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Fujiwara A, Horii W, Sano J, Kodama T, Kato A, Shibuya K, Saitoh T. Invasion of Chicken Anemia Virus in Specific-Pathogen-Free Chicken Flocks and Its Successful Elimination from the Colony. Vet Sci 2024; 11:329. [PMID: 39058013 PMCID: PMC11281415 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11070329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken colony was maintained with successive groups a month apart in age. The absence of specific pathogens, including chicken anemia virus (CAV), was confirmed through periodic serological tests for each group. However, some groups became CAV seropositive. The procedures of removing seropositive and the adjacent seronegative chickens followed with chemically disinfecting the housing did not halt CAV outbreaks. The full genome sequence of the CAV strain that appeared was closely related to low-virulence isolates in China. The outbreaks of CAV decreased with an increase in the seropositive chicken population, indicating that the progeny is protected from CAV infection by maternal anti-CAV antibodies. The persistence of CAV in erythroid and lymphoid tissues or reproductive tissues from CAV seropositive chickens was examined in chickens of various ages using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Since a low persistence of CAV was observed in the colony, we isolated eggs from CAV seropositive hens through artificial insemination using semen collected from roosters and confirmed as CAV-free by PCR. Fertilized eggs were transferred to a new SPF facility and used for generating CAV-free progeny. To date, chickens reared in the new facility have been CAV-free for longer than two years. Redirection of eggs from seropositive hens was an effective means of eliminating CAV from chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Fujiwara
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome 198-0024, Tokyo, Japan; (A.F.)
| | - Wataru Horii
- Nisseiken Co., Ltd., Kobuchisawa Facility, Kamisasao, Hokuto 408-0041, Yamanashi, Japan; (W.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Junichi Sano
- Nisseiken Co., Ltd., Kobuchisawa Facility, Kamisasao, Hokuto 408-0041, Yamanashi, Japan; (W.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Toshiaki Kodama
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome 198-0024, Tokyo, Japan; (A.F.)
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome 198-0024, Tokyo, Japan; (A.F.)
- Biomedical Science Association, 2-20-8-3F Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku 141-0021, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Shibuya
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome 198-0024, Tokyo, Japan; (A.F.)
| | - Toshiki Saitoh
- Nisseiken Co., Ltd., 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome 198-0024, Tokyo, Japan;
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Kamdi B, Barate A, Kulurkar P, Kaore M, Bhandarkar A, Singh R, Kurkure N. Pathology and molecular characterization of chicken infectious anemia virus and in silico antigen prediction. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:5160-5167. [PMID: 36919599 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2186889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated five poultry flocks (size 142-600 birds) suspected of chicken infectious anemia (CIA) from Maharashtra, India. The necropsy of dead birds revealed severe atrophy of the thymus, gelatinization of bone marrow, subcutaneous hemorrhages, growth impairment, and severe anemia. Specific PCR targeting, 1390 bp fragment of the CIAV, VP1 gene was used in this study. Sequence analysis revealed that CIAV sequences of this study were grouped in genotype A. At the nucleotide level identity of 99.6% or more was seen between field sequences. At the amino acid level identity of 100% was seen between field sequences and NGP-1. Also, VP1 protein sequences of this study showed high identity with TJBD40, GD-K-12 strains from China and AB046590 strain from Japan. Further, the protein sequences of field CIAV had 0.7% to 2.5% divergence from VP1 sequences of vaccine strains. Antigenic epitopes of VP1 protein were predicted by SVMTriPtool and the field CIAV presented substitutions in two epitopes. To conclude, present study confirms the circulation of genotype A of CIAV in Maharashtra, India and predicted VP1 proteins of field CIAV revealed changes in two epitopes compared to vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupesh Kamdi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, MAFSU, Nagpur, India
| | - Abhijit Barate
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, MAFSU, Nagpur, India
| | | | - Megha Kaore
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, MAFSU, Nagpur, India
| | | | - Rahul Singh
- Animal/Experimental Pathology, CCRAS, Kolkata, India
| | - Nitin Kurkure
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, MAFSU, Nagpur, India
