trans-ovarian, vertical transmission of the virus is highly possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudini Fernando
- Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
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7
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Bateman K, Stentiford G. A taxonomic review of viruses infecting crustaceans with an emphasis on wild hosts. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 147:86-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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8
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Syahidah D, Elliman J, Constantinoiu C, Owens L. Mosquito cells (C6/36) fail to support the complete replication of Penaeus merguiensis hepandensovirus. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 145:31-38. [PMID: 28315365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito cell lines (C6/36) were reported in the literature to support the propagation of Penaeus monodon hepandensovirus (PmoHDV). We aim to evaluate the susceptibility and viral propagation of P. merguiensis hepandensovirus (PmeHDV) which is ∼22% different to PmoHDV in Aedes albopictus cell line (C6/36). Cellular changes in the infected cell culture were detected. Vacuole formation was seen in both infected and uninfected cell cultures. The average number of disrupted cellular membranes in the infected cells (presumptive dead cells) was significantly higher than that of uninfected cells at passage two (F=9.749, d.f. 1, 22, p<0.05). Using a proliferation assay, light absorption of infected cells peaked at 2weeks post-infection (O.D.=0.27) but was significantly lower than that of the uninfected groups (O.D.=0.37) (F=6.879, d.f. 1, 94, p<0.05) suggesting hindered cell growth. PCR of the serial passages of the infected cell cultures indicated weak positive results for PmeHDV infection and TaqMan quantitative PCR confirmed that the average number of viral copies declined from 3.8×105 to 5.69×102 copies per μL and the mean of cycle times increased from 19.26 to 27.63. These results are interpreted to mean C6/36 allows the initial stage of PmeHDV replication, but the virus was incapable of using C6/36 for patent replication of its' virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Syahidah
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia; Institute of Marine Research and Development, Indonesia
| | - J Elliman
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - C Constantinoiu
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - L Owens
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.
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Yuan H, Xu P, Yang X, Graham RI, Wilson K, Wu K. Characterization of a novel member of genus Iflavirus in Helicoverpa armigera. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 144:65-73. [PMID: 28163012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is one of the most important agricultural pests of many economic crops worldwide. Herein, we found a novel single-strand RNA virus by RNA-Seq and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method in H. armigera named Helicoverpa armigera iflavirus (HaIV), which possessed a genome with 10,017 nucleotides in length and contained a single large open reading frame (ORF) encoding a putative polyprotein of 3021 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 344.16kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of 6.45. The deduced amino acid sequence showed highest similarity (61.0%) with the protein of Lymantria dispar Iflavirus 1. Phylogenetic analysis with putative RdRp amino acid sequences indicated that the virus clustered with members of the genus Iflavirus. The virus was mainly distributed in the fat body of its host and was found to be capable of both horizontal and vertical transmission. The efficiency of perorally horizontal transmission was dose dependent (100% infection rate with a viral dose of 108copies/μl) while vertical transmission efficiency was found to be relatively low (<28.57%). These results suggest that we have found a novel member of genus Iflavirus in H. armigera.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Pengjun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Xianming Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Robert I Graham
- Crop and Environment Sciences, Harper Adams University, Edgmond, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK
| | - Kenneth Wilson
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Kongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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10
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First complete genome of an Ambidensovirus; Cherax quadricarinatus densovirus, from freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus. Mar Genomics 2015; 24 Pt 3:305-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Yadav R, Paria A, Mankame S, Makesh M, Chaudhari A, Rajendran KV. Development of SYBR Green and TaqMan quantitative real-time PCR assays for hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) infecting Penaeus monodon in India. Mol Cell Probes 2015; 29:442-448. [PMID: 26188128 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) infects Penaeus monodon and causes mortality in the larval stages. Further, it has been implicated in the growth retardation in cultured P. monodon. Though different geographical isolates of HPV show large sequence variations, a sensitive PCR assay specific to Indian isolate has not yet been reported. Here, we developed a sensitive SYBR Green-based and TaqMan real-time PCR for the detection and quantification of the virus. A 441-bp PCR amplicon was cloned in pTZ57 R/T vector and the plasmid copy number was estimated. A 10-fold serial dilution of the plasmid DNA from 1 × 10(9) copies to 1 copy was prepared and used as the standard. The primers were tested