1
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Protective effect and mechanism of SeMet-Pro-Ser on K2Cr2O7-induced toxicity in L-02 hepatocytes. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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2
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Jia L, Jia N, Gao Y, Hu H, Zhao X, Chen D, Qiao M. Multi-Modulation of Doxorubicin Resistance in Breast Cancer Cells by Poly(l-histidine)-Based Multifunctional Micelles. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E385. [PMID: 31382390 PMCID: PMC6723117 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though the reversal of multi-drug resistance (MDR) by numerous nanoparticles has been extensively studied, limited success has been achieved. To overcome this barrier, we report a rationally-designed pH-sensitive micelle, in which doxorubicin (Dox) and resveratrol (Res) were co-loaded. The micelle was based on methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-poly(d,l-lactide)-poly(l-histidine) (mPEG-PLA-PHis), which integrated passive targeting, endo-lysosomal escape and pH-responsive payloads release. At a physiological pH of 7.4 (slightly alkali), Dox and Res were incorporated into the micelles core using the thin-film hydration method (pH-endoSM/Dox/Res). After cellular uptake, the micelles exhibited an enhanced dissociation in response to the acidic endosomes, triggering the release of Res and Dox. Furthermore, Res was observed to synergistically improve the cytotoxicity of Dox by down-regulating the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression, decreasing the membrane potential of the mitochondrial and ATP level, as well as inducing cell apoptosis mediated by mitochondria. The pH-endoSM/Dox/Res showed a prominent ability to decrease the IC50 of Dox by a factor of 17.38 in cell cytotoxicity against the MCF-7/ADR cell line. In vivo distribution demonstrated the excellent tumor-targeting ability of the pH-endoSM/Dox/Res. All results indicated that pH-endoSM/Dox/Res held great potential for the treatment of Dox-resistance breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, P.O. Box 42, Shenyang 110016, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Heze Medical College, Heze 274000, China
| | - Nan Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, P.O. Box 42, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, P.O. Box 42, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Haiyang Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, P.O. Box 42, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiuli Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, P.O. Box 42, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dawei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, P.O. Box 42, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mingxi Qiao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, P.O. Box 42, Shenyang 110016, China.
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3
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Metz GE, Abeyá MM, Serena MS, Panei CJ, Echeverría MG. Evaluation of apoptosis markers in different cell lines infected with equine arteritis virus. Biotech Histochem 2018; 94:115-125. [PMID: 30350720 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2018.1521989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) induces apoptosis in infected cells. Cell death caused by EAV has been studied mainly using three cell lines, BHK-21, RK-13 and Vero cells. The mechanism of apoptosis varies among cell lines and results cannot be correlated owing to differences in EAV strains used. We evaluated different markers for apoptosis in BHK-21, RK-13 and Vero cell lines using the Bucyrus EAV reference strain. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining revealed morphological changes in infected cells, while flow cytometry indicated the extent of apoptosis. We also observed DNA fragmentation, but the DNA ladder was detected at different times post-infection depending on the cell line, i.e., 48, 72 and 96 h post-infection in RK-13, Vero and BHK-21 cells, respectively. Measurement of viral titers obtained with each cell line indicated that apoptosis causes interference with viral replication and therefore decreased viral titers. As an unequivocal marker of apoptosis, we measured the expression of caspase-3 and caspases-8 and -9 as extrinsic and intrinsic markers of apoptosis pathways, respectively. Caspase-8 in BHK-21 cells was the only protease that was not detected at any of the times assayed. We found that Bucyrus EAV strain exhibited a distinctive apoptosis pathway depending on the cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Metz
- a Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences , National University of La Plata , La Plata , Argentina
| | - M M Abeyá
- a Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences , National University of La Plata , La Plata , Argentina
| | - M S Serena
- a Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences , National University of La Plata , La Plata , Argentina
| | - C J Panei
- a Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences , National University of La Plata , La Plata , Argentina
| | - M G Echeverría
- a Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences , National University of La Plata , La Plata , Argentina
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4