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Zhang M, Deng X, Xie Z, Zhang Y, Xie Z, Xie L, Luo S, Fan Q, Zeng T, Huang J, Wang S. Molecular characterization of chicken anemia virus in Guangxi Province, southern China, from 2018 to 2020. J Vet Sci 2022; 23:e63. [PMID: 36038184 PMCID: PMC9523344 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chicken anemia virus (CAV) causes chicken infectious anemia, which results in immunosuppression; the virus has spread widely in chicken flocks in China. Objectives The aim of this study was to understand recent CAV genetic evolution in chicken flocks in Guangxi Province, southern China. Methods In total, 350 liver samples were collected from eight commercial broiler chicken farms in Guangxi Province in southern China from 2018 to 2020. CAV was detected by conventional PCR, and twenty CAV complete genomes were amplified and used for the phylogenetic analysis and recombination analysis. Results The overall CAV-positive rate was 17.1%. The genetic analysis revealed that 84 CAVs were distributed in groups A, B, C (subgroups C1-C3) and D. In total, 30 of 47 Chinese CAV sequences from 2005-2020 belong to subgroup C3, including 15 CAVs from this study. There were some specific mutation sites among the intergenotypes in the VP1 protein. The amino acids at position 394Q in the VP1 protein of 20 CAV strains were consistent with the characteristics of a highly pathogenic strain. GX1904B was a putative recombinant. Conclusions Subgroup C3 was the dominant genotype in Guangxi Province from 2018–2020. The 20 CAV strains in this study might be virulent according to the amino acid residue analysis. These data help improve our understanding of the epidemiological trends of CAV in southern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxiu Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, China
| | - Xianwen Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, China
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, China
| | - Zhiqin Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, China
| | - Liji Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, China
| | - Sisi Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, China
| | - Qing Fan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, China
| | - Tingting Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, China
| | - Jiaoling Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, China
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Di Francesco A, Quaglia G, Salvatore D, Sakhria S, Catelli E, Bessoussa G, Kaboudi K, Ben Chehida N, Lupini C. Occurrence of Chicken Infectious Anemia Virus in Industrial and Backyard Tunisian Broilers: Preliminary Results. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010062. [PMID: 35011168 PMCID: PMC8749614 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) is an economically important and widely distributed immunosuppressive agent in chickens. This study performed an epidemiological investigation on CIAV circulation in 195 Tunisian broilers, belonging to 13 lots from five industrial farms and in one rural farm. Fifteen animals were detected positive by a VP1 nested PCR. The amplicons were molecularly characterised by complete genome sequencing. All positive samples obtained in this study were from the rural farm, whereas the industrial farms sampled were negative. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence analyses showed a high degree of similarity among the sequences obtained, suggesting the circulation of a single CIAV strain in the positive lot. Phylogenetic analysis based on the CIAV VP1 nucleotide sequence and/or the complete genome showed that the sequences obtained in this study clustered with CIAV strains previously detected in Tunisia, Italy and Egypt, belonging to genogroup II. Our results highlight the need for constant CIAV surveillance in backyard chicken production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Di Francesco
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.Q.); (D.S.); (E.C.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giulia Quaglia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.Q.); (D.S.); (E.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Daniela Salvatore
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.Q.); (D.S.); (E.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Sonia Sakhria
- Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; (S.S.); (N.B.C.)
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.Q.); (D.S.); (E.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Ghaith Bessoussa
- Commissariat Régional au Développement Agricole, Ben Arous 2063, Tunisia;
| | - Khaled Kaboudi
- National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia;
| | - Noureddine Ben Chehida
- Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; (S.S.); (N.B.C.)
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.Q.); (D.S.); (E.C.); (C.L.)