initially using the standard on a conventional PCR format to determine the linearity of detection. The standards were further tested on real-time PCR format using SYBR Green and TaqMan chemistry and standard curves were generated based on the Ct values from three well replicates for each dilution. The assays were found to be sensitive, specific and reproducible with a wide dynamic range (1 × 10(9) to 10 copies) with coefficient of regression (R(2)) > 0.99, calculated average slope -3.196 for SYBR Green assay whereas, for TaqMan assay it was >0.99 and -3.367, respectively. The intra- and inter-assay variance of the Ct values ranged from 0.26% to 0.94% and 0.12% to 0.81%, respectively, for SYBR Green assay, and the inter-assay variance of the Ct values for TaqMan assay ranged from 0.07% to 1.93%. The specificity of the assays was proved by testing other DNA viruses of shrimp such as WSSV, IHHNV and MBV. Standardized assays were further tested to detect and quantify HPV in the post-larvae of P. monodon. The result was further compared with conventional PCR to test the reproducibility of the test. The assay was also used to screen Litopeneaus vannamei, Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Scylla serrata for HPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Yadav
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Andheri West, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Anutosh Paria
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Andheri West, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Smruti Mankame
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Andheri West, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - M Makesh
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Andheri West, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Aparna Chaudhari
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Andheri West, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - K V Rajendran
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Andheri West, Mumbai 400061, India.
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12
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Dhar AK, Robles-Sikisaka R, Saksmerprome V, Lakshman DK. Biology, genome organization, and evolution of parvoviruses in marine shrimp. Adv Virus Res 2014; 89:85-139. [PMID: 24751195 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800172-1.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
As shrimp aquaculture has evolved from a subsistent farming activity to an economically important global industry, viral diseases have also become a serious threat to the sustainable growth and productivity of this industry. Parvoviruses represent an economically important group of viruses that has greatly affected shrimp aquaculture. In the early 1980s, an outbreak of a shrimp parvovirus, infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), led to the collapse of penaeid shrimp farming in the Americas. Since then, considerable progress has been made in characterizing the parvoviruses of shrimp and developing diagnostic methods aimed to preventing the spread of diseases caused by these viruses. To date, four parvoviruses are known that infect shrimp; these include IHHNV, hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV), spawner-isolated mortality virus (SMV), and lymphoid organ parvo-like virus. Due to the economic repercussions that IHHNV and HPV outbreaks have caused to shrimp farming over the years, studies have been focused mostly on these two pathogens, while information on SMV and LPV remains limited. IHHNV was the first shrimp virus to be sequenced and the first for which highly sensitive diagnostic methods were developed. IHHNV-resistant lines of shrimp were also developed to mitigate the losses caused by this virus. While the losses due to IHHNV have been largely contained in recent years, reports of HPV-induced mortalities in larval stages in hatchery and losses due to reduced growth have increased. This review presents a comprehensive account of the history and current knowledge on the biology, diagnostics methods, genomic features, mechanisms of evolution, and management strategies of shrimp parvoviruses. We also highlighted areas where research efforts should be focused in order to gain further insight on the mechanisms of parvoviral pathogenicity in shrimp that will help to prevent future losses caused by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vanvimon Saksmerprome
- Centex Shrimp, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Dilip K Lakshman
- USDA-ARS, Floral & Nursery Plants Research Unit, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
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Madan N, Rajkumar T, Sundar Raj N, Farook MA, Nambi KSN, Abdul Majeed S, Sahul Hameed AS. Tissue distribution of hepatopancreatic parvo-like virus of shrimp in freshwater rice-field crab, Paratelphusa hydrodomous (Herbst). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2014; 37:969-980. [PMID: 24117535 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An attempt was made to determine the replication efficiency of hepatopancreatic parvo-like virus (HPV) of shrimp in different organs of freshwater rice-field crab Paratelphusa hydrodomous (Herbst) using bioassay, PCR, RT-PCR, ELISA, Western blot and q-PCR analyses. Another attempt was made to use this crab as an alternative to penaeid shrimp for the large-scale production of HPV. This crab was found to be highly susceptible to HPV by intramuscular injection. The systemic HPV infection was confirmed by PCR and Western blot analyses in freshwater crab. The expression of capsid protein gene in different organs of infected crab was revealed by RT-PCR analysis. Indirect ELISA was used to quantify the capsid protein in different organs of the crab. The copy number of HPV in different organs of the infected crab was quantified by q-PCR. The results revealed a steady decrease in CT values in different organs of the infected crab during the course of infection. The viral inoculum that was prepared from different organs of the infected crab caused significant mortality in post-larvae of tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius). The results revealed that this rice-field crab could be used as an alternative host for HPV replication and also for large-scale production of HPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Madan