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Lee YJ, Lee C. Porcine deltacoronavirus induces caspase-dependent apoptosis through activation of the cytochrome c-mediated intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Virus Res 2018; 253:112-123. [PMID: 29940190 PMCID: PMC7114866 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), a newly discovered enteric coronavirus, is a causative agent of severe clinical diarrhea and intestinal pathological damage in piglets. As a first step toward understanding the effect of PDCoV on host cells, we elucidated mechanisms underlying the process of apoptotic cell death after PDCoV infection. The use of a pan-caspase inhibitor resulted in the inhibition of PDCoV-induced apoptosis and reduction of PDCoV replication, suggestive of the association of a caspase-dependent pathway. Furthermore, PDCoV infection necessitated the activation of the initiator caspase-9 responsible for the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Experimental data indicated that PDCoV infection led to Bax-mediated mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), resulting in specific relocation of the mitochondrial cytochrome c (cyt c) into the cytoplasm. Treatment with cyclosporin A (CsA), an inhibitor of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening, significantly suppressed PDCoV-triggered apoptosis and viral replication. Moreover, cyt c release was completely abrogated in PDCoV-infected cells in the presence of CsA, suggesting the critical role of MPTP in intrinsic apoptosis in response to PDCoV infection. Altogether, our results indicate that PDCoV infection stimulates MOMP either via Bax recruitment or MPTP opening to permit the release of apoptogenic cyt c into the cytoplasm, thereby leading to execution of the caspase-dependent intrinsic apoptosis pathway to facilitate viral replication in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Jin Lee
- Animal Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhee Lee
- Animal Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Hu WL, Dong HY, Li Y, Ojcius DM, Li SJ, Yan J. Bid-Induced Release of AIF/EndoG from Mitochondria Causes Apoptosis of Macrophages during Infection with Leptospira interrogans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:471. [PMID: 29184851 PMCID: PMC5694448 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a global zoonotic infectious disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira species. Leptospire-induced macrophage apoptosis through the Fas/FasL-caspase-8/3 pathway plays an important role in the survival and proliferation of the pathogen in hosts. Although, the release of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and endonuclease G (EndoG) in leptospire-infected macrophages has been described, the mechanisms linking caspase and mitochondrion-related host-cell apoptosis has not been determined. Here, we demonstrated that leptospire-infection induced apoptosis through mitochondrial damages in macrophages. Apoptosis was caused by the mitochondrial release and nuclear translocation of AIF and/or EndoG, leading to nuclear DNA fragmentation. However, the mitochondrion-related CytC-caspase-9/3 pathway was not activated. Next, we found that the release and translocation of AIF and/or EndoG was preceded by the activation of the BH3-interacting domain death agonist (Bid). Furthermore, our data demonstrated that caspase-8 was activated during the infection and caused the activation of Bid. Meanwhile, high reactive oxygen species (ROS) trigged by the infection caused the dephosphorylation of Akt, which also activated Bid. In conclusion, Bid-mediated mitochondrial release of AIF and/or EndoG followed by nuclear translocation is a major mechanism of leptospire- induced apoptosis in macrophages, and this process is modulated by both caspase-8 and ROS-Akt signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lin Hu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Division of Basic Medical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Yan Dong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Division of Basic Medical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Shi-Jun Li
- Institute of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Division of Basic Medical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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6
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He L, Wang H, Luo L, Li Y, Huang R, Liao L, Zhu Z, Wang Y. Bid-deficient fish delay grass carp reovirus (GCRV) replication and attenuate GCRV-triggered apoptosis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:76408-76422. [PMID: 29100321 PMCID: PMC5652715 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bid, BH3-interacting domain death agonist, is a pro-apoptotic BH3-only member of Bcl-2 family, playing an important role in apoptosis. In the study, Bid genes from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus), named CiBid and GrBid, were cloned and analyzed. Bid was constitutively expressed in all examined tissues of grass carp, but the expression level varied in different tissues. Following grass carp reovirus (GCRV) stimulation in vivo, Bid and apoptosis related genes Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 was up-regulated significantly at the late stage of infection. Moreover, we generated a Bid-deficient rare minnow (Bid-/-) to investigate the possible role of Bid in GCRV-triggered apoptosis. We found that the survival time of Bid-/- rare minnow after GCRV infection was extended when compared with wild-type fish, the relative copy number of GCRV in Bid-/- rare minnow was lower than that in wild-type fish, and the expression level of Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 in Bid-/- rare minnow were significantly lower than that in the wild-type fish. Collectively, the current data revealed the important role of Bid during virus-induced apoptosis in teleost fish. Our study would provide new insight into understanding the GCRV induced apoptosis and may provide a target gene for virus-resistant breeding in grass carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Lifei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Rong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lanjie Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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7