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Techera C, Marandino A, Tomás G, Grecco S, Hernández M, Hernández D, Panzera Y, Pérez R. Origin, spreading and genetic variability of chicken anaemia virus. Avian Pathol 2021; 50:311-320. [PMID: 33928817 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.1919289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chicken anaemia virus (CAV) is a widespread pathogen that causes immunosuppression in chickens. The virus-induced immunosuppression often results in secondary infections and a sub-optimal response to vaccinations, leading to high mortality rates and significant economic losses in the poultry industry. The small circular ssDNA genome (2.3 kb) has three partially overlapping genes: vp1, vp2 and vp3. VP1 capsid protein is highly variable and contains the neutralizing epitopes. Here, we analysed CAV strains from Uruguay using the full-length vp1 gene and performed a global comparative analysis to provide new evidence about the origin, dispersion and genetic variability of the virus. The phylogenetic analysis classified CAV in three or four major clades. Two clades (II and III) grouped most of the strains circulating worldwide including the Uruguayan strains. The phylodynamic analyses indicated that CAV emerged in the early 1900s and diverged to originate clade II and III. This early period of viral emergence was characterised by local diversification promoted by the extremely high substitution rate inferred for the virus (3.8 × 10-4 substitutions/site/year). Later, the virus underwent a global spreading by intra- and inter-continental migrations that correlates with a significant rise in the effective population size. In South America, CAV was introduced in three different migratory events and spread across the continent. Our findings suggest that the current CAV distribution is the consequence of its continuous expansion capability that homogenizes the populations and prevents the detection of clear temporal and geographic patterns of evolution in most strains.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Current strains of chicken anaemia virus emerged in Asia in the early 1900s.Chicken anaemia virus has a high substitution rate.The phylogenetic analysis classified chicken anaemia virus in four major clades.Evolution in South America was characterized by long migration and local spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Techera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Marandino
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Tomás
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sofía Grecco
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Martín Hernández
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Diego Hernández
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Yanina Panzera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ruben Pérez
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
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Cibulski S, Weber MN, de Sales Lima FE, Lima DAD, Fernandes Dos Santos H, Teixeira TF, Varela APM, Tochetto C, Mayer FQ, Roehe PM. Viral metagenomics in Brazilian Pekin ducks identifies two gyrovirus, including a new species, and the potentially pathogenic duck circovirus. Virology 2020; 548:101-108. [PMID: 32838930 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Viral metagenomics coupled to high-throughput sequencing has provided a powerful tool for large-scale detection of known and unknown viruses associated to distinct hosts and environments. Using this approach, known and novel viruses have been characterized from sylvatic and commercial avian hosts, increasing our understanding of the viral diversity in these species. In the present work we applied an exploratory viral metagenomics on organs (spleen, liver and bursa of Fabricious) of Pekin ducks from Southern Brazil. The virome contained sequences related to a known duck pathogen (duck circovirus) and a number of other circular ssDNA viruses. Additionally, we detected avian gyrovirus 9 (to date detected only in human feces) and one new avian gyrovirus species, to which is proposed the name avian gyrovirus 13 (GyV13). This study is expected to contribute to the knowledge of the viral diversity in Pekin ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cibulski
- Centro de Biotecnologia - CBiotec, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
| | - Matheus Nunes Weber
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Francisco Esmaile de Sales Lima
- Departamento de Microbiologia Imunologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Diane Alves de Lima
- Departamento de Microbiologia Imunologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Helton Fernandes Dos Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Imunologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Thais Fumaco Teixeira
- Departamento de Microbiologia Imunologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Muterle Varela
- Departamento de Microbiologia Imunologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Caroline Tochetto
- Departamento de Microbiologia Imunologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Quoos Mayer
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo Michel Roehe
- Departamento de Microbiologia Imunologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Wang Y, Fan L, Jiang N, Gao L, Li K, Gao Y, Liu C, Cui H, Pan Q, Zhang Y, Wang X, Qi X. Naturally occurring cell-adapted classic strain of infectious bursal disease virus. Vet Microbiol 2020; 243:108620. [PMID: 32273006 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), the etiological agent of infectious bursal disease (IBD), is a variable RNA virus of Avibirnavirus. Some artificially attenuated vaccine strains of IBDV can adapt to cell culture of chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cell or its immortalized cell line DF1 in vitro while wild-type IBDV cannot. In this study, for the first time, a naturally occurring cell-adapted classic strain (genogroup 1) of IBDV named IBD17JL01 was identified in China. Animal experiments showed that IBD17JL01 could severely damage the central immune organ of infected chickens. Sequence analysis of the full-length genome revealed the peculiar molecular characteristics of IBD17JL01 with a few amino acid substitutions that might be involved in cell-tropism, antigenicity, and virulence of IBDV. Identification of this novel strain is beneficial to our understanding of the complexity of the epidemiology of IBDV. And the expansion of viral cell-tropism might increase the potential risk of the reassortment of different IBDVs including the live vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China; OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Linjin Fan
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China; OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China; OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Li Gao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China; OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Kai Li
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China; OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Yulong Gao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China; OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Changjun Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Hongyu Cui
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Qing Pan
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China; OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Xiaole Qi
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China; OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China.
