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Zhang Y, Dong Z, Gu F, Xu Y, Li Y, Sun W, Rao W, Du S, Zhu C, Wang Y, Wei F, Cai Q. Degradation of TRIM32 is induced by RTA for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lytic replication. J Virol 2024; 98:e0000524. [PMID: 38717113 PMCID: PMC11237441 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00005-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
TRIM32 is often aberrantly expressed in many types of cancers. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is linked with several human malignancies, including Kaposi's sarcoma and primary effusion lymphomas (PELs). Increasing evidence has demonstrated the crucial role of KSHV lytic replication in viral tumorigenesis. However, the role of TRIM32 in herpesvirus lytic replication remains unclear. Here, we reveal that the expression of TRIM32 is upregulated by KSHV in latency, and reactivation of KSHV lytic replication leads to the inhibition of TRIM32 in PEL cells. Strikingly, RTA, the master regulator of lytic replication, interacts with TRIM32 and dramatically promotes TRIM32 for degradation via the proteasome systems. Inhibition of TRIM32 induces cell apoptosis and in turn inhibits the proliferation and colony formation of KSHV-infected PEL cells and facilitates the reactivation of KSHV lytic replication and virion production. Thus, our data imply that the degradation of TRIM32 is vital for the lytic activation of KSHV and is a potential therapeutic target for KSHV-associated cancers. IMPORTANCE TRIM32 is associated with many cancers and viral infections; however, the role of TRIM32 in viral oncogenesis remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that the expression of TRIM32 is elevated by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in latency, and RTA (the master regulator of lytic replication) induces TRIM32 for proteasome degradation upon viral lytic reactivation. This finding provides a potential therapeutic target for KSHV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Zhang
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongwei Dong
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Gu
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifei Xu
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Li
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Sun
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wutian Rao
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujuan Du
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Caixia Zhu
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyan Wang
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Wei
- ShengYushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Development Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiliang Cai
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganism and Infection, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Lowrey AJ, Cramblet W, Bentz GL. Viral manipulation of the cellular sumoylation machinery. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:27. [PMID: 28705221 PMCID: PMC5513362 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-017-0183-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses exploit various cellular processes for their own benefit, including counteracting anti-viral responses and regulating viral replication and propagation. In the past 20 years, protein sumoylation has emerged as an important post-translational modification that is manipulated by viruses to modulate anti-viral responses, viral replication, and viral pathogenesis. The process of sumoylation is a multi-step cascade where a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is covalently attached to a conserved ΨKxD/E motif within a target protein, altering the function of the modified protein. Here we review how viruses manipulate the cellular machinery at each step of the sumoylation process to favor viral survival and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Lowrey
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia
| | - Wyatt Cramblet
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia
| | - Gretchen L Bentz
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia.
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Banerjee S, Uppal T, Strahan R, Dabral P, Verma SC. The Modulation of Apoptotic Pathways by Gammaherpesviruses. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:585. [PMID: 27199919 PMCID: PMC4847483 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis or programmed cell death is a tightly regulated process fundamental for cellular development and elimination of damaged or infected cells during the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. It is also an important cellular defense mechanism against viral invasion. In many instances, abnormal regulation of apoptosis has been associated with a number of diseases, including cancer development. Following infection of host cells, persistent and oncogenic viruses such as the members of the Gammaherpesvirus family employ a number of different mechanisms to avoid the host cell’s “burglar” alarm and to alter the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways by either deregulating the expressions of cellular signaling genes or by encoding the viral homologs of cellular genes. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on how gammaherpesviruses inhibit cellular apoptosis via virus-encoded proteins by mediating modification of numerous signal transduction pathways. We also list the key viral anti-apoptotic proteins that could be exploited as effective targets for novel antiviral therapies in order to stimulate apoptosis in different types of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvomoy Banerjee
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Noida, India
| | - Timsy Uppal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno Reno, NV, USA
| | - Roxanne Strahan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno Reno, NV, USA
| | - Prerna Dabral
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno Reno, NV, USA
| | - Subhash C Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno Reno, NV, USA
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Purushothaman P, Dabral P, Gupta N, Sarkar R, Verma SC. KSHV Genome Replication and Maintenance. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:54. [PMID: 26870016 PMCID: PMC4740845 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) is a major etiological agent for multiple severe malignancies in immune-compromised patients. KSHV establishes lifetime persistence in the infected individuals and displays two distinct life cycles, generally a prolonged passive latent, and a short productive or lytic cycle. During latent phase, the viral episome is tethered to the host chromosome and replicates once during every cell division. Latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) is a predominant multifunctional nuclear protein expressed during latency, which plays a central role in episome tethering, replication and perpetual segregation of the episomes during cell division. LANA binds cooperatively to LANA binding sites (LBS) within the terminal repeat (TR) region of the viral episome as well as to the cellular nucleosomal proteins to tether viral episome to the host chromosome. LANA has been shown to modulate multiple cellular signaling pathways and recruits various cellular proteins such as chromatin modifying enzymes, replication factors, transcription factors, and cellular mitotic framework to maintain a successful latent infection. Although, many other regions within the KSHV genome can initiate replication, KSHV TR is important for latent DNA replication and possible segregation of the replicated episomes. Binding of LANA to LBS favors the recruitment of various replication factors to initiate LANA dependent DNA replication. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms relevant to KSHV genome replication, segregation, and maintenance of latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravinkumar Purushothaman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno Reno, NV, USA
| | - Prerna Dabral
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno Reno, NV, USA
| | - Namrata Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno Reno, NV, USA
| | - Roni Sarkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno Reno, NV, USA
| | - Subhash C Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno Reno, NV, USA
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Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) primarily persists as a latent episome in infected cells. During latent infection, only a limited number of viral genes are expressed that help to maintain the viral episome and prevent lytic reactivation. The latent KSHV genome persists as a highly ordered chromatin structure with bivalent chromatin marks at the promoter-regulatory region of the major immediate-early gene promoter. Various stimuli can induce chromatin modifications to an active euchromatic epigenetic mark, leading to the expression of genes required for the transition from the latent to the lytic phase of KSHV life cycle. Enhanced replication and transcription activator (RTA) gene expression triggers a cascade of events, resulting in the modulation of various cellular pathways to support viral DNA synthesis. RTA also binds to the origin of lytic DNA replication to recruit viral, as well as cellular, proteins for the initiation of the lytic DNA replication of KSHV. In this review we will discuss some of the pivotal genetic and epigenetic factors that control KSHV reactivation from the transcriptionally restricted latent program.