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Fang Y, Xu Z, Shi Y, Pei F, Yang W, Ma N, Kimatu BM, Liu K, Qiu W, Hu Q. Protection mechanism of Se-containing protein hydrolysates from Se-enriched rice on Pb 2+-induced apoptosis in PC12 and RAW264.7 cells. Food Chem 2016; 219:391-398. [PMID: 27765242 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the protection mechanism of Se-containing protein hydrolysates (SPH) from Se-enriched rice on Pb2+-induced apoptosis in PC12 and RAW264.7 cells. Results showed that SPHs could alleviate Pb2+-induced morphological changes of apoptosis and the loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential in both cell types. Besides this, SPHs could significantly reduce the activation of caspase-3, -8, -9 induced by Pb2+, reverse the Pb2+-induced upregulation of Bax and release of cytochrome C, and downregulate Bcl-2 in cells. HPLC-ICP-MS and SEC-HPLC assays showed that SPHs were low molecular weight peptides (229.4-534.9Da), and the major Se species found in SPHs was SeMet. Taken together, these findings suggested that SPHs could possibly protect the cells against Pb2+-induced apoptosis via a caspase-dependent mitochondrial pathway, and the primary effective constituents in SPHs were SeMet and Se-containing peptides, suggesting that SPHs might be a novel potential candidate to improve the health of people with Se deficiency or in Pb-contaminated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Fang
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Pei
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjian Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Benard Muinde Kimatu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunlun Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifen Qiu
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuhui Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China; College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Intrinsic, extrinsic and endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in RK13 cells infected with equine arteritis virus. Virus Res 2016; 213:219-223. [PMID: 26732484 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The modulation of the expression of caspases by viruses influences the cell survival of different cell types. Equine arteritis virus (EAV) induces apoptosis of BHK21 and Vero cell lines, but it is not known whether EAV induces apoptosis in RK13 cells, a common cell line routinely used in EAV diagnosis and research. In this study, we determined that caspase-3 expression was triggered after infection of RK13 cells with EAV in a time- and dose-dependent manner. We also detected caspase-8 and caspase-9 activation, indicating the stimulation of both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways. Finally, we found caspase-12 activation, an indicator of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. The variability observed in the apoptotic response in the different cell lines demonstrates that apoptosis depends on the distinctive sensitivity of each cell line used for investigation.
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9
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Kim Y, Lee C. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus induces caspase-independent apoptosis through activation of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor. Virology 2014; 460-461:180-93. [PMID: 25010284 PMCID: PMC7127720 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study sought to investigate whether porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) induces apoptosis and to elucidate the mechanisms associated with apoptotic cell death after PEDV infection. PEDV-infected cells showed evidence of apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. However, experimental data indicated that the caspase cascade is not involved in PEDV-induced apoptotic cell death. Interestingly, mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) was found to translocate to the nucleus during PEDV infection, and AIF relocalization was completely abrogated by the presence of cyclosporin A (CsA), an inhibitor of cyclophilin D (CypD) that is an essential component of the mitochondrial permeabilization transition pore (mPTP) complex. CsA treatment resulted in significant inhibition of PEDV-triggered apoptosis and suppressed PEDV replication. Furthermore, direct inhibition of AIF strongly impaired PEDV infection and virus-induced apoptosis. Altogether, our results indicate that a caspase-independent mitochondrial AIF-mediated pathway plays a central role in PEDV-induced apoptosis to facilitate viral replication and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngnam Kim
- Animal Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhee Lee