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8
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Ou SC, Lin HL, Liu PC, Huang HJ, Lee MS, Lien YY, Tsai YL. Epidemiology and molecular characterization of chicken anaemia virus from commercial and native chickens in Taiwan. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1493-1501. [PMID: 29691993 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chicken infectious anaemia (CIA) is a disease with a highly economic impact in the poultry industry. The infected chickens are characterized by aplastic anaemia and extreme immunosuppression, followed by the increased susceptibility to secondary infectious pathogens and suboptimal immune responses for vaccination. Commercially available CIA vaccines are routinely used in the breeders in Taiwan to protect their progeny with maternal-derived antibodies. However, CIA cases still occur in the field and little is known about the genetic characteristics of Taiwanese chicken anaemia viruses (CAVs). In this study, CAV DNA was detected in 72 of 137 flocks collected during 2010-2015. Among the PCR-positive samples, the coding regions of 51 CAVs were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene revealed that, although most of Taiwanese CAVs belonged to genotypes II and III, some isolates were clustered into a novel genotype (genotype IV). Moreover, a Taiwanese isolate in this novel genotype IV appeared to be derived from a recombination event between genotypes II and III viruses. Five Taiwanese CAV isolates were highly similar to the vaccine strains, 26P4 or Del-Ros. Taken together, these results indicate that the sequences of CAVs in Taiwan are variable, and inter-genotypic recombination had occurred between viruses of different genotypes. Moreover, vaccine-like strains might induce clinical signs of CIA in chickens. Our findings could be useful for understanding the evolution of CAVs and development of a better control strategy for CIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-C Ou
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - H-L Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - P-C Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - H-J Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - M-S Lee
- School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Y-Y Lien
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Research Center of Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Y-L Tsai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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Genetic Analysis of Two Chicken Infectious Anemia Virus Variants-Related Gyrovirus in Stray Mice and Dogs: The First Report in China, 2015. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:6707868. [PMID: 28326326 PMCID: PMC5343220 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6707868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) causes acute viral infection in chickens worldwide. It can infect chickens of all ages, but the disease is seen only in young chickens and is characterized by hemorrhagic lesions in the muscles, atrophic changes in the lymphoid organs, aplastic bone marrow, and immunosuppression causing increased mortality. Previous studies have demonstrated that CIAV can be isolated from blood specimens of humans and fecal samples of stray cats. In the present study, two variants of CIAV were isolated from fecal samples of mice (CIAV-Mouse) and stray dogs (CIAV-Dog), respectively. The genome of the two CIAV variants was sequenced and the results of the recombination detection program suggested that the CIAV-Dog strain could be a recombinant viral strain generated from parental CIAV strains, AB119448 and GD-1-12, with high confidence. Particularly, these findings were obtained from the comparison of genetic diversity and the relationship of CIAV between different hosts. This is the first report indicating that there is a significant difference in the number of transcription factor binding sites in CIAV noncoding regions from different hosts. Further studies are required to investigate the large geographic distribution of CIAV and monitor the variants, host range, and associated diseases.
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Ganar K, Shah M, Kamdi BP, Kurkure NV, Kumar S. Molecular characterization of chicken anemia virus outbreaks in Nagpur province, India from 2012 to 2015. Microb Pathog 2017; 102:113-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Wani MY, Dhama K, Latheef SK, Barathidassan R, Tiwari R, Chakraborty S, Chawak MM, Singh SD. Experimental pathological studies of an Indian chicken anaemia virus isolate and its detection by PCR and FAT. Pak J Biol Sci 2015; 17:802-11. [PMID: 26035953 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2014.802.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chicken Infectious Anaemia Virus (CIAV) is one of the potent immunosuppressive and economically important agents affecting poultry industry worldwide. Recent reports indicate the emergence of this virus in the poultry flocks of the country. The present study aimed to investigate the pathogenic potential of a recent isolate of CIAV obtained from poultry flock of Uttaranchal State, India. Twenty first day-old age Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) chicks were inoculated intramuscularly with 10(4.5) median tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) of CIAV passaged in the Marek's disease virus transformed chicken splenic T lymphocyte (MDCC-MSB 1) cell line while 15 chicks were kept as control. The CIAV isolate produced consistent clinical signs, loss in body weight gain, anaemia, low haematocrit values, bone marrow aplasia and generalized lymphoid atrophy. Mean Packed Cell Volume (PCV) value of the infected chicks was significantly low (18.22±2.22) compared to control group (34.12±4.72) at 14 day post infection (dpi). The establishment of virus infection in chicks was confirmed both at molecular and antigenic levels by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Indirect Immunofluorescent Test (IIFT), respectively. Characteristic apoptotic pattern was also detected in the affected organs and the virus was re-isolated successfully in MDCC-MSB1 cell cultures. The present results revealed that the virus circulating in poultry flocks of Uttaranchal state is both pathogenic and immunosuppressive in nature. Extensive epidemiological studies are suggested in the poultry flocks of the country along with adaptation of appropriate diagnostic, prevention and control strategies so as to prevent economic losses caused by this important poultry pathogen.