- OIE Reference Laboratory for WTD, Aquaculture Biotechnology Laboratory, PG & Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Vellore, India
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14
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Xu P, Liu Y, Graham RI, Wilson K, Wu K. Densovirus is a mutualistic symbiont of a global crop pest (Helicoverpa armigera) and protects against a baculovirus and Bt biopesticide. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004490. [PMID: 25357125 PMCID: PMC4214819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutualistic associations between symbiotic bacteria and their hosts are common within insect systems. However, viruses are often considered as pathogens even though some have been reported to be beneficial to their hosts. Herein, we report a novel densovirus, Helicoverpa armigera densovirus-1 (HaDNV-1) that appears to be beneficial to its host. HaDNV-1 was found to be widespread in wild populations of H. armigera adults (>67% prevalence between 2008 and 2012). In wild larval populations, there was a clear negative interaction between HaDNV-1 and H. armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HaNPV), a baculovirus that is widely used as a biopesticide. Laboratory bioassays revealed that larvae hosting HaDNV-1 had significantly enhanced resistance to HaNPV (and lower viral loads), and that resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin was also higher at low doses. Laboratory assays indicated that the virus was mainly distributed in the fat body, and could be both horizontally- and vertically-transmitted, though the former occurred only at large challenge doses. Densovirus-positive individuals developed more quickly and had higher fecundity than uninfected insects. We found no evidence for a negative effect of HaDNV-1 infection on H. armigera fitness-related traits, strongly suggesting a mutualistic interaction between the cotton bollworm and its densovirus. The old world cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is one of the most significant pests of crops throughout Asia, Europe, Africa and Australia. Herein, we report a novel densovirus (HaDNV-1) which was widely distributed in wild populations of H. armigera and was beneficial to its host by increasing larval and pupal development rates, female lifespan and fecundity, suggesting a mutualistic interaction between the cotton bollworm and HaDNV-1. The cotton bollworm is currently widely controlled by the biopesticides Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin and the baculovirus HaNPV. It is therefore important to estimate the risk that the symbiotic virus will negatively impact on the efficiency of these biopesticides. Field and laboratory results suggest that HaDNV-1 infection significantly increases larval resistance to HaNPV and Bt toxin. These results have important implications for the selection of biopesticides for this species, and highlight the need for greater research into the elegant microbial interactions that may impact host individual and population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert I. Graham
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Wilson
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Kongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Chaivisuthangkura P, Longyant S, Sithigorngul P. Immunological-based assays for specific detection of shrimp viruses. World J Virol 2014; 3:1-10. [PMID: 24567913 PMCID: PMC3926971 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v3.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Among shrimp viral pathogens, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and yellow head virus (YHV) are the most lethal agents, causing serious problems for both the whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei, and the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus (Penaeus) monodon. Another important virus that infects P. vannamei is infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV), which induces the white discoloration of affected muscle. In the cases of taura syndrome virus and Penaeus stylirostris densovirus (PstDNV; formerly known as infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus), their impacts were greatly diminished after the introduction of tolerant stocks of P. vannamei. Less important viruses are Penaeus monodon densovirus (PmDNV; formerly called hepatopancreatic parvovirus), and Penaeus monodon nucleopolyhedrovirus (PemoNPV; previously called monodon baculovirus). For freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus and extra small virus are considered important viral pathogens. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific to the shrimp viruses described above have been generated and used as an alternative tool in various immunoassays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, dot blotting, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Some of these MAbs were further developed into immunochromatographic strip tests for the detection of WSSV, YHV, IMNV and PemoNPV and into a dual strip test for the simultaneous detection of WSSV/YHV. The strip test has the advantages of speed, as the result can be obtained within 15 min, and simplicity, as laboratory equipment and specialized skills are not required. Therefore, strip tests can be used by shrimp farmers for the pond-side monitoring of viral infection.