- Animal Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Vairo S, Saey V, Bombardi C, Ducatelle R, Nauwynck H. The recent European isolate (08P178) of equine arteritis virus causes inflammation but not arteritis in experimentally infected ponies. J Comp Pathol 2014; 151:238-43. [PMID: 24975896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades, outbreaks of equine viral arteritis (EVA) have been reported in Europe, but little is known about these European isolates of equine arteritis virus (EAV). EAV European strain (08P178, EU-1 clade) isolated from one of these recent outbreaks is able to cause clinical signs on experimental infection. The aim of the present study was to investigate the microscopical lesions induced by this isolate after experimental infection of ponies. Animals were killed at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days post infection (dpi). At 3 dpi, lesions were essentially restricted to the respiratory tract and intestines and were characterized by mild multifocal epithelial degeneration and associated mononuclear cell infiltration. Lesions were more severe at 7 dpi and by 14 dpi, respiratory lesions were even more severe and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates extended to other organs. At 28 dpi, lesions were still present in the viscera. In all specimens the most prominent histological change was intraepithelial, subepithelial and perivascular lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, ranging from mild and multifocal to extensive and diffuse. No signs of arterial damage such as infarcts, haemorrhages or necrosis were found. In conclusion, infection of naïve animals with the European 08P178 strain of EAV is associated with inflammation, but not arteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vairo
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and ImmunologyGhent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - V Saey
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - C Bombardi
- Department of Morphophysiology, Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna University, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - R Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - H Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and ImmunologyGhent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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11
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Montagnaro S, Ciarcia R, De Martinis C, Pacilio C, Sasso S, Puzio MV, De Angelis M, Pagnini U, Boffo S, Kenez I, Iovane G, Giordano A. Modulation of apoptosis by caprine herpesvirus 1 infection in a neuronal cell line. J Cell Biochem 2014; 114:2809-22. [PMID: 23836554 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Caprine herpesvirus type 1 (CpHV-1), like other members of the alpha subfamily of herpesviruses, establishes latent infections in trigeminal ganglion neurons. Our groups previously demonstrated that CpHV-1 induces apoptosis in goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in an epithelial bovine cell line, but the ability of CpHV-1 to induce apoptosis in neuronal cells remains unexplored. In this report, the susceptibility of Neuro 2A cells to infection by CpHV-1 was examined. Following infection of cultured cells with CpHV-1, expression of cell death genes was evaluated using real-time PCR and Western blot assays. Analysis of virus-infected cells revealed activation of caspase-8, a marker for the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis, and caspase-9, a marker for the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis at 12 and 24 h post-infection. Significant increase in the levels of cleaved caspase-3 was also observed at the acme of cytopathic effect at 24 h post-infection. In particular, at 3 and 6 h post-infection, several proapototic genes were under-expressed. At 12 h post-infection several proapototic genes such as caspases, TNF, Cd70, and Traf1 were over expressed while Bcl2a1a, Fadd, and TNF genes were underexpressed. In conclusion, the simultaneous activation of caspase-8 and caspase-9 suggests that CpHV-1 can trigger the death-receptor pathway and the mitochondrial pathway separately and in parallel. Our findings are significant because this is the first published study showing the effect of CpHV-1 infection in neuronal cells in terms of gene expression and apoptosis modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Montagnaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Delpino no. 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
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12
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Metz GE, Serena MS, Abeyá MM, Dulbecco AB, Massone A, Díaz S, Echeverría MG. Equine arteritis virus gP5 protein induces apoptosis in cultured insect cells. Virus Res 2014; 183:81-4. [PMID: 24518298 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV) has been shown to induce apoptosis in vitro but the induction of this mechanism has not been previously associated with any viral gene product. In this work, we found a cytotoxicity effect of the EAV gP5 protein on baculovirus-insect cells and a low yield of protein recovery. Besides, different morphological features by electron transmission microscopy, DNA fragmentation in agarose gel, TUNEL analysis and caspase 3 activity were found. All these findings indicate that the EAV gP5 protein induces apoptosis in insect cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Ernesto Metz
- Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; Members of CONICET (CCT-La Plata), Argentina
| | - María Soledad Serena
- Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; Members of CONICET (CCT-La Plata), Argentina
| | | | - Andrea Belén Dulbecco
- Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Adriana Massone
- Laboratorio de Patología Especial, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Silvina Díaz
- Members of CONICET (CCT-La Plata), Argentina; IGEVET-CCT-La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Echeverría
- Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; Members of CONICET (CCT-La Plata), Argentina; IGEVET-CCT-La Plata, Argentina.