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Identification of a chicken anemia virus variant-related gyrovirus in stray cats in china, 2012. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:313252. [PMID: 24689034 PMCID: PMC3943257 DOI: 10.1155/2014/313252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chicken anemia virus (CAV), is a known member of the genus Gyrovirus and was first isolated from chickens in Japan in 1979. Some reports have also demonstrated that CAV can be identified in human stool specimens. In this study, a variant of CAV was detected using PCR with CAV-based primers in fecal samples of stray cats. The genome of CAV variant was sequenced and the results suggest that it could be a recombinant viral strain from parental CAV strains JQ690762 and AF311900. Recombination is an important evolutionary mechanism that contributes to genetic diversification. These findings indicate that CAV variant might have originated from CAV-infected chickens. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of this novel virus remains to be elucidated. This study underscores the importance of CAV surveillance and it presents the first evidence suggesting the possibility of CAV homologous recombination in cat.
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Phylogenetic and molecular characterization of chicken anemia virus in southern China from 2011 to 2012. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3519. [PMID: 24343380 PMCID: PMC3865467 DOI: 10.1038/srep03519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken anemia virus (CAV) is an important pathogen that causes severe immunosuppression in young chickens. We have characterized 13 CAVs isolated from different commercial farms in southern China between 2011 and 2012. We discovered 92 variable residues compared to 37 other CAV complete genome sequences from other parts of the world listed in GenBank; these residues have not been previously observed. All of the Chinese CAV genomes that were characterized in this study had a glutamine at position 394, a hallmark of highly pathogenic CAVs. We also discovered that intra-group genetic recombination plays a role in generating genetic diversity in natural populations of CAV. The GD-J-12 isolate was a possible recombinant between GD-C-12 and GD-M-12 in the genomic region that encompassed both the coding and non-coding regions.
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Nayabian H, Mardani K. Molecular characterization of the chicken anaemia viruses isolated from broiler farms of west Azerbaijan, Iran. Avian Pathol 2013; 42:108-13. [PMID: 23581437 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2013.766668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chicken anaemia virus (CAV) is an economically important pathogen of chickens with worldwide distribution. CAV is the causative agent of chicken anaemia disease, causing severe anaemia, lymphoid atrophy and immunosuppression in young birds. In the present study, the genetic variation of circulating CAVs in west Azerbaijan broiler farms was investigated and compared with CAVs from other countries. Extracted viral DNA from livers of chickens positive for CAV (46 out of 100) was used and a fragment of the VP1 gene 1390 base pairs in size was amplified. The purified products were subjected to restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) using HinfI endonuclease and nucleotide sequencing. Four different RFLP patterns were identified from all examined CAV DNAs. Sequence analysis of the VP1 gene of isolated CAV viruses revealed a high genetic distance (0.5 to 4.7%) among CAV isolates. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CAVs isolated from Iranian poultry farms clustered with CAVs isolated from different parts of the world. It was concluded that the circulating CAVs in broiler farms of west Azerbaijan had a high genomic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nayabian
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Molecular Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran
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Molecular characterisation of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) in New Zealand and its implications for managing an infectious disease. Arch Virol 2012; 157:1651-63. [PMID: 22638639 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1336-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) infections are often fatal to both captive and wild parrot populations. Its recent discovery in a wild population of native red-fronted parakeets has raised concerns for the conservation of native parrots, all of which are threatened or endangered. The question of a recent introduction versus a native genotype of the virus poses different conservation-management challenges, and thus, a clear understanding of the molecular phylogeny of BDFV is a crucial step towards integrated management planning. This study represents the first comprehensive attempt to screen New Zealand's endangered and threatened psittacines systematically for BFDV. We sampled and screened kakapos (Strigops habroptilus), kakas (Nestor meridionalis), keas (N. notabilis), Chatham parakeets (Cyanoramphus forbesi), Malherbe's parakeets (Cyanoramphus malherbi), yellow-crowned parakeets (C. auriceps) and red-fronted parakeets (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae), as well as eastern rosellas (Platycercus eximius), an introduced species that is now common throughout the North Island, for BFDV. Out of all species and populations sampled (786 individuals), we