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Abstract
The life cycle of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) consists of latent and lytic replication phases. During latent infection, only a limited number of KSHV genes are expressed. However, this phase of replication is essential for persistent infection, evasion of host immune response, and induction of KSHV-related malignancies. KSHV reactivation from latency produces a wide range of viral products and infectious virions. The resulting de novo infection and viral lytic products modulate diverse cellular pathways and stromal microenvironment, which promote the development of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). The mechanisms controlling KSHV latency and reactivation are complex, involving both viral and host factors, and are modulated by diverse environmental factors. Here, we review the cellular and molecular basis of KSHV latency and reactivation with a focus on the most recent advancements in the field.
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Rennekamp AJ, Lieberman PM. Initiation of lytic DNA replication in Epstein-Barr virus: search for a common family mechanism. Future Virol 2010; 5:65-83. [PMID: 22468146 PMCID: PMC3314400 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.09.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Herpesviruses are a complex family of dsDNA viruses that are a major cause of human disease. All family members share highly related viral replication proteins, such as DNA polymerase, ssDNA-binding proteins and processivity factors. Consequently, it is generally thought that lytic replication occurs through a common and conserved mechanism. However, considerable evidence indicates that proteins controlling initiation of DNA replication vary greatly among the herepesvirus subfamilies. In this article, we focus on some of the known mechanisms that regulate Epstein-Barr virus lytic-cycle replication, and compare this to other herpesvirus family members. Our reading of the literature leads us to conclude that diverse viral mechanisms generate a common nucleoprotein prereplication structure that can be recognized by a highly conserved family of viral replication enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Rennekamp
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA and The University of Pennsylvania, Biomedical Graduate Program in Cell & Molecular Biology, The School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Tel.: +1 215 898 9523, Fax: +1 251 898 0663,
| | - Paul M Lieberman
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Tel.: +1 215 898 9491, Fax: +1 215 898 0663,
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Wen KW, Damania B. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV): molecular biology and oncogenesis. Cancer Lett 2009; 289:140-50. [PMID: 19651473 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a double-stranded DNA herpesvirus belonging to the gamma-herpesvirinae subfamily. KSHV has been associated with the development of three neoplastic diseases: Kaposi sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman disease (MCD). In this review, we discuss the three KSHV-associated malignancies, KSHV genome, latent and lytic aspects of the viral lifecycle, putative viral oncogenes, as well as therapeutic regimens used for the treatment of KS, PEL, and MCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwun Wah Wen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Ellison TJ, Izumiya Y, Izumiya C, Luciw PA, Kung HJ. A comprehensive analysis of recruitment and transactivation potential of K-Rta and K-bZIP during reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Virology 2009; 387:76-88. [PMID: 19269659 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma. K-Rta and K-bZIP are two major viral transcription factors that control reactivation of this virus. Here we report a genome-wide analysis of transcriptional capacity by evaluation of a comprehensive library of 83 putative KSHV promoters. In reporter assays, 34 viral promoters were activated by K-Rta, whereas K-bZIP activated 21 promoters. When K-Rta and K-bZIP were combined, 3 K-Rta responsive promoters were repressed by K-bZIP. The occupancy of K-Rta and K-bZIP across KSHV promoters was analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation with a viral promoter-chip in BCBL-1 cells. In addition, acetylation of local histones was examined to determine accessibility of promoters during latency and reactivation. Finally, 10 promoters were selected to study the dynamics of transcription factor recruitment. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the responsiveness of KSHV promoters to K-Rta and K-bZIP, and describes key chromatin changes during viral reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Ellison
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) School of Medicine, UC Davis Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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