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13
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Balasuriya UBR, Go YY, MacLachlan NJ. Equine arteritis virus. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:93-122. [PMID: 23891306 PMCID: PMC7126873 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), a respiratory and reproductive disease of equids. There has been significant recent progress in understanding the molecular biology of EAV and the pathogenesis of its infection in horses. In particular, the use of contemporary genomic techniques, along with the development and reverse genetic manipulation of infectious cDNA clones of several strains of EAV, has generated significant novel information regarding the basic molecular biology of the virus. Therefore, the objective of this review is to summarize current understanding of EAV virion architecture, replication, evolution, molecular epidemiology and genetic variation, pathogenesis including the influence of host genetics on disease susceptibility, host immune response, and potential vaccination and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udeni B R Balasuriya
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
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Ma Z, Wang Y, Zhao H, Xu AT, Wang Y, Tang J, Feng WH. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nonstructural protein 4 induces apoptosis dependent on its 3C-like serine protease activity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69387. [PMID: 23936003 PMCID: PMC3720278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a highly contagious disease in pigs caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV). Although PRRSV infection-induced cell apoptosis has been established, the related viral protein is still unknown. Here, we reported that PRRSV nonstructural protein 4 (nsp4) was a critical apoptosis inducer. Nsp4 could activate caspase-3, -8, and -9. Using truncated constructs without different domains in nsp4, we demonstrated that the full-length of nsp4 structure was required for its apoptosis-inducing activity. Furthermore, using site-directed mutagenesis to inactivate the 3C-like serine protease activity of nsp4, we showed that nsp4-induced apoptosis was dependent on its serine protease activity. The ability of nsp4 to induce apoptosis was significantly impaired by His39, Asp64, and Ser118 mutations, suggesting that His39, Asp64, and Ser118 were essential for nsp4 to trigger apoptosis. In conclusion, our present work showed that PRRSV nsp4 could induce apoptosis in host cells and might be partially responsible for the apoptosis induced by PRRSV infection. PRRSV 3C-like protease-mediated apoptosis represents the first report in the genus Arterivirus, family Arteriviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yalan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ao-Tian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WF); (JT)
| | - Wen-hai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WF); (JT)
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Cholleti H, Paidikondala M, Munir M, Hakhverdyan M, Baule C. Equine arteritis virus induced cell death is associated with activation of the intrinsic apoptotic signalling pathway. Virus Res 2012; 171:222-6. [PMID: 23079113 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) causes a respiratory and reproductive disease in horses, equine viral arteritis. Though cell death in infection with EAV is considered to occur by apoptosis, the underlying molecular mechanism has not been extensively elucidated. We investigated the expression of mRNA of pro-apoptotic and caspase genes during EAV infection in BHK21 cells, a well-established cell type for EAV replication. Using a SYBR Green real-time PCR, mRNA of p53, Bax, caspase 3 and caspase 9 were found up-regulated in a time dependent manner in EAV infected cells. Western blot analysis for caspase 3 and caspase 9 showed expression of cleaved forms of these proteins during EAV infection. In addition, a luminescence-based cell assay for caspase 3/7 activation as a hallmark in apoptosis confirmed apoptotic cell death. The findings demonstrate that cell death in EAV infected BHK21 cells results from apoptosis mediated through the intrinsic signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harindranath Cholleti
- R&D Unit for Virology, Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology of the National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Ulls väg 2B, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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Xu X, Zhang K, Huang Y, Ding L, Chen G, Zhang H, Tong D. Bovine herpes virus type 1 induces apoptosis through Fas-dependent and mitochondria-controlled manner in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells. Virol J 2012; 9:202. [PMID: 22978358 PMCID: PMC3502331 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) is an important pathogen in cattle that is responsible for substantial economic losses. Previous studies suggest that BHV-1 may induce apoptosis in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells via a mechanism only involving caspases and p53. However, the mechanism for BHV-1-induced MDBK cell apoptosis still requires more research. Methods MDBK was used as a model to study the precise signaling pathways of apoptosis induced by BHV-1 infection. Results BHV-1 infection activated a Fas/FasL-mediated apoptotic pathway, resulting in activation of caspase-8 and cleavage of Bid. In addition, BHV-1 infection down-regulated Bcl-2 and up-regulated Bax expression, thereby initiating the release of cytochrome c followed by caspase-9 