found 16 BFDV-positive red-fronted parakeets from Little Barrier Island/Hauturu, seven eastern rosellas from the Auckland region, and eight yellow-crowned parakeets from the Eglinton Valley in the South Island. The full genomes of the viral isolates from the red-fronted parakeets share 95-97 % sequence identity to those from the invasive eastern rosellas and 92.7-93.4 % to those isolates from the South Island yellow-crowned parakeets. The yellow-crowned parakeet BFDV isolates share 92-94 % sequence identity with those from eastern rosellas. The low level of diversity among all BFDV isolates from red-fronted parakeets could suggest a more recent infection among these birds compared to the yellow-crowned parakeets, whereas the diversity in the eastern rosellas indicates a much more established infection. Pro-active screening and monitoring of BFDV infection rates in aviaries as well as in wild populations are necessary to limit the risk of transmission among threatened and endangered parrot populations in New Zealand.
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dos Santos HF, Knak MB, de Castro FL, Slongo J, Ritterbusch GA, Klein TA, Esteves PA, Silva AD, Trevisol IM, Claassen EA, Cornelissen LA, Lovato M, Franco AC, Roehe PM, Rijsewijk FA. Variants of the recently discovered avian gyrovirus 2 are detected in Southern Brazil and The Netherlands. Vet Microbiol 2012; 155:230-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Eltahir YM, Qian K, Jin W, Qin A. Analysis of chicken anemia virus genome: evidence of intersubtype recombination. Virol J 2011; 8:512. [PMID: 22073985 PMCID: PMC3231987 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chicken anemia virus (CAV) is the causative agent of chicken infectious anemia. CAV putative intergenotypic recombinants have been reported previously. This fact is based on the previous classification of CAV sequences into three genotypes. However, it is unknown whether intersubtype recombination occurs between the recently reported four CAV genotypes and five subtypes of genome sequences. Results Phylogenetic analysis, together with a variety of computational recombination detection algorithms, was used to investigate CAV approximately full genomes. Statistically significant evidence of intersubtype recombination was detected in the parent-like and two putative CAV recombinant sequences. This event was shown to occur between CAV subgroup A1 and A2 sequences in the phylogenetic trees. Conclusions We revealed that intersubtype recombination in CAV genome sequences played a role in generating genetic diversity within the natural population of CAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassir M Eltahir
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
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Martin DP, Biagini P, Lefeuvre P, Golden M, Roumagnac P, Varsani A. Recombination in eukaryotic single stranded DNA viruses. Viruses 2011; 3:1699-738. [PMID: 21994803 PMCID: PMC3187698 DOI: 10.3390/v3091699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although single stranded (ss) DNA viruses that infect humans and their domesticated animals do not generally cause major diseases, the arthropod borne ssDNA viruses of plants do, and as a result seriously constrain food production in most temperate regions of the world. Besides the well known plant and animal-infecting ssDNA viruses, it has recently become apparent through metagenomic surveys of ssDNA molecules that there also exist large numbers of other diverse ssDNA viruses within almost all terrestrial and aquatic environments. The host ranges of these viruses probably span the tree of life and they are likely to be important components of global ecosystems. Various lines of evidence suggest that a pivotal evolutionary process during the generation of this global ssDNA virus diversity has probably been genetic recombination. High rates of homologous recombination, non-homologous recombination and genome component reassortment are known to occur within and between various different ssDNA virus species and we look here at the various roles that these different types of recombination may play, both in the day-to-day biology, and in the longer term evolution, of these viruses. We specifically focus on the ecological, biochemical and selective factors underlying patterns of genetic exchange detectable amongst the ssDNA viruses and discuss how these should all be considered when assessing the adaptive value of recombination during ssDNA virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren P. Martin
- Computational Biology Group, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 4579, South Africa; E-Mail:
| | - Philippe Biagini
- UMR CNRS 6578 Anthropologie Bioculturelle, Equipe “Emergence et co-évolution virale”, Etablissement Français du Sang Alpes-Méditerranée, Université de la Méditerranée, 27 Bd. Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; E-Mail:
| | - Pierre Lefeuvre
- CIRAD, UMR 53 PVBMT CIRAD-Université de la Réunion, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, Ligne Paradis, 97410, Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France; E-Mail:
| | - Michael Golden
- Computational Biology Group, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 4579, South Africa; E-Mail:
| | - Philippe Roumagnac
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, TA A-54/K, Campus International de Montferrier-Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France; E-Mail:
| | - Arvind Varsani
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa; E-Mail:
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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Cai L, Han X, Ni J, Yu X, Zhou Z, Zhai X, Chen X, Tian K. Natural recombinants derived from different patterns of recombination between two PCV2b parental strains. Virus Res 2011; 158:281-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Recombination of two porcine circovirus type 2 strains. Arch Virol 2009; 154:875-9. [PMID: 19365602 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0379-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pigs can be concurrently infected with different PCV2 strains. In this study, a cell-culture-adapted PCV2 strain, originating from a PMWS-affected pig, was purified by limiting dilution. Three different strains were obtained, and one of them was a perfect mosaic of the other two, with recombination breakpoints in ORF1 and ORF2. Incongruence was observed between phylogenetic trees constructed with the whole genome, ORF1 and ORF2. Amplification of ORF1 and ORF2 from original material, followed by cloning and sequencing, resulted in sequences corresponding to the parental strains, but not with the mosaic strain. These results demonstrate that PCV2 can undergo recombination.
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de Smit MH, Noteborn MHM. Apoptosis-inducing proteins in chicken anemia virus and TT virus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 331:131-49. [PMID: 19230562 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-70972-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Torque teno viruses (TTVs) share several genomic similarities with the chicken anemia virus (CAV). CAV encodes the protein apoptin that specifically induces apoptosis in (human) tumor cells. Functional studies reveal that apoptin induces apoptosis in a very broad range of (human) tumor cells. A putative TTV open reading frame (ORF) in TTV genotype 1, named TTV apoptosis inducing protein (TAIP), it induces, like apoptin, p53-independent apoptosis in various human hepatocarcinoma cell lines to a similar level as apoptin. In comparison to apoptin, TAIP action is less pronounced in several analyzed human non-hepatocarcinoma-derived cell lines. Detailed sequence analysis has revealed that the TAIP ORF is conserved within a limited group of the heterogeneous TTV population. However, its N-terminal half, N-TAIP, is rather well conserved in a much broader set of TTV isolates. The similarities between apoptin and TAIP, and their relevance for the development and treatment of diseases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H de Smit
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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The selection pressure analysis of chicken anemia virus structural protein gene VP1. Virus Genes 2009; 38:259-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-008-0316-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
Chicken anemia virus (CAV), the only member of the genus Gyrovirus of the Circoviridae, is a ubiquitous pathogen of chickens and has a worldwide distribution. CAV shares some similarities with Torque teno virus (TTV) and Torque teno mini virus (TTMV) such as coding for a protein inducing apoptosis and a protein with a dual-specificity phosphatase. In contrast to TTV, the genome of CAV is highly conserved. Another important difference is that CAV can be isolated in cell culture. CAV produces a single polycistronic messenger RNA (mRNA), which is translated into three proteins. The promoter-enhancer region has four direct repeats resembling estrogen response elements. Transcription is enhanced by estrogen and repressed by at least two other transcription factors, one of which is COUP-TF1. A remarkable feature of CAV is that the virus can remain latent in gonadal tissues in the presence or absence of virus-neutralizing antibodies. In contrast to TTV, CAV can cause clinical disease and subclinical immunosuppression especially affecting CD8+ T lymphocytes. Clinical disease is associated with infection in newly hatched chicks lacking maternal antibodies or older chickens with a compromised humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Schat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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He CQ, Ma LY, Wang D, Li GR, Ding NZ. Homologous recombination is apparent in infectious bursal disease virus. Virology 2008; 384:51-8. [PMID: 19064275 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a non-enveloped double-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family. It shows substantial variation in the major antigen region of the viral capsid protein VP2, where a hypervariable region plays a key role in the virulence of IBDV and its epitope. This study identifies several putative recombinants from previously published data to suggest that homologous recombination may naturally occur between different IBDV strains. In addition, a novel very virulence sublineage emerges in the VP2 phylogenic tree, comprising three putative recombination strains isolated in Korea and China, KSH, KK1 and SH-h. The major putative parents of the three mosaics are descended from the vaccine lineage while their hypervariable regions from vvIBDV. These findings also suggest that vaccine coverage may have influence on the evolution and genetic diversity of IBDV, resulting in a novel group with vvIBDV phenotype through recombination with wild IBDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Qiang He
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.