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16
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Partial cloning and production of polyclonal antiserum against recombinant capsid protein of Hepatopancreatic Parvovirus (HPV) and its application for diagnostics in penaeid shrimp. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Liu T, Yang B, Song X, Wang X, Yuan Y, Liu L, Huang J. Detection and quantification of hepatopancreatic parvovirus in penaeid shrimp by real-time PCR assay. J Invertebr Pathol 2013; 114:309-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Xu P, Cheng P, Liu Z, Li Y, Murphy RW, Wu K. Complete genome sequence of a monosense densovirus infecting the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. J Virol 2012; 86:10909. [PMID: 22966197 PMCID: PMC3457278 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01912-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Densoviruses (DNVs) infecting arthropods are members of the family Parvoviridae. Here we report the complete genome sequence of a novel DNV with a monosense genome that infects cotton bollworms (Helicoverpa armigera), named HaDNV-1. Alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that HaDNV-1 showed high identity with the genus Iteravirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongfang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert W. Murphy
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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19
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Safeena MP, Rai P, Karunasagar I. Molecular Biology and Epidemiology of Hepatopancreatic parvovirus of Penaeid Shrimp. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2012; 23:191-202. [PMID: 23997443 PMCID: PMC3550755 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-012-0080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) is one of the major shrimp parvovirus which is known to cause slow growth in penaeid shrimps. HPV has been found in wild and cultured penaeid shrimps throughout the world and there is high genetic variation among the different geographic isolates/host species. Given its high prevalence, wide distribution and ability to cause considerable economic loss in shrimp aquaculture industry, HPV deserves more attention than it has received. Till date, a total of four complete genome sequences of HPV have been reported in addition to a large number of partial sequences. HPV infection is seldom observed alone in epizootics and has occurred in multiple infections with other more pathogenic viruses and in most cases, heavy infections result in no visible inflammatory response. A great deal of information has accumulated in recent years on the clinical signs, geographical distribution, transmission and genetic diversity of HPV infection in shrimp aquaculture. However, the mechanism by which HPV enters the shrimp tissues and pathogenesis of virus is still unknown. To date, no effective prophylactic measures are available to reduce the infection in shrimps. To control and prevent HPV infection, considerable research efforts are on. This review provides information on current knowledge on HPV infection in penaeid shrimp aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed P. Safeena
- Department of Fishery Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Mangalore, 575 002 India
| | - Praveen Rai
- Department of Fishery Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Mangalore, 575 002 India
| | - Indrani Karunasagar
- Department of Fishery Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Mangalore, 575 002 India
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20
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Jeeva S, Kang SW, Lee YS, Jang IK, Seo HC, Choi TJ. Complete nucleotide sequence analysis of a Korean strain of hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) from Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Virus Genes 2011; 44:89-97. [PMID: 21948006 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) of shrimp is distributed worldwide and the entire genome of Thailand and Indian strains (PmDNV) and one Australian strain (PmergDNV) have now been reported. The complete nucleotide sequence of a HPV strain isolated from the fleshy prawn Fenneropenaeus chinensis in Korea (FcDNV) was determined and compared to previously reported sequences. The entire genome of FcDNV contains 6,336 nucleotides, with 40% G+C content, which is the biggest of the known HPV strains. The HPV genome has three open reading frames (ORFs) with a slight overlap between the first and second ORFs. The three ORFs encode the NS2 and NS1 proteins and VP that consist of 425, 578, and 820 amino acids, respectively. Among the three proteins, the NS1 protein shows the highest sequence similarity to the NS1 protein of other known HPV strains, followed by the NS2 protein and the VP protein. Phylogenetic analyses showed that HPV can be grouped into three genotypes, as previously reported, and FcDNV can be grouped as genotype I, with HPV strains isolated in Madagascar and Tanzania. The nucleotide sequences of the noncoding regions at the 5'- and 3'-ends of the plus-strand genome showed a Y-shaped hairpin structure and simple hairpin structure, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subbiah Jeeva
