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PPIases Par14/Par17 Affect HBV Replication in Multiple Ways. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020457. [PMID: 36851672 PMCID: PMC9962505 DOI: 10.3390/v15020457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human parvulin 14 (Par14) and parvulin 17 (Par17) are peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases that upregulate hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication by binding to the conserved 133Arg-Pro134 (RP) motif of HBc and core particles, and 19RP20-28RP29 motifs of HBx. In the absence of HBx, Par14/Par17 have no effect on HBV replication. Interaction with Par14/Par17 enhances the stability of HBx, core particles, and HBc. Par14/Par17 binds outside and inside core particles and is involved in HBc dimer-dimer interaction to facilitate core particle assembly. Although HBc RP motif is important for HBV replication, R133 residue is solely important for its interaction with Par14/Par17. Interaction of Par14 and Par17 with HBx involves two substrate-binding residues, Glu46/Asp74 (E46/D74) and E71/D99, respectively, and promotes HBx translocation to the nucleus and mitochondria. In the presence of HBx, Par14/Par17 are efficiently recruited to cccDNA and promote transcriptional activation via specific DNA-binding residues Ser19/44 (S19/44). S19 and E46/D74 of Par14, and S44 and E71/D99 of Par17, are also involved in the recruitment of HBc onto cccDNA. Par14/Par17 upregulate HBV replication via various effects that are mediated in part through the HBx-Par14/Par17-cccDNA complex and triple HBc, Par14/Par17, and cccDNA interactions in the nucleus, as well as via core particle-Par14/Par17 interactions in the cytoplasm.
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Saeed U, Piracha ZZ, Kwon H, Kim J, Kalsoom F, Chwae YJ, Park S, Shin HJ, Lee HW, Lim JH, Kim K. The HBV Core Protein and Core Particle Both Bind to the PPiase Par14 and Par17 to Enhance Their Stabilities and HBV Replication. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:795047. [PMID: 34970249 PMCID: PMC8713550 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.795047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that the PPIase Par14 and Par17 encoded by PIN4 upregulate HBV replication in an HBx-dependent manner by binding to conserved arginine–proline (RP) motifs of HBx. HBV core protein (HBc) has a conserved 133RP134 motif; therefore, we investigated whether Par14/Par17 bind to HBc and/or core particles. Native agarose gel electrophoresis (NAGE) and immunoblotting and co-immunoprecipitation were used. Chromatin immunoprecipitation from HBV-infected HepG2-hNTCP-C9 cells was performed. NAGE and immunoblotting revealed that Par14/Par17 bound to core particles and co-immunoprecipitation revealed that Par14/Par17 interacted with core particle assembly-defective, and dimer-positive HBc-Y132A. Thus, core particles and HBc interact with Par14/Par17. Par14/Par17 interacted with the HBc 133RP134 motif possibly via substrate-binding E46/D74 and E71/D99 motifs. Although Par14/Par17 dissociated from core particles upon heat treatment, they were detected in 0.2 N NaOH-treated opened-up core particles, demonstrating that Par14/Par17 bind outside and inside core particles. Furthermore, these interactions enhanced the stabilities of HBc and core particles. Like HBc-Y132A, HBc-R133D and HBc-R133E were core particle assembly-defective and dimer-positive, demonstrating that a negatively charged residue at position 133 cannot be tolerated for particle assembly. Although positively charged R133 is solely important for Par14/17 interactions, the 133RP134 motif is important for efficient HBV replication. Chromatin immunoprecipitation from HBV-infected cells revealed that the S19 and E46/D74 residues of Par14 and S44 and E71/D99 residues of Par17 were involved in recruitment of 133RP134 motif-containing HBc into cccDNA. Our results demonstrate that interactions of HBc, Par14/Par17, and cccDNA in the nucleus and core particle–Par14/Par17 interactions in the cytoplasm are important for HBV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Saeed
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Zahra Zahid Piracha
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hyeonjoong Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jumi Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Fadia Kalsoom
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yong-Joon Chwae
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sun Park
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ho-Joon Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Woong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Hong Lim
- Department of General Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyongmin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
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Nassal M. Hepatitis B viruses: reverse transcription a different way. Virus Res 2008; 134:235-49. [PMID: 18339439 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), the causative agent of B-type hepatitis in humans, is the type member of the Hepadnaviridae, hepatotropic DNA viruses that replicate via reverse transcription. Beyond long-established differences to retroviruses in gene expression and overall replication strategy newer work has uncovered additional distinctions in the mechanism of reverse transcription per se. These include protein-priming by the unique extra terminal protein domain of the reverse transcriptase (RT) utilizing an RNA hairpin for de novo initiation of first strand DNA synthesis, and the strict dependence of this process on cellular chaperones. Recent in vitro reconstitution systems enabled first biochemical insights into this multifactorial reaction, complemented by high resolution structural information on the RNA, though not yet the protein, level. Genetic approaches have revealed long-distance interactions in the nucleic acid templates as an important factor enabling the puzzling template switches required to produce the relaxed circular (RC) DNA found in infectious virions. Finally, the failure of even potent HBV RT inhibitors to eliminate nuclear covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA, the functional equivalent of integrated proviral DNA, has spurred a renewed interest in the mechanism of cccDNA generation. These new developments are in the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nassal
- University Hospital Freiburg, Internal Medicine 2/Molecular Biology, Hugstetter Str. 55, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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