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25
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Hailemariam Z, Omar AR, Hair-Bejo M, Giap TC. Detection and characterization of chicken anemia virus from commercial broiler breeder chickens. Virol J 2008; 5:128. [PMID: 18954433 PMCID: PMC2605446 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chicken anemia virus (CAV) is the causative agent of chicken infectious anemia (CIA). Study on the type of CAV isolates present and their genetic diversity, transmission to their progeny and level of protection afforded in the breeder farms is lacking in Malaysia. Hence, the present study was aimed to detect CAV from commercial broiler breeder farms and characterize CAV positive samples based on sequence and phylogenetic analysis of partial VP1 gene. RESULTS A total of 12 CAV isolates from different commercial broiler breeder farms were isolated and characterized. Detection of CAV positive embryos by the PCR assay in the range of 40 to 100% for different farms indicated high level of occurrence of vertical transmission of viral DNA to the progeny. CAV antigen was detected in the thymus and in the bone marrow but not in spleen, liver, duodenum, ovary and oviduct by indirect immunoperoxidase staining. The 12 CAV isolates were characterized based on partial sequences of VP1 gene. Six isolates (MF1A, MF3C, M3B5, NF4A, P12B and P24A) were found to have maximum homology with previously characterized Malaysian isolate SMSC-1, four isolates (M1B1, NF3A, PYT4 and PPW4) with isolate BL-5 and the remaining two (NF1D and NF2C) have maximum homology both with isolates 3-1 and BL-5. Meanwhile, seven of the isolates with amino acid profile of 75-I, 97-L, 139-Q and 144-Q were clustered together in cluster I together with other isolates from different geographical places. The remaining five isolates with amino acid profile of 75-V, 97-M, 139-K and 144-E were grouped under cluster II. All the CAV isolates demonstrated omega values (Ka/Ks) of less than one (the values ranging from 0.07 to 0.5) suggesting the occurrence of purifying (negative) selection in all the studied isolates. CONCLUSION The present study showed that CAV is widespread in the studied commercial broiler breeder farms. The result also indicated the occurrence of genetic variability in local CAV isolates that can be divided at least into two groups based on characteristic amino acid substitutions at positions 75, 97, 139 and 144 of the VP1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerihun Hailemariam
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 271, Haramaya, Ethiopia.
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He CQ, Xie ZX, Han GZ, Dong JB, Wang D, Liu JB, Ma LY, Tang XF, Liu XP, Pang YS, Li GR. Homologous recombination as an evolutionary force in the avian influenza A virus. Mol Biol Evol 2008; 26:177-87. [PMID: 18931384 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msn238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza A viruses (AIVs), including the H5N1, H9N2, and H7N7 subtypes, have been directly transmitted to humans, raising concerns over the possibility of a new influenza pandemic. To prevent a future avian influenza pandemic, it is very important to fully understand the molecular basis driving the change in AIV virulence and host tropism. Although virulent variants of other viruses have been generated by homologous recombination, the occurrence of homologous recombination within AIV segments is controversial and far from proven. This study reports three circulating H9N2 AIVs with similar mosaic PA genes descended from H9N2 and H5N1. Additionally, many homologous recombinants are also found deposited in GenBank. Recombination events can occur in PB2, PB1, PA, HA, and NP segments and between lineages of the same/different serotype. These results collectively demonstrate that intragenic recombination plays a role in driving the evolution of AIVs, potentially resulting in effects on AIV virulence and host tropism changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Qiang He
- Department of Biotechnology College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Shandong Province, Jinan, China.
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