- Department of Microbiology, Pukyong National University, 599-1, Daeyeon 3-Dong, Nam-Gu, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
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21
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Owens L, La Fauce K, Claydon K. The effect of Penaeus merguiensis densovirus on Penaeus merguiensis production in Queensland, Australia. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2011; 34:509-515. [PMID: 21605127 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Penaeus merguiensis densovirus (PmergDNV) is currently present on several Queensland prawn farms culturing Penaeus merguiensis. Densoviruses have been linked to mortality and stunting that has caused significant financial loss to prawn farms in Asia. A histopathological study for PmergDNV was initially undertaken to compare broodstock to grow out factors from 60 broodstock animals from each of 22 ponds. There was a significant negative correlation (r = -0.61) between the number of animals with PmergDNV lesions and healthy animals. Furthermore, a higher number of septic hepatopancreatic tubules was correlated (r = 0.48) to high PmergDNV loads. Hence, a polymerase chain reaction analysis of 10-day-old post-larvae (PL) was conducted to determine whether PmergDNV infection was resulting in production losses. An attributable risk analysis of PL from 190 ponds over a 2-year period revealed that 28-29% of ponds with below average survival will have at least average survival following the removal of or decreased levels of PmergDNV. P. merguiensis culture facilities in Queensland should have at least a 14.5% increase in production, equating to an increase of $2.25 million within the first year alone, following the removal or reduction of PmergDNV in their ponds. Hence, focussing efforts on prevention, better management practices and maintaining healthy stock should be of top priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Owens
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
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22
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Rai P, Safeena MP, Karunasagar I, Karunasagar I. Complete nucleic acid sequence of Penaeus stylirostris densovirus (PstDNV) from India. Virus Res 2011; 158:37-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Tang KFJ, Lightner DV. Duplex real-time PCR for detection and quantification of monodon baculovirus (MBV) and hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) in Penaeus monodon. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2011; 93:191-198. [PMID: 21516971 DOI: 10.3354/dao02293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We describe a duplex real-time PCR assay using TaqMan probes for the simultaneous detection of monodon baculovirus (MBV) and hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV). Both MBV and HPV are shrimp enteric viruses that infect intestinal and hepatopancreatic epithelial cells. Both viruses can cause significant mortalities and depressed growth in infected larval, postlarval, and early juvenile stages of shrimp, and thus present a risk to commercial aquaculture. In this duplex assay, we combined 2 single real-time PCRs, amplifying MBV and HPV, in a one-tube PCR reaction. The 2 viruses were distinguished by specific fluorescent labels at the 5' end of TaqMan probes: the MBV probe was labeled with dichlorodimethoxyfluorescein (JOE), and the HPV probe was labeled with 6-carboxyfluorescein (FAM). The duplex real-time PCR assay was performed in a multi-channel real-time PCR detection system, and MBV and HPV amplification signals were separately detected by the JOE and FAM channels. This duplex assay was validated to be specific to the target viruses and found to have a detection limit of single copies for each virus. The dynamic range was found to be from 1 to 1 x 10(8) copies per reaction. This assay was further applied to quantify MBV and HPV in samples of infected Penaeus monodon collected from Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand. The specificity and sensitivity of this duplex real-time PCR assay offer a valuable tool for routine diagnosis and quantification of MBV and HPV from both wild and farmed shrimp stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy F J Tang
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
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Yan DC, Tang KFJ, Lightner DV. A real-time PCR for the detection of hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) of penaeid shrimp. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2010; 33:507-511. [PMID: 20367743 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) causes a common shrimp disease that occurs in many shrimp farming regions, especially in the Indo Pacific, and infects most of the cultured penaeid species. There are seven geographic HPV isolates known, so a method to detect different HPV types is needed. We developed a sensitive and generic real-time PCR assay for the detection of HPV. A pair of primers and TaqMan probe based on an HPV sequence obtained from samples of Fenneropenaeus chinensis from Korea were selected, and they were used to amplify a 92 bp DNA fragment. This real-time PCR was found to be specific to HPV and did not react with other shrimp viruses. A plasmid (pHPV-2) containing the target HPV sequence was constructed and used for determination of the sensitivity of this assay. The assay could detect a single copy of plasmid DNA, and it was used successfully in finding HPV in shrimp samples from the China-Yellow Sea region, Taiwan, Korea, Thailand, Madagascar, New Caledonia and Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Yan
- College of Life Science, Ludong University, Yantai, China.
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25
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Safeena MP, Tyagi A, Rai P, Karunasagar I, Karunasagar I. Complete nucleic acid sequence of Penaeus monodon densovirus (PmDNV) from India. Virus Res 2010; 150:1-11. [PMID: 20156496 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The complete nucleic acid sequence of the Penaeus monodon densovirus (PmDNV) from India was characterized. Analysis of the whole genome, consisting of 6310 bp revealed the presence of three open reading frames (ORFs), comprising 1281 bp, 1734 bp and 2460 bp, respectively. The complete genome and amino acid sequences of three proteins viz., NS1, NS2 and VP were compared with PmDNV from Thailand, PmergDNV from Australia and other partial sequences in GenBank, respectively. Highest nucleotide similarity was observed with the Thai strain (88%), while 33, 32 and 91 amino acid substitutions were observed in the NS2, NS1 and VP, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of shrimp, insect and vertebrate parvovirus sequences revealed that the Indian PmDNV is more closely related to Thai isolates than all other parvoviruses reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed P Safeena
- Department of Fishery Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences, University, College of Fisheries, Mangalore-575 002, India
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La Fauce KA, Owens L. RNA interference reduces PmergDNV expression and replication in an in vivo cricket model. J Invertebr Pathol 2009; 100:111-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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La Fauce KA, Owens L. The use of insects as a bioassay for Penaeus merguiensis densovirus (PmergDNV). J Invertebr Pathol 2007; 98:1-6. [PMID: 18191141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The lack of available cell lines has hampered the study of viral diseases in crustaceans. This is particularly important for aquaculture which has been plagued by viral diseases since its rapid expansion to meet with the growing demand for seafood products. This study was designed to find an alternative bioassay to cell lines by investigating the use of insects as potential animal models for Penaeus merguiensis densovirus (PmergDNV). Acheta domesticus (house cricket) and Tenebrio molitor (mealworms) were challenged with approximately 1x10(6) virions of PmergDNV by inoculation. PmergDNV was detected in 20% of Tenebrio molitor and 86.6% of Acheta domesticus challenged with PmergDNV. During a subsequent time course experiment, there was a non significant increase in PmergDNV titres (10(4-5) virions), reaching a maximum peak at day 5 (10(6) copies). A threshold of PmergDNV DNA level equal to or greater than 10(3) virions was necessary for mortality in Acheta domesticus. As the inoculum increased from 10(3) DNA copies to 10(4), 10(5), 10(6), mortality increased from 20% to 60%, 80% and 100%, respectively. This is the first evidence that insects may be directly used to study viruses from crustaceans and concludes Acheta domesticus may be used as a potential model to study Penaeus merguiensis densovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy A La Fauce
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Solander Drive, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
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