activation. The combined activation of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways resulted in activation of downstream effecter caspase-3 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), leading to apoptosis. Furthermore, blocking apoptosis using caspase inhibitors improved BHV-1-infected MDBK cell viability to different extent. BHV-1 infection did not induce significant DNA fragmentation in MDBK cells pretreated with ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) or cells infected with UV-inactivated BHV-1. Blocking caspases activation increased BHV-1 replication. Conclusions BHV-1 induces apoptosis in MDBK cells through extrinsic and intrinsic pathways and there might be cross-talk between the two pathways. In addition, BHV-1 replication may be necessary for the induction of apoptosis in BHV-1-infected cells, and prolonged cell viability benefits BHV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
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Recent progress in studies of arterivirus- and coronavirus-host interactions. Viruses 2012; 4:980-1010. [PMID: 22816036 PMCID: PMC3397358 DOI: 10.3390/v4060980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal coronaviruses, such as infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and arteriviruses, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), are able to manifest highly contagious infections in their specific native hosts, thereby arising in critical economic damage to animal industries. This review discusses recent progress in studies of virus-host interactions during animal and human coronavirus and arterivirus infections, with emphasis on IBV-host cell interactions. These interactions may be directly involved in viral replication or lead to the alteration of certain signaling pathways, such as cell stress response and innate immunity, to facilitate viral replication and pathogenesis.
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Zhou A, Zhang S. Regulation of cell signaling and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Cell Signal 2012; 24:973-80. [PMID: 22274732 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In order to successfully survive in host and persistent infection, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) utilized sophisticated mechanisms to suppress or escape from the host' innate and adaptive immune systems, and then changed host gene expression. Signaling pathways play a pivotal role in the regulation of diverse biological processes. Once signaling pathways are activated by a variety of different stimuli, immune responses will be triggered by the activation of chemokines, transcription factors, and inflammatory cytokines to adjust the aggressive replication and dissemination of viruses. PRRSV infection is able to get many signaling pathways activation that facilitates distinct cell functions to modulate immune responses. In addition, the cross-talk of cell signaling pathways also can regulate PRRSV replication and also is present in this review by recent finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Zhou
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Escandell JM, Recio MC, Giner RM, Máñez S, Ríos JL. Bcl-2 is a negative regulator of interleukin-1beta secretion in murine macrophages in pharmacological-induced apoptosis. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:1844-56. [PMID: 20649584 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cucurbitacin R, a natural anti-inflammatory product, has been shown to exhibit activity against both adjuvant-induced arthritis and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions induced by various agents. Previous studies have demonstrated that the effects of cucurbitacin R stem from its inhibition of both cytokine production and lymphocyte proliferation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES Effects of cucurbitacin R were investigated on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Cell cycle evolution was analysed by flow cytometry, detection of apoptosis by DNA ladder, Bcl-2, p21, p53, Bax, cleaved caspase-1 (p10), caspase-9, and caspase-3, cleaved caspase (p17) and interleukin-1beta detection was followed by Western blot analysis and mRNA expression with quantitative real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). KEY RESULTS Cucurbitacin R was found to induce apoptosis in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages through the inhibition of Bcl-2 expression, which regulates pro-inflammatory caspase-1 activation and interleukin-1beta release. Also, cucurbitacin R arrested the cell cycle in the G(2)/M phase and increased the subG(0) population in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Moreover, it increased the expression of proteins p53 and p21, down-regulated the expression of Bcl-2, activated the activity of caspase-1 and augmented the production of interleukin-1beta. Finally, the transfection of RAW 264.7 macrophages with a Bcl-2 expression plasmid produced the inhibition of apoptosis and caspase-1 activation/interleukin-1beta release induced by cucurbitacin R in RAW 264.7 cells. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Taken together, these results point to a new apoptotic process in which interleukin-1beta release is directly regulated by Bcl-2 status; this contributes to the evidence that apoptotic processes do not induce inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Escandell
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
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Danthi P, Pruijssers AJ, Berger AK, Holm GH, Zinkel SS, Dermody TS. Bid regulates the pathogenesis of neurotropic reovirus. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000980. [PMID: 20617182 PMCID: PMC2895667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reovirus infection leads to apoptosis in both cultured cells and the murine central nervous system (CNS). NF-kappaB-driven transcription of proapoptotic cellular genes is required for the effector phase of the apoptotic response. Although both extrinsic death-receptor signaling pathways and intrinsic pathways involving mitochondrial injury are implicated in reovirus-induced apoptosis, mechanisms by which either of these pathways are activated and their relationship to NF-kappaB signaling following reovirus infection are unknown. The proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member, Bid, is activated by proteolytic cleavage following reovirus infection. To understand how reovirus integrates host signaling circuits to induce apoptosis, we examined proapoptotic signaling following infection of Bid-deficient cells. Although reovirus growth was not affected by the absence of Bid, cells lacking Bid failed to undergo apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that NF-kappaB activation is required for Bid cleavage and subsequent proapoptotic signaling. To examine the functional significance of Bid-dependent apoptosis in reovirus disease, we monitored fatal encephalitis caused by reovirus in the presence and absence of Bid. Survival of Bid-deficient mice was significantly enhanced in comparison to wild-type mice following either peroral or intracranial inoculation of reovirus. Decreased reovirus virulence in Bid-null mice was accompanied by a reduction in viral yield. These findings define a role for NF-kappaB-dependent cleavage of Bid in the cell death program initiated by viral infection and link Bid to viral virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Danthi
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Andrea J. Pruijssers
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Angela K. Berger
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey H. Holm
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sandra S. Zinkel
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Terence S. Dermody
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Longo M, Fiorito F, Marfè G, Montagnaro S, Pisanelli G, De Martino L, Iovane G, Pagnini U. Analysis of apoptosis induced by Caprine Herpesvirus 1 in vitro. Virus Res 2009; 145:227-35. [PMID: 19619589 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
It is known that Caprine Herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1) causes apoptosis in mitogen-stimulated as well as not stimulated caprine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Initial experiments in Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells revealed that CpHV-1 infection induced apoptotic features like chromatin condensation and DNA laddering. Thus, to characterize in more detail this apoptotic process, activation of caspase-8, -9 and -3 in MDBK cells CpHV-1 infected was investigated and demonstrated. In addition, CpHV-1 infection resulted in disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release and alterations in the pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins of Bcl-2 family. Proteolytic cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP), confirming the activation of downstream caspases, was also observed. Our data indicated that a "cross-talk" between the death-receptor (extrinsic) pathway and the mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway occurred in CpHV-1-induced apoptosis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Longo
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
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Rea-Boutrois A, Villet S, Greenland T, Mehlen P, Chebloune Y, Verdier G, Legras-Lachuer C. Small ruminant lentivirus Tat protein induces apoptosis in caprine cells in vitro by the intrinsic pathway. Virology 2009; 383:93-102. [PMID: 19007964 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The small ruminant lentiviruses, caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) and maedi visna virus (MVV) naturally cause inflammatory disease in goats and sheep, provoking chronic lesions in several different organs. We have previously demonstrated that in vitro infection of caprine cells by CAEV induces apoptosis through the intrinsic pathway (Rea-Boutrois, A., Pontini, G., Greenland, T., Mehlen, P., Chebloune, Y., Verdier, G. and Legras-Lachuer, C. 2008). In the present study, we used Tat deleted viruses and SLRV Tat-expression vectors to show that the SRLV Tat proteins are responsible for this apoptosis. We have also studied the activation of caspases-3, -8 and -9 by fluorescent assays in caprine cells expressing SRLV Tat proteins, and the effects of transfected dominant negative variants of these caspases, to show that Tat-associated apoptosis depends on activation of caspases-3 and -9, but not -8. A simultaneous disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential indicates an involvement of the mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Rea-Boutrois
- Université de Lyon, INRA, UMR754, Université Lyon 1, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, IFR 128, 50 avenue Tony Garnier, 69 366 Lyon cedex 07, France
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Rea-Boutrois A, Pontini G, Greenland T, Mehlen P, Chebloune Y, Verdier G, Legras-Lachuer C. Caprine arthritis–encephalitis virus induces apoptosis in infected cells in vitro through the intrinsic pathway. Virology 2008; 